Local Cultural Values Research Articles

Embodied experiences: integrating indigenous sensory knowledge in architectural education

This article explores integrating Indigenous sensory knowledge into architecture curricula in higher education. This integration aims to broaden students’ perspectives on perception and cognition of the built environment. It aims to better respond to cultural/spiritual spaces and challenge conventional Western approaches to design and planning. Students can better understand the relationship between humans, ‘Country’ (cultural landscapes), and the built environment by embedding Indigenous sensory knowledge systems to learning. Through this lens, we explore how Indigenous knowledge shapes new understandings of architecture and design, mainly through immersive, experimental on-Country learning by highlighting case studies of knowledge production. Results indicate a significant enhancement in students’ understanding of diverse cultural perspectives and a heightened sensitivity to the contextual relevance of design decisions. This suggests that integrating Indigenous sensory knowledge in architecture education enriches students’ learning experiences and fosters a more inclusive and sustainable approach to architectural practice. Glossary of terms Country – a term used by Indigenous Australians to describe the land, seas, and Skies (cultural landscapes). The notion of Country is affixed with relationships within a geographic space and grounded by transgenerational narratives of place. Country incorporates both the tangible and the intangible and is central to our worldviews. It is used as a proper noun. Country is entwined within laws, social structures, and behaviours where every facet of landform, fauna, and flora is viewed as living things. Indigenous – used in this context to describe the diversity of First Nations Aboriginal and surrounding Islander peoples of Australia. Australia is home to over 350 distinct Indigenous nations, each with its own unique cultural, linguistic, and spiritual traditions. This paper draws on Dharug knowledge systems to explore how these principles can inform architectural education and practice The Dharug people, whose lands encompass much of the Sydney Basin, have a profound relationship with Country, expressed through our oral histories, material culture, and custodial care of the land. While this focus provides depth, it does not claim to represent the experiences or perspectives of all Indigenous groups in Australia. Positioning Statement – Author 1, a Dharug Aboriginal Australian scholar, researcher, and artist, is based in the School of Architecture and Built Environment at the University of Newcastle, NSW. As a Spatial Designer, she plays a pivotal role in integrating Indigenous Knowledge Systems into the built environment through the ‘Connecting with Country’ framework – an NSW initiative that establishes guiding principles for planning, design, and management to respect and embed Indigenous perspectives and connections to Country. Positioning Statement – Author 2, A scholar and practicing architect based in regional Australia, the author works at the intersection of academic research and architectural practice. Affiliated with the School of Architecture and Built Environment at the University of Newcastle, the author specialises in sustainable design strategies for rural and remote communities, with a particular focus on the incorporation of Indigenous design principles. Through a commitment to culturally responsive and environmentally sustainable architecture, the author addresses the unique challenges of regional development. The author integrates Indigenous knowledge systems into architectural practice, ensuring that built environments respect local traditions, cultural values, and connections to the land. This approach bridges the gap between academic theory, cultural preservation, and real-world design solutions.

Character building through boarding school for inland and outermost student: a grounded theory approach

Many children who live in the interior and mountainous areas of Papua-Indonesia do not get the right of education. This research aims to formulate a theoretical concept of boarding school-based character education by implementing Papuan cultural contextual education in the process of education. The method used is a qualitative method with a grounded theory approach. The research participants were 14 people. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and textual analysis of the interview results. The data analysis technique uses the Atlas.ti application by using three levels of coding: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The research results show that there are six main concepts as a model of boarding school character education: personal development, spiritual development, extracurricular activities, clean and healthy lifestyles, learning from inspirational figures, and academic development. These six theoretical concepts can be divided into internal and external character building. One of the uniqueness of character education is the integration of local cultural values in the whole process of character education of the children, both in the school environment and in the dormitory. The results of the study provide insights for educators, schools, and government on different forms of character education models.

Realizing a High-Quality and Locally-Wise Global Tourism Business in Bali Based on Bali Provincial Regulation No. 5 of 2020

Bali, as one of the world’s top tourist destinations, faces a significant challenge in preserving its local cultural wisdom amidst the pressures of globalization. Bali Provincial Regulation No. 5 of 2020 on Standards for Bali Cultural Tourism serves as a concrete effort to address these challenges. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the regulation in balancing global demands with the preservation of local cultural values in Bali. The research methodology used is normative legal research with a document analysis approach, focusing on examining relevant legal texts and policies. This study also identifies various barriers to the effective application of the regulation. The main findings reveal that, although the regulation was designed to protect Bali's culture, its implementation is still hindered by factors such as inadequate monitoring, a lack of understanding among tourism business operators about local cultural values, and a mismatch between local norms and global standards. Additionally, the involvement of traditional villages in monitoring and policy formulation remains limited. This study recommends that the government strengthen monitoring mechanisms involving traditional communities, provide more space for traditional villages in decision-making, and introduce more progressive and concrete sanctions to ensure the effective application of Bali's cultural values. Thus, the implementation of this regulation can be more effective in protecting Bali’s cultural heritage amidst the growing challenges of globalization.

Pelaksanaanmalam Nisfu Sya’ban Oleh Masyarakat Di Desa Talang Pagar Agung.Kec. Pajar Bulan Kab.Lahat.

The night of nisfu sya'ban is an important event in the islamic calendar that is commemorated by the community as a time to ask for forgiveness and reflect on life. This study aims to understand the perceptions and practices of the people of Desa Talang Pagar Agung, Kec. Fajar Bulan, Kab. Lahat related to the night. The method used is a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews with community leaders and residents of DesaTalang Pagar Agung. The results of the study show that the community has various perceptions about the night of Nisfu Sya'ban, which range from spiritual beliefs to cultural traditions from generation to generation that have the benefits of getting forgiveness of sins, increasing worship, recording destiny, getting closer to Allah and can strengthen social relationships. The practices carried out include religious studies, tahlilan, joint prayers, and religious lectures that reflect their attachment to local religious and cultural values in everyday life. This study is expected to provide deeper insight into how Islamic traditions are integrated with local culture in Desa Talang Pagar Agung by practicing the night of Nisfu Sya'ban.

Penerapan Kearifan Lokal dalam Strategi Manajemen Hotel: Studi Kasus Hotel Santika Premiere Dyandra Hotel & Convention dalam Mendukung Pariwisata Berkelanjutan di Sumatera Utara

The regional income that is very supportive is Tourism, where sustainable tourism requires hotel industry players to not only focus on economic aspects, but also consider cultural preservation and empowerment of local communities. This study aims to analyze how Hotel Santika in North Sumatra applies local wisdom in its management strategy as part of its contribution to sustainable tourism development. A qualitative approach was used in this study, with a case study method and data collection techniques in the form of observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The results of the study show that Hotel Santika integrates local cultural values through interior design with a touch of Batak ethnicity, serving traditional North Sumatran cuisine, and training staff to apply service values based on local hospitality. In addition, the hotel also collaborates with MSMEs and local arts communities to support the economy of the surrounding community. This strategy has been proven to increase the attractiveness of the hotel in the eyes of tourists and strengthen the cultural identity of the region. Where this study is expected that the application of local wisdom in hotel management strategies will not only increase business competitiveness, but also support the creation of a sustainable and inclusive tourism ecosystem in North Sumatra.

Development of Islamic Religious Education Teaching Materials Based on Local Wisdom

This research aims to develop Islamic Religious Education (IRE) teaching materials based on local wisdom. The teaching materials developed as teaching materials for junior high school students. This teaching material development uses a research and development (R&D) approach with stages: needs analysis, planning, initial product development, expert validation, limited trials, revisions, and main field trials. The developed teaching materials integrate local cultural values such as cooperation, deliberation, and respect for parents into the material of akidah, akhlak, and fiqh. The results of expert validation show that the teaching materials are very feasible to use. Widespread testing in junior high schools showed an increase in students' understanding of Islamic religious education materials as well as increased engagement and positive attitudes in learning. The development results also show that local wisdom-based teaching materials are proven effective in improving the quality of contextual and meaningful Islamic religious education learning for students.

Religious-Cultural Mediation in Technology Adoption: A Qualitative Study of Islamic Communities in Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the influence of Islamic social and cultural values on technology adoption within Muslim communities, focusing on the challenges and opportunities arising from the misalignment between technological advancements and local cultural values. Technology adoption in Muslim societies is often influenced not only by infrastructure readiness but also by societal perceptions of technology that may conflict with long-standing religious doctrines and cultural traditions. This study identifies three main factors affecting technology acceptance: infrastructure readiness, social disparities, and the cultural characteristics of Islam. The research demonstrates that successful technology adoption requires social engineering that enables integration with the existing moral and social values in Muslim communities. Using a qualitative approach, the study explores how Muslims adapt technology without compromising their religious and cultural principles. Findings indicate that effective technology adoption necessitates policies accommodating local social and cultural values and the involvement of religious leaders in introducing appropriate technology. This research significantly contributes to enriching the study of technology adoption by considering cultural and religious dimensions and opens opportunities for further research in this field. The study’s limitation lies in its geographically limited scope, suggesting the need for broader, more in-depth research involving Muslim communities in various regions.

Reinterpretasi Cerita Rakyat menjadi Cerita Anak untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Menulis Kreatif Mahasiswa

This study aims to develop literary learning to improve students' creative writing skills in internalizing local cultural values through the reinterpretation of folk tales into children's stories. This study uses a Classroom Action Research approach with two cycles. Each cycle involves planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The results of the study indicate that the application of a learning model based on the reinterpretation of folk tales into children's stories is effective in improving children's literary writing skills rooted in local cultural values. This is evidenced by the improvement in students' work from the pre-cycle, cycle I, to cycle II, with average scores of 68.3, 76.4, and 85.2, respectively. A total of 28 children's stories were produced, each containing local cultural values in a relevant and easily understandable form for children. Students not only improved technically in terms of writing structure, language, and characters but also demonstrated the ability to creatively and contextually incorporate local cultural values. This learning process encouraged them to reflect on their regional cultural heritage and channel it through educational and engaging children's literature

Impact Evaluation of The Legal Aid Program fo The Poor Community in Malang Regency, East Java Province

Access to justice is a fundamental principle in a democratic legal system, reflecting the right of every individual to obtain equal legal protection regardless of social or economic background. In Malang Regency, the provision of legal aid for the poor and vulnerable groups is regulated by Malang Regent Regulation No. 31 of 2023, which aims to ensure that these rights are respected. However, challenges in implementation remain, including the absence of empirical evaluation regarding the program’s impact on local communities. This study adopts a qualitative approach with an interpretivist epistemological stance to evaluate the impact of the legal aid program in Malang Regency. Through in-depth interviews and contextual analysis, the research explores community experiences in accessing legal services and the socio-cultural challenges that influence them. Findings indicate that limited access to information, education, resources, and legal assistance hinders the empowerment of vulnerable groups in realizing their fundamental rights. The study emphasizes the importance of expanding the criteria for legal aid beneficiaries beyond economic factors to include other vulnerable groups, such as persons with disabilities, women and children survivors of violence, and street children. Using the theoretical frameworks of Public Policy Analysis and Program Evaluation, this study argues that effective legal aid provision requires not only procedural mechanisms but also community-based empowerment strategies and the integration of local cultural values. Policy recommendations include strengthening the institutional capacity of legal aid organizations, expanding public legal education, increasing budget allocations, and fostering collaboration between government agencies, community leaders, the private sector, and universities. This study contributes to public policy discourse by asserting the need for inclusive and socially just access to legal protection.

Penerapan Transformasi Arsitektur Tradisional Buton pada Perancangan Cultural Center di Kabupaten Buton

Buton Regency is in Southeast Sulawesi, with a society that is thick with culture and traditions that have been passed down from generation to generation. However, along with technological developments, it has affected the interest of the Buton people in preserving local culture, especially in the younger generation who are starting to not care about local cultural values. The problem is, currently there is no place for the community of cultural activities and the place for the development of Butonese culture. One of the efforts to maintain local cultural values ​​is the need for a forum for cultural actors and the development of local culture, in the form of a cultural center building, which can also be used as a tourism support facility in Buton district. The purpose of this study is to develop a cultural center building design concept in Buton district with a traditional architectural transformation approach. This approach is intended so that the traditional values ​​of Butonese are realized in the architecture of the cultural center building, which can be a historical moment of traditional Buton architecture. The research method uses descriptive analytical methods, by uncovering existing data and analyzing it with the traditional Buton architectural transformation concept. The resulting design concept is a transformation of traditional architecture which is applied to: the mass layout; spatial patterns of Malige traditional houses; philosophy of mass forms; ornaments; and structures in the Malige Buton traditional house buildings.

Integration of Ethnic Tengger Local Cultural Values in Merdeka Curriculum for Elementary Education Level A-C

This study examines the integration of local cultural values of the Tengger ethnic community into the Merdeka Curriculum at the elementary education level, specifically across phases A to C. Utilizing a qualitative case study design, data were collected through in-depth interviews with educators and school administrators, direct classroom observations, and analysis of curricular and instructional documentation in public elementary schools located in Tosari District, Pasuruan Regency. The findings reveal that core Tengger cultural values, such as deliberative consensus, communal cooperation (gotong royong), and interreligious harmony are systematically embedded within thematic learning activities and Pancasila Student Profile (P5) projects. These values are internalized through pedagogical strategies that align with Lickona’s framework of moral knowing, moral feeling, and moral action, fostering holistic character development among students. Teachers contextualize learning content by linking curriculum competencies to students’ lived cultural experiences, thereby enhancing relevance, engagement, and ethical understanding. The study demonstrates that the Merdeka Curriculum provides a flexible platform for the incorporation of local wisdom, enabling culturally responsive and sustainable character education. These findings highlight the potential of curriculum localization to strengthen national education goals while preserving indigenous identity and community values within formal schooling.

Contemporary Approaches to Halal and Sustainable Eco-Tourism: A Study of Community-Based Tourism in Ganoang and Puncak Mas

Tourism is a vital industry that creates job opportunities and allows for economic development in the halal tourism sector. Tasikmalaya and Bandar Lampung are two regions in Indonesia that can be potentially developed for nature-mountain tourism, with Mount Ganoang and Puncak Mas as the natural assets. This research identifies the potential of Mount Ganoang and Puncak Mas as sustainable and community-based ecotourism by employing a descriptive method with qualitative analysis techniques and a legal anthropological approach. Primary data was collected through interviews, observations, and field measurements. The results show that based on the tourism suitability index, the physical conditions of Mount Ganoang and Puncak Mas carry the potential adequate for development through improved management and human resources as community-based halal ecotourism. Halal ecotourism, which presents nature as a destination, supports the economic circulation of the community with many people involved in economic activities from tourism despite basic differences in capital, ownership, and juridical aspects (Local Regulation concerning Values No.7 of 2014 and Lampung Provincial Regulation No. 2 of 2008 concerning the Preservation of Lampung Culture. This research offers a strategic recommendation for developing sustainable and inclusive halal ecotourism models that respect local regulations and cultural values in Tasikmalaya and Bandar Lampung.

Strategy for Developing Cultural Literacy Based on Local Wisdom in Optimizing Students' Poetry Writing Skills

This research is motivated by the low poetry writing skills of elementary school students, especially in relating local cultural elements in literary works. In the midst of the challenges of globalization that are increasingly eroding regional cultural values, learning based on local wisdom is an important approach to instill cultural values while improving student literacy. This study aims to describe the strategy for developing cultural literacy based on local wisdom implemented at SDN 14 Sadia Bima City and assess its effectiveness in optimizing students' poetry writing skills. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research. The data sources come from classroom teachers, students, and documentation of literacy activities. Data collection techniques are carried out through observation, interviews, and documentation. Meanwhile, the data analysis technique uses the Miles and Huberman interactive model, namely data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawn. The results of the study show that the strategies implemented by the school include the use of Bima folklore as teaching materials, poetry writing activities based on local culture, writing workshops with local artists, poetry exhibitions in Harvest Works activities, and collaborative community-based learning. These strategies have been proven to improve the quality of students' poetry in terms of structure, imagination, diction and connection with local cultural values This approach also increases students' motivation, confidence and love for their local culture. This shows that cultural literacy strategies based on local wisdom are feasible to be applied as a model of learning poetry in elementary schools.

Impact of Transformational Leadership on Employee Performance in the Tech Industry: A Comparative Study between India and Germany

Purpose: To aim of the study was to analyze the impact of transformational leadership on employee performance in the tech industry: a comparative study between India and Germany. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study found that transformational leadership positively impacts employee performance in both countries, with cultural differences influencing its effectiveness. In India, leaders who emphasized vision and empowerment boosted motivation and performance, while in Germany, a focus on intellectual stimulation and inspiration led to increased innovation and efficiency. The study recommends tailoring leadership styles to local cultural values to enhance employee performance. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Transformational leadership theory, hersey-blanchard situational leadership theory & cultural dimensions’ theory may be used to anchor future studies on the impact of transformational leadership on employee performance in the tech industry: a comparative study between India and Germany. Tech companies in both India and Germany should implement leadership development programs that are culturally and contextually tailored. In India, leadership programs should gradually introduce transformational leadership, focusing on elements such as individualized consideration and alignment with organizational goals to overcome hierarchical challenges. Policymakers in both India and Germany should encourage tech firms to incorporate leadership policies that recognize and address cultural differences.

The Role of Siangkaran Cultural Values on Work-Life Balance and Performance: A Qualitative Study of Female Weavers at the Unnoni Tenun MSME in North Toraja

This study aims to examine how the cultural value of siangkaran in the Toraja community plays a role in creating work-life balance and influencing the performance of female weavers in the Unnoni community, North Toraja. Siangkaran, as a cultural value emphasizing mutual assistance in work, has become a social practice embedded in the daily lives of the weavers. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 22 participants who are members of the Unnoni weaving group, participatory observation, and documentation of weaving activities. The results indicate that the value of siangkaran allows for a fair distribution of workload, creates a sense of togetherness, and helps the weavers maintain a balance between domestic responsibilities and productive work. Furthermore, siangkaran contributes to improving collective performance, both in terms of timely completion of orders and the quality of the woven products. This study confirms that local cultural values can serve as effective social mechanisms to support the work well-being of women in the informal sector and promote the sustainability of community-based enterprises.

Revitalization of Islamic Character Values in Local Folklore and its Implication on Character Education

This study aims to identify the Islamic character education values in the local folklore of Si Kabayan Saba Kota and explore the challenges and solutions of local folklore as a tool for character education in the era of globalization, as well as its implications for character education. The study employs a descriptive qualitative approach, analyzing the content of scenes, dialogues, and narratives in the film. Additional data were obtained through interviews with Sundanese cultural experts and educators, as well as a literature review on local wisdom and character education. The findings reveal that folklore encompasses various relevant character values, including religiosity, honesty, responsibility, social care, courage, simplicity, and a love for culture. This folklore highlights the significance of local wisdom and Islamic character values as a powerful educational medium for shaping the character of the young generation in the era of globalization. Islamic character education based on local cultural values through folklore can be implemented by instilling moral knowledge, moral feelings, and moral actions.

The Influence of Decentralization of Funding on the Effectiveness of Islamic Educational Institutions

The decentralization of education has the potential to create gaps in the aspect of education financing, which can ultimately lead to inequality in the quality of education between regions. The implementation of regional autonomy since 2001 has brought significant changes in the governance of the education sector. Therefore, financing is a crucial element in the implementation of education. In the context of regional autonomy, the responsibility for the implementation of education from Kindergarten to Senior High School is handed over to the local government. Thus, the sustainability and quality of education are greatly influenced by the ability of the regions to manage the sector. Unfortunately, the implementation of educational autonomy by local governments has not been fully optimal, one of one of which is due to budget limitations and various other factors. Nevertheless, educational autonomy has a number of positive potentials, including improving managerial efficiency and job satisfaction of educators, producing more contextual and concrete education policies, and optimizing the use of educational resources. In addition, this autonomy allows for more optimal exploration of local potential, the preparation of an education system that is in accordance with local cultural values, and an increase in community participation. Autonomy also contributes to increased accountability, which can overall ensure the quality of education. Other positive effects that can be achieved through educational autonomy include improving the education system at the local level, efficiency in administration and finance, and providing higher quality educational services. This makes educational autonomy a strategic instrument in answering challenges in today's world of education.

CHANGES IN WINE TOURISM AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF WINE TOURISM PRODUCTS THROUGH THE EXAMPLE OF THE BEREHOVE DISTRICT IN TRANSCARPATHIA

Tourism, especially wine and rural tourism, makes an important economic contribution to local communities in Transcarpathia. The wine sector is increasingly shaped by global challenges such as climate change, sustainability expectations, and the spread of digital tools. Despite these difficulties, the wine industry in the region remains an essential guardian of local traditions and cultural values. Wine festivals and wine routes have long played a central role in tourism development, although their importance has decreased significantly due to the war. The Bereg region, one of Transcarpathia’s leading wine areas, is also famous for its thermal waters, cultural heritage, and unique wine culture. The area has centuriesold winemaking traditions, and the favorable local climate is ideal for quality viticulture. Historically, the wine region has been divided and reorganized several times, but since the early 2000s it has been developing steadily. Our research was based on both secondary (literature analysis) and primary (structured interviews with winemakers) data collection methods. The questionnaire included 30 closed-ended questions, and the responses were processed using statistical methods, including averages, correlations, and cross-tabulations. Microsoft programs, QGIS, and SPSS software supported the data processing, with results presented in tables and charts. Key findings show that the majority of winemakers surveyed in the Beregvidék region are men aged between 30 and 39 with higher education, whose primary income comes from winemaking. The average vineyard size is 14.2 hectares, with a predominance of white grape varieties, mainly of Hungarian and Ukrainian origin. The impacts of COVID-19 and the war have radically transformed the region’s tourism and wine sales channels. While festivals and large events have disappeared, wine tastings and courier-based deliveries have become dominant. Larger estates proved more resilient in adapting to wartime conditions. Development priorities also differed by the age of wineries: younger wineries focused on infrastructure improvements and marketing, while older businesses prioritized value preservation and automation .

Integration of Ethnoscience in Natural Science learning: Literacy Study

Science education is essential for developing scientific literacy and critical thinking. However, traditional approaches often lack contextual relevance, especially in areas rich in local wisdom. This study aims to examine how ethnoscience—science learning that integrates local cultural values—can enhance meaningful learning while preserving cultural identity. The objective is to analyze its application, identify potential local cultural topics, and evaluate effective teaching methods. This qualitative research is conducted through a literature review following the PRISMA framework. From 98 articles identified via the Scopus database, 27 were selected for in-depth analysis. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results show that 55.56% of the studies used interdisciplinary approaches, while Biology topics were underrepresented (7.40%). Physics and Chemistry showed high contextual relevance, particularly in traditional technologies and natural materials. Common local cultural themes include crafts, martial arts, measurement tools, games, traditional medicine, and eco-friendly pesticides. Media used include modules, digital worksheets, LMS, and interactive technology. Effective pedagogical models include Ethno-STEM, EthCBL, RE-STEM, E-PjBL, and SIL, all of which promote scientific literacy, 21st-century competencies, and cultural appreciation. The findings highlight the potential of ethnoscience to support holistic and culturally responsive science education.

Integration of East Manggarai Leles Cultural Character Values in Mindful Learning as a Strategy to Develop Collaboration of Elementary School Students

The development of digital technology and artificial intelligence (AI) has had a major impact on the world of education, one of which is the weakening of social interaction and the decline in students' collaboration skills due to the increasing tendency of digital individualism. This study aims to explore and analyze the integration of East Manggarai Leles cultural values through mindful learning approach as a strategy to develop collaboration skills of elementary school students. The approach used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques in the form of observation, in-depth interviews, documentation, and literature study. The data were analyzed thematically to find patterns of meaning in learning practices that combine local cultural values with a mindful approach. The results show that the integration of cultural values such as emi lime (selfless help), responsibility, and trust in the learning process can create an inclusive and collaborative classroom atmosphere. Learning becomes more meaningful because students not only learn cognitively, but also socially and emotionally. The mindful learning approach allows students to be fully present in the learning process and build empathy towards others, which in turn improves their collaborative skills. This research confirms that the combination of local wisdom values and awareness-oriented learning approaches can be an innovative solution in shaping student character in accordance with the needs of 21st century education.