Local Area Network Protocol Research Articles

C-FD MAC: Constellation based Full-Duplex MAC protocol

Simultaneous transmission and reception of data packets in Full-Duplex (FD) communication can theoretically double the system throughput. However, efficient self-interference mitigation and symbol detection at the receiver is required to realize the full potential of FD communication in practical scenarios. In this paper, we propose a constellation-based FD medium access control (MAC) protocol (C-FD) for wireless local area networks (WLAN). In the proposed C-FD MAC protocol, the node and Access Point (AP) can exchange packets simultaneously by transmitting the symbols and using different modulation schemes. The superimposed constellation diagram has been used to decode the symbols efficiently at both ends. The novel feature of the C-FD MAC protocol is that it does not require any complicated interference cancellation techniques. The analytical results for Symbol Error Rate (SER), Packet Error Rate (PER), and throughput have been derived for the symmetrical and asymmetrical FD link considering the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with Rayleigh fading. The proposed C-FD MAC protocol achieves nearly twice the throughput compared to Half duplex (HD) communication without compromising the SER. The analytical results have been validated with extensive simulation.

An RTS–CTS based medium access control protocol for full-duplex wireless local area networks

In-band full-duplex (IB-FD) wireless is a promising next generation communication technology which can double the spectral efficiency with respect to the conventional in-band half-duplex (IB-HD) radio. Hidden stations degrade the performances of any practical wireless networks, but unlike IB-HD networks, hidden station scenarios are different in IB-FD wireless networks. In this paper, we have presented a novel energy-efficient medium access control protocol exploiting the network allocation vector, whereby mitigating the hidden station problem in an IB-FD wireless network. Moreover, an analytical model has been devised to unveil the impact of the distance between a primary–secondary transceiver pair in order to select a secondary receiver to initiate a successful relay like IB-FD link, thereby diminishing the inter-station interference problem. In addition, we have shown that the number of IB-FD transmission link increases if the secondary transmitter uses adaptive transmission power. We have evaluated the performance of the proposed protocol through detailed simulations using a modified version of NS-3 in which the wireless module has been re-designed to accommodate the concept of IB-FD radio. Results show that our proposed protocol achieves at least 61% and 41% throughput gain and consumes 58% and 60% lower energy than IEEE 802.11 DCF RTS–CTS and FD-MAC protocols, respectively. Our proposed protocol outperforms the baseline protocols with respect to throughput, energy consumption, average re-transmission rate, average packet drop rate, etc. The proposed scheme can be very useful to IB-FD wireless networks which contain bandwidth-hungry applications.

Robust Watermarking via Multidomain Transform Over Wireless Channel: Design and Experimental Validation

Watermarking is a technique that provides ownership rights for shared data, and this technique can also help to transmit confidential information to realize secure communication. In this paper, we design a blind digital watermarking based on Discrete Wavelet Transform-Discrete Cosine Transform-Singular Value Decomposition (DWT-DCT-SVD) and optimize it by genetic algorithm (GA). This watermarking has both high robustness and high imperceptibility. Then we design a transmitter and receiver system based on the IEEE 802.11a and software-defined radio (SDR). We adopt several optimization methods for the system, such as ACK/HARQ mechanism, different redundant coding, frame length adaption, adaptive modulation, and so on, aiming to improve communication reliability and rate. We verify its high communication reliability and rate through actual experiments and complete the combination of digital watermarking and wireless transmission. We could build the application scenario of Image Security Wireless Communication based on Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) protocol and SDR platform indoors or outdoors in small areas.

Review Paper on Networking Issue of Internet of Things (IOT)

The Internet was initially used to transfer data packets between users and data sources with a specific IP address. Due to advancements, the Internet is being used to share data among different small, resource constrained devices connected in billions to constitute the (IOT) Internet of things .In addition, the paper discusses about wireless LAN Wi-Fi technology i.e. wireless local area network protocol and on a larger scale, mobile communication technology, that is used to provide connectivity to the internet, the wide area network. The paper draws an attention towards the background of IOT and its distinction with other technologies, discussion on network optimization in IOT. This paper not only reviews, compares and consolidates the recent related works, but also admires the author’s findings, solutions and discusses its usefulness towards network optimization in IOT. The uniqueness of this paper lies in the review of network optimization issues and challenges in IOT. In this paper, a comprehensive survey on the network optimization in IOT is presented.

Deep-Learning-Based Frame Format Detection for IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks

Backward compatibility is one of the key issues for radio equipment that supports IEEE 802.11, which is a typical communication protocol for wireless local area networks (WLANs). For achieving successful packet decoding with backward compatibility, frame format detection is the core precondition. In this study, we present a novel, deep-learning-based frame format detection method for IEEE 802.11 WLANs. Considering that the detection performance of conventional methods is mainly degraded because of poor performance in symbol synchronization and/or channel estimation in environments with a low signal-to-noise ratio, we propose a novel detection method based on a deep learning network to replace conventional detection procedures. The proposed deep-learning network method achieves robust detection directly from the received (Rx) data. Through extensive computer simulations performed in multipath fading channel environments (modeled by Project IEEE 802.11 Task Group ac), we confirmed that the proposed method exhibits significantly higher frame format detection performance than that of the conventional method.

Performance Analysis of Full Duplex MAC protocols for Wireless Local Area Networks with Hidden Node Collisions

Performance Analysis of Full Duplex MAC protocols for Wireless Local Area Networks with Hidden Node Collisions

Signaling Protocols for Local Area Networks of Drones

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones have become extremely popular and are used in various commercial applications. When multiple UAVs communicate and work together, they form a UAV network. A private UAV network or Local Area Network of Drones (LoDs) is a special type of UAV network which has the minimum number of UAVs to carry out a certain task. All UAVs in a LoD use the wireless medium to send and receive the data as well as the control signals. An organization or a single owner will be more interested in this type of network, where they want multiple UAVs to scan an area, communicate with each other, and send all the images and live video streams to a single ground station. The currently available commercial UAVs Can send the video signals to and receive control signals only from their own ground station controllers. However, in an LoD network where UAVs are connected in tandem, the UAVs that are in the middle of the network have to carry the control and video signals of other UAVs. Given the limited processing power and dynamic memory capacity of UAVs, this would increase the queuing delays and performance.In this paper, we study the frame formats of existing control, feedback, and data messages of commercial AR UAVs and propose a new approach to construct the payloads of control and feedback frames that are suitable for an LoDs. We compare the performance of our approach of single control and feedback frame for all UAVs in a LoD branch with that of separate control and feedback frames for each UAV. We calculate and compare the UAV node processing delay in both types of signaling mechanisms and show that the single control and feedback frame signaling has less delay on the average.

FKR: An efficient authentication scheme for IEEE 802.11ah networks

IEEE 802.11ah is a recently published standard for low-rate wireless communications over smart devices used for Internet of Things (IoT) systems. As a member of 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) protocol family, it presents a fine solution to extend the life of a network of resource-constrained devices and enhance the efficiency of low-rate communications. Although the performance of the Media Access Control (MAC) layer has been improved, the security functionality, especially for the authentication, is inherited from the legacy version. Lightweight authentication protocols to support the IoT devices with the requirements of low-power consumption and low-latency are much demanded. To meet the new demands, in this paper, an enhanced authentication scheme based on Fast Initial Link Setup (FILS) specified in IEEE 802.11ai standard is proposed, named as Fast Key Re-authentication, (FKR). It is designed for the authentication process in the link setup procedure to improve the overall performance of the 802.11ah networks.

Secure and efficient scheme for fast initial link setup against key reinstallation attacks in IEEE 802.11ah networks

SummaryIEEE 802.11ah is a recently released IEEE standard to specify a wireless communication system with a long‐range, low‐power, and low data transmission rate over smart devices used in Internet of Things (IoT) systems. This new standard belongs to IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks (WLANs) protocol family. It requires lightweight protocols to support the low‐power and low‐latency features of the IoT devices. On the other hand, an upcoming solution of fast initial link setup (FILS) specified by IEEE 802.11ai standard is a brand‐new approach aiming to establish fast and secure links among devices in WLANs to meet this new demand. It is natural and feasible to apply it to the 802.11ah networks to support massively deployed wireless nodes. However, security concerns on the link connection by the FILS scheme have not been fully eliminated, especially in the authentication process. It has been explored that a type of recently revealed malicious attack, key reinstallation attack (KRA) might be a threat to the FILS authentication. To prevent the success of the KRAs, in this paper, we proposed a secure and efficient FILS (SEF) protocol as the optional substitute of the FILS scheme. The SEF scheme is designed to eradicate potential threats from the KRAs without degrading the network performance.

An Authentication Protocol in LTE-WLAN Heterogeneous Converged Network Based on Certificateless Signcryption Scheme With Identity Privacy Protection

Aiming at to avoid the security drawbacks of the authentication protocol in Long Term Evolution-Wireless Local Area Network (LTE-WLAN) heterogeneous converged network proposed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), an improved protocol based on hybrid cryptosystem is proposed to achieve access authentication for WLAN user equipment(UE) with identity privacy protection. The security analysis shows that by using certificateless signcryption(CLSC) scheme without pairing calculation based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), hash chain and identity index mechanism, the proposed authentication protocol provides the following ten kinds of security properties: anonymous protection for International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), update on shared keys, protection for master session key(MSK), resistance to impersonation attack, replay attack, man-in-the-middle attack, redirect attack and Denial of Service (DoS) attack, mutual authentication between communication entities, and without framework modification from the original protocol. The performance analysis shows that the approximate calculation time of all the communication entities is 79 ms in total and that of UE is 266 us . Thus, our proposed protocol is superior to some other related improved protocols in terms of security and efficiency.

Energy Routing Algorithm Based on OSPF Protocol and Virtual Circuit Switching Mode in Energy Local Area Network

The advance management of the power supply to load such as in homes, offices, etc. and power from the source to central network in a smart grid system with lowest possible loss is considered here in this paper using the concept of energy internet. It also includes the complete details of power flow and control. In this paper, the efficiency of transmission is increased by using energy routers based on open shortest path first (OSPF) protocol, a new concept in the field of energy internet. By using energy local area network (e-LAN) concept, all the energy routers are connected by using OSPF protocols and virtual circuit concept theory. An algorithm is proposed for efficient power transmission and effective selection of sources to minimise the overall cost in the network.

Development of Multi-axis Motor Control Systems for Lower Limb Robotic Exoskeleton

PurposeThe aim of this study was to establish a control system with multi-axis motors for a lower limb robotic exoskeleton (LLRE).MethodsThis LLRE structure was built by using an aluminum alloy designed with an adjustable mechanism. A four-motor control system with four Maxon brushless direct current motors was developed and installed in the hips and knees of the LLRE, respectively. In addition, four harmonic reducers were connected to the motors to increase the torque. A master controller which commands the four-axis motors was developed by using Texas Instruments (TI) embedded chip (TMS320F28069). The walking gait parameters were established to support the LLRE movement. The controller local area network protocol was used to communicate between the master and slave motor controllers. The slave motor controllers were developed by using TI embedded chip (DRV8301/TMS320F28069) for each joint by a high bandwidth control strategy. A high dynamic response system was obtained by considering the LLRE inertia, external variable load induced by the LLRE and delay in a digital control system.ResultsThe result showed that this high bandwidth control with the experimental ones, the trajectory of each joint demonstrated a high response bandwidth and the tracking gait errors were significantly eliminated.ConclusionsThis study indicated that the development of this LLRE with a master controller/the slave motor controllers strategy through controller local area network protocol was feasible for healthcare applications.

Proportionally Fair Resource Allocation in Multirate WLAN<roman>s</roman>

Since IEEE has a standardized 802.11 protocol for wireless local-area networks (WLANs), significant work has been done to develop rate adaptation algorithms. Most of the rate adaptation algorithms proposed till now are heuristic, suboptimal, and are competitive in nature. Even though these algorithms have the advantage of being implemented in distributed fashion, their throughput performance will be low as these schemes may converge to inefficient Nash equilibrium. On the other hand, users may cooperatively choose their rates so that a social optimum can be achieved, but there are no known algorithms that do rate adaptation cooperatively and can still be implemented in a distributed fashion. In this paper, we design a centralized algorithm that achieves a social optimum (by conducting rate adaptation cooperatively) while guaranteeing proportional fairness. We show that it converges in, at most, $N$ iterations and has time complexity $O(N^2)$ , where $N$ is the number of users in the system. Furthermore, we propose a distributed algorithm that also serves the same purpose as the centralized algorithm.

Systematic Review of Real-time Remote Health Monitoring System in Triage and Priority-Based Sensor Technology: Taxonomy, Open Challenges, Motivation and Recommendations.

The new and ground-breaking real-time remote monitoring in triage and priority-based sensor technology used in telemedicine have significantly bounded and dispersed communication components. To examine these technologies and provide researchers with a clear vision of this area, we must first be aware of the utilised approaches and existing limitations in this line of research. To this end, an extensive search was conducted to find articles dealing with (a) telemedicine, (b) triage, (c) priority and (d) sensor; (e) comprehensively review related applications and establish the coherent taxonomy of these articles. ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore and Web of Science databases were checked for articles on triage and priority-based sensor technology in telemedicine. The retrieved articles were filtered according to the type of telemedicine technology explored. A total of 150 articles were selected and classified into two categories. The first category includes reviews and surveys of triage and priority-based sensor technology in telemedicine. The second category includes articles on the three-tiered architecture of telemedicine. Tier 1 represents the users. Sensors acquire the vital signs of the users and send them to Tier 2, which is the personal gateway that uses local area network protocols or wireless body area network. Medical data are sent from Tier 2 to Tier 3, which is the healthcare provider in medical institutes. Then, the motivation for using triage and priority-based sensor technology in telemedicine, the issues related to the obstruction of its application and the development and utilisation of telemedicine are examined on the basis of the findings presented in the literature.

Design and performance analysis of a full-duplex MAC protocol for wireless local area networks

In this paper, Synchronized Contention Window Full-Duplex (S-CW FD) protocol is presented as a medium access control (MAC) protocol that enables full-duplex (FD) in wireless local area networks (WLANs), while seamlessly operating together with legacy nodes. For performance analysis, a Markov chain model of S-CW FD is devised, using this model, the saturated throughput of S-CW FD is derived and the results are validated by comparisons with OPNET simulations. Later, through detailed simulations, S-CW FD is evaluated against standard half-duplex IEEE 802.11, considering realistic self-interference and channel models and the effect of hidden nodes. It is shown that S-CW FD MAC protocol can double the throughput of standard half duplex IEEE 802.11 without hidden nodes in the network, and its improvement can get as high as ten fold in the presence of hidden nodes. In this work, S-CW FD is also compared to two similar contention based FD MAC protocols from the literature, and it is shown that, under typical network loads, S-CW FD outperforms those protocols by up to 30%, despite much lower complexity. Overall, S-CW FD stands out as a promising candidate for implementing FD in WLANs due to significant performance improvements, simplicity and flexibility for application in different FD modes to support bidirectional, relaying and cellular scenarios.

Carrier Sensing-Based Medium Access Control Protocol for WLANs Exploiting Successive Interference Cancellation

In this paper, we propose a carrier sensing-based medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless local area networks (WLANs) for exploiting successive interference cancellation (SIC). We then develop an analytical model to compute the total throughput of a WLAN under the proposed MAC protocol in the presence of path loss, Rayleigh fading, and log-normal shadowing and validate the model via simulation. By means of the analytical model and simulation results, we compare the performance of a carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) MAC protocol and the proposed MAC protocol in utilizing the opportunities from SIC. We find that the proposed MAC protocol effectively utilizes the opportunities of SIC and significantly improves throughput compared with the CSMA MAC protocol. We also investigate the effect of some of the parameters of network and wireless channel on the performance of SIC.

A Reservation Protocol Analysis for Multi-Channel Wireless Networks

A synchronous multi-channel multi-access Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) is studied in this paper. The proposed protocol introduces an access control reservation scheme and requires a single radio per station. The receiver collisionsphenomenon characterizes the performance of the proposedmulti-channel system. A priority scheme is considered in order to primary serve the time-sensitive traffic such as voice, as compared to the delay tolerant data traffic. The innovation of this paper is the extensive and accurate study of the receiver collisions effect on the network performance in multi-traffic environment. An analytic discrete time Markovian model is developed for finite number of stations and channels. The performance measures of throughput, delay, and average rejection probability at destination are analytically estimated. Numerical results are presented for comparison for various numbers of channels and stations. The proposed MAC protocol provides a substantial contribution to the understanding of wireless multi-channel multi-traffic environments.

A Novel Medium Access Control Protocol for Real-Time Wireless Communications in Industrial Automation

In this paper, a novel Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for industrial Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) is proposed and studied. The main challenge in industry automation systems is the ultra-low network latency with a target upper bound in the order of 1 ms while maintaining high network reliability and availability. The novelty of the proposed wireless MAC protocol resides in its similar latency performance as its counterpart in wired industrial LAN. First, the functional design of the MAC protocol is introduced. Then its performance results gained from hardware implementation (SystemC and VHDL) on an FPGA platform are presented. Finally, a real-time communication module which achieves the ultra-low latency required in industrial automation is described.

Characterization and Optimization of Delay Guarantees for Real-Time Multimedia Traffic Flows in IEEE 802.11 WLANs

Due to the rapid growth of real-time applications and the ubiquity of IEEE 802.11 MAC as a layer-2 protocol for wireless local area networks (WLANs), it becomes increasingly important to support delay-based quality of service (QoS) in such WLANs. In this paper, we develop a simple and accurate enough analytical model for predicting the queueing delay of real-time multimedia traffic flows in non-homogeneous random access based WLANs. This leads to tractable analysis for meeting queueing delay specifications of a number of flows. In particular, we address the feasibility problem of whether the mean delays required by a set of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) flows supporting real-time multimedia traffic can be guaranteed in WLANs. Based on the model and feasibility analysis, we further develop an optimization technique to minimize the delays for the traffic flows. Moreover, we present a decentralized algorithm and report its implementation and present extensive simulation and experimental trace-based results to demonstrate the accuracy of our model and the performance of the algorithms.

Utilization of Buffers for Performance Evaluation of Local Area Network Protocols

This paper discusses the performance of traffic flow over Local Area Networks (LAN) utilizing buffers to avoid any irrelevant traffic that clusters the network using sniffer pro. The study applies buffer technology to filter out unnecessary information so the system captures only required information packets. Buffers that capture the protocols are identified. These are: Address Resolution Protocols (ARP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). The study identified to the user/analyzer of an Ethernet technology, how to isolate a cluster network problem, monitor network performance, and offer tips on how to correctly assess and fix network problems. The study provides detailed analysis of threshold gauges, errors, broadcasts, multicasts, packets, and many other facets of dashboard graph configurations thereby ensuring a successful network analysis. The study concludes by providing solutions to poor network performance affecting one user, several users, or an entire network.