Loading Capacity Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

A comparison on the binding mechanisms of zein and gliadin with curcumin to guide the self-assembly of nanoparticles for delivery purpose

Using prolamins to prepare delivery systems is promising for pharmaceutical and food industries. It is very necessary to find a reliable strategy to probe the assembly-release mechanisms of prolamin-based delivery systems, which could accelerate the screening of fabrication conditions. In this study, interactions of zein and gliadin with curcumin at different temperatures and ethanol concentrations was investigated by fluorescence quenching and other spectroscopic methods. It was found that the binding affinity between curcumin and gliadin gradually decreased with increasing ethanol concentration, but that of curcumin-zein gradually increased with increasing ethanol concentration. Zein and gliadin showed highest binding constant values (Ka) of 2.29 × 105 L mol−1 at 80% ethanol and 293K, 2.0 × 105 L mol−1 at 60% ethanol and 293 K, respectively. The temperature-dependent thermodynamic parameters were calculated. And the main driven forces were determined to be electrostatic interactions for gliadin-curcumin complexation, while van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding were also involved in the binding of zein with curcumin in low ethanol conditions (60–70%). The curcumin-encapsulated zein/gliadin nanoparticles were prepared at various conditions, and their physicochemical properties were compared. The highest EE and LC values of zein nanoparticles were observed at 80% ethanol (95.8% and 19.2 μg/mg), while those of gliadin were observed at 60% ethanol (95.7% and 19.1 μg/mg). The change of encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of nanoparticles was basically consistent with the binding affinity tendency between curcumin and zein/gliadin, confirming that the fluorescence quenching method is applicable to guide the screening of encapsulants and fabrication conditions.

Delivery of curcumin using a zein-xanthan gum nanocomplex: Fabrication, characterization, and in vitro release properties

This study aimed to use xanthan gum as a stabilizer to improve the stability of zein nanoparticles. Zein-xanthan gum composite nanoparticles were prepared via anti-solvent precipitation at pH 4.0. The particle size, zeta potential, and stability of the system were related to the amount of xanthan gum added. When 20 mg of xanthan gum was added, spherical nanoparticles with a small particle size (179 ± 2.1 nm) and sufficient negative zeta potential (−42 ± 1.6 mV) were obtained. The zeta potential and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results indicated that electrostatic attraction was the main driving force, followed by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Composite nanoparticles were coated by xanthan gum and remained stable over a wide pH range and at high temperatures and salt concentrations; they did not precipitate or aggregate after 30 days of storage. Moreover, the addition of xanthan gum considerably improved the encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of nanoparticles containing high curcumin amounts, which facilitated slow and sustained release of curcumin in simulated intestinal fluid. Therefore, zein-xanthan gum nanoparticles can be used for the delivery of biologically active compounds in food and pharmaceutical preparations.

Gentamicin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Improve Its Therapeutic Effects on Brucella-Infected J774A.1 Murine Cells.

Background: Final elimination of some intracellular bacterial agents, such as Brucella, is often a complex issue and impossible to achieve, primarily due to the presence and survival of the bacteria within phagocytic cells. By penetrating into the cell membrane, drug delivery nanosystems can reduce the number of intracellular bacteria. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles on the delivery of gentamicin into Brucella infected J774A.1 murine cells in vitro. Materials and Methods: Chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using ionic gelation technique. The shape, size and charge of NPs, loading rate and release of the drug were investigated. Finally, the effects of gentamicin-loaded chitosan NPs (Gen-Cs) and free gentamicin on J774A.1 murine cells infected with these bacteria were examined. Results: The mean size and charge of NPs were computed as 100 nm and +28mV, respectively. The loading capacity of NPs was 22%. About 70% of the drug was released from NPs during the first 8 hours. Antimicrobial activity of the two formulations showed that MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of the Gen-Cs and free drug was 3.1 and 6.25 µg, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration of the NPs-loaded drug and free drug was 6.25 and 12.5 µg, respectively. Cell culture analysis revealed that there was a significant reduction in the load of the intercellular bacteria in J774A.1 murine cells in both formulations. Conclusion: Our results showed the Gen-Cs have a proper potential for optimal treatment of intracellular bacterial agents.

Gentamicin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Improve Its Therapeutic Effects on Brucella-Infected J774A.1 Murine Cells

Background: Final elimination of some intracellular bacterial agents, such as Brucella, is often a complex issue and impossible to achieve, primarily due to the presence and survival of the bacteria within phagocytic cells. By penetrating into the cell membrane, drug delivery nanosystems can reduce the number of intracellular bacteria. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles on the delivery of gentamicin into Brucella infected J774A.1 murine cells in vitro. Materials and Methods: Chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using ionic gelation technique. The shape, size and charge of NPs, loading rate and release of the drug were investigated. Finally, the effects of gentamicin-loaded chitosan NPs (Gen-Cs) and free gentamicin on J774A.1 murine cells infected with these bacteria were examined. Results: The mean size and charge of NPs were computed as 100 nm and +28mV, respectively. The loading capacity of NPs was 22%. About 70% of the drug was released from NPs during the first 8 hours. Antimicrobial activity of the two formulations showed that MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of the Gen-Cs and free drug was 3.1 and 6.25 µg, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration of the NPs-loaded drug and free drug was 6.25 and 12.5 µg, respectively. Cell culture analysis revealed that there was a significant reduction in the load of the intercellular bacteria in J774A.1 murine cells in both formulations. Conclusion: Our results showed the Gen-Cs have a proper potential for optimal treatment of intracellular bacterial agents. [GMJ.2019;8:e1296]Â

Evaluation of Immune Response Against Inactivated Avian Influenza (H9N2) Vaccine, by Using Chitosan Nanoparticles.

Background:Influenza A is a virus that affects a wide range of animals and also human beings. Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 has the potential to create influenza pandemic and vaccination is a common solution for this problem. The vaccine, used for rapid intervention, should be safe to use and highly effective, after a single administration. Chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) have already been recommended as a new adjuvant for inactivated AIV H9N2 vaccine immunization.Objectives:This study aimed at the evaluation and better understanding of optimum concentration of CNP preparations and also, assessment of loading capacity of AIV into CNP, as an adjuvant in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens.Materials and Methods:For measurement of vaccine-antibody response, different types of CNP were injected intramuscularly, in a single dose, to 21-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens. Chickens were monitored for the efficacy of the nanoparticles and, also, their immune response, during a follow up of 7 weeks, by using hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. The CNP were prepared according to modified ionic gelation method and inactivated antigen was loaded in four hemagglutinin units (HAU) concentrations. Loading capacity of nanoparticles was determined by hemagglutination (HA) method. Inactivated A/H9N2 AIV was mixed with chitosan of low molecular weight.Results:The CNP did not cause any mortality or side effects, when chickens were administered the prepared vaccine. The results strongly showed that this novel vaccine significantly enhances the immunogenicity of inactivated AIV, comparing with ISA70 (SEPPIC, Puteaux, France) adjuvant that is used routinely in the Razi Serum and Vaccine Research and Production Institute, Karaj, Iran, to reduce ISA70’s side effects.Conclusions:The AIV loaded into CNP vaccines induce appropriate antibody titers, after a single immunization, while requiring a low dose of antigen. The CNP also represent an interesting new platform for antigen delivery and a promising adjuvant candidate for H9N2 inactivated influenza vaccine.

Quaternized chitosan–organic rectorite intercalated composites based nanoparticles for protein controlled release

Organic rectorite (OREC) was added in the quaternized chitosan (QC)/alginate (ALG) nanoparticles using an ionic gelation method to fabricate a controllable release system for proteins for the first time. The morphology of nanoparticles, the intercalated structure of OREC, bovine serum albumin encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release properties were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectra, energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, small angle X-ray diffraction and size distribution analysis were performed to characterize the composite nanoparticles. With the addition of OREC, the encapsulation efficiency and the loading capacity of nanoparticles had increased from 21.2% to 44.9% and from 13.7% to 25.0%, respectively. In addition, the rapid initial release was inhibited successfully from 20.15% to 11.07% in stimulated gastric fluid and from 14.69% to 4.52% in stimulated intestinal fluid. The results verified that the addition of OREC could make these nanoparticles effective carriers to encapsulate drug and slow the drug controlled release of nanoparticles.

Cyclodextrins and carrier systems

This paper describes two new possibilities of using cyclodextrins to increase water solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs intended for targeting delivery by the oral or the parenteral route. They use either amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles or polymeric nanoparticles containing cyclodextrins. Amphiphilic skirt-shaped cyclodextrins, resulting from the esterification of primary hydroxyl groups by hydrocarbon chains varying from C6 to C14, are capable of forming spontaneously nanoparticles which have been loaded with a series of steroid drugs. The drug in the amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles is molecularly dispersed and can be released very rapidly. Poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles can be loaded with natural or hydroxypropyl cyclodextrins. This technique results in a significant increase in the loading capacity of nanoparticles with a series of steroids and in a very rapid release of the drug. Both methods are described as well as their potential interest for water-insoluble drugs.