Livestock Facilities Research Articles

Organization of sanitary protection zones of agricultural facilities

The article presents analytical data on the assessment of sanitary protection zones of agricultural facilities for the cultivation of cattle, pigs and birds. The analysis of materials of instrumental and laboratory confirmation of calculated data of zones of influence of industrial agricultural enterprises on atmospheric air is carried out. It has been established that during the operation of livestock and poultry facilities, chemicals with specific odors (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans) are formed, and when they enter the atmospheric air, their transformation occurs and the effects can be summed up. Technological processes are accompanied by the formation of various kinds of microorganisms, which are sometimes not identified and not controlled. The obtained results indicate the need to regulate such parameters in the atmospheric air as «odors» and monitoring of the biological factor.

Study of the regularities of the influence of air heat curtains on the energy balance of livestock premises

The use of air heat curtains allows you to limit the amount of cold air incoming the room through open gates or doors, as well as to heat it up. The article considers the influence of air heat curtains on the energy balance of livestock premises. The calculation method is presented and the main aerodynamic characteristics of an air curtain installed in a calf house for 50 animals are substantiated. The main heat and power and structural parameters of the air curtain have been determined. On the basis of the heat balance of the calf barn, its modes of operation are substantiated. It has been established that the power consumption for the fan drive during the operation of the air curtain is significantly less than the cost of thermal energy to compensate for the air temperature in the room from the inflow of cold air. The technical and economic calculation showed the effectiveness of the use of air heat curtains in microclimate systems for various livestock facilities of agricultural production.

Chemical and Physical Properties of Organic Bedding Materials

Highlights Finely ground particles absorb more water than medium or coarse particles. Corn stover and wheat straw have highest water holding capacity and a moderate rate of evaporative water loss. Corn cobs absorb the least amount of water but retain the water longer than other bedding materials. Corn stover, wheat straw, and soybean stover have highest fertilizer value. Considering all characteristics, wheat straw, corn stover, and soybean stover are the most favorable materials to use in livestock housing systems. Abstract. Physical and chemical characteristics of organic bedding materials determine how well they will absorb and retain moisture and may influence the environment in livestock facilities where bedding is used. The objective of this study was to determine water holding capacity (WHC) and rate of evaporative water loss (EWL) of organic materials used as bedding in livestock facilities. Corn stover, soybean stover, wheat straw, switch grass, paper, corn cobs, and wood (pine and cedar) were evaluated; coarse, medium, and fine particle sizes of each bedding material were measured. The WHC was determined by submerging bedding materials in permeable nylon bags for 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min, and 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Generally, finely ground particles had higher WHC (P < 0.05) than the medium or coarsely ground particles of the same material. Corn stover (3.2 g g-1) and wheat straw (3.3 g g-1) had the highest WHC. Switch grass, dry cedar, green cedar, and corn cobs (1.4, 1.5, 1.6 and 1.9 g g-1, respectively) absorbed the least amount of water. Corn cobs retained water the longest when EWL was measured at 100°C, 25°C, and 15°C (6.0, 33.0, and 38.1 days, respectively). Based on N, P, and K content, corn stover, wheat straw, and soybean stover bedding had the highest fertilizer value of the bedding materials studied. Considering all characteristics, wheat straw, corn stover, and soybean stover are the most favorable bedding materials to use in livestock housing systems. Keywords: Bulk density, Corn stover, Evaporative water loss, Soybean stover, Switch grass, Water holding capacity, Wheat straw, Wood chips.

SIMULATION OF THE THERMAL MODE IN THE PIGLETS’ LOCATION AREA WHEN USING AN IR IRRADIATION PANEL

It has been shown that the efficiency of engineering systems for creating a microclimate at livestock facilities is determined by the possibility of organizing the required thermal conditions in interaction with external temperature parameters of enclosing structures. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing a method for calculating and modeling the thermal mode in the piglets’ location zone using an infrared irradiation panel in a system of diffusely absorbing and radiating surfaces. (Materials and methods) Considered the conditions of a comfortable thermal regime for young animals, the physical model of a piglet, the conditions of heat exchange. The areas of temperature change of the irradiating panel and the influence of the configuration of the optical characteristics of the system shell when creating comfortable conditions for keeping piglets, depending on the age and temperature parameters of the enclosing structures, were presented. (Results and discussion) It was found that the computational model of heat transfer of an animal on the example of a piglet in a system of isothermal diffusely absorbing and radiating surfaces serves as an extension of existing computational methods. (Conclusions) It has been shown that the mathematical model of heat exchange of an animal in a system of diffusely absorbing and radiating surfaces more fully reflects the interrelationships in the elements of the biotechnical system, this allows more accurately forming and maintaining the specified temperature conditions for the comfortable maintenance of young animals. We have obtained a functional model reflecting the dependences of the thermal state of piglets, taking into account their age, on the ambient temperature, the design parameters of the radiating panel and its temperature on the surface. The main correlations linking the conditions of thermal comfort of piglets with the temperature of the radiating surface of the panel, with the temperature and optical properties of the enclosing structures of the room were revealed. The scheme of the algorithm for calculating the surface temperature of the radiant panel was given. The range of panel surface temperature values was determined depending on the temperature of the enclosing structures for the conditions of a comfortable thermal condition of animals in the heating zone, taking into account their age.

An Agroecological Analysis of Livestock Wealth in India

This study aims to analyze the livestock population dynamics, adoption pattern of livestock and infrastructure facilities across different agroecological regions of India. The results revealed that more than 50 per cent of all livestock species were found in rain-fed areas. In irrigated region, 36 per cent of the livestock population depended upon 15 per cent of the geographical area. The cattle population growth rate declined for all regions because of a faster decline in indigenous cattle in all the agroecological regions. The number of crossbred cattle increased from 26 to 44 million among the cattle population at the India level. It may be due to the acceptance of insemination techniques with the expectation of high milk yield. Whereas, in irrigated region, the situation was very different, with a marginal increase in the share of crossbred cows. The findings indicated that India’s large and uniquely structured livestock sector was growing with compound annual growth of 4.3 per cent. For the sustainable development of the sector, suitable efforts should be taken to improve the genetic potential of indigenous cattle and buffalo and enhance the milk yield of crossbred cows by supportive technical, institutional and policy initiatives

Measuring the intensity of rural livelihood diversification strategies, and Its impacts on rural households’ welfare: Evidence from South Gondar zone, Amahara Regional State, Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, rural households are under risk in the sustainability of sources of income and forced to involve in diversified livelihoods because of the uncertain nature of the agricultural sector. Therefore, the aim of the study is to measure the livelihood diversification strategies and its impacts on rural households’ welfare. The study used cross-sectional data, which is quantitative and qualitative in nature. Through the multistage sampling technique, the study selected 398 samples from the south Gondar zone. The data was analyzed through descriptive statistics, and Tobit and multiple linear regression models. The descriptive statistics analysis showed that income from crop and livestock productions are the most important contributors (97.74%) to livelihood diversification in the study area. The Simpsons Index of Diversity is (0.4) showing that there is a lower livelihood diversification in the study area. The Tobit model regression results showed that education, family size, irrigation, soil conservation, extension service, livestock, and infrastructure facility affect the intensity of livelihood diversification. Furthermore, the multiple regression result revealed that livelihood diversification has a positive impact on the welfare of rural households. The study concludes that to improve the livelihood and welfare of rural households, diversified livelihood strategies should be enhanced by facilitating farm activities through access to inputs, irrigation schemes, and infrastructure and off-farm activities.This article applied the Simpsons Index of Diversity (SID) to estimate the intensity of income diversification.•The method helps to measure the amount of diversified income and its effect on the welfare of rural dwellers.•The study helps to identify the common livelihood strategies and their relevance to improving rural living style.

DETERMINATION OF FEED-PUSHER ROBOTS’ RATIONAL PARKING ZONE AREA AT DAIRY FARMS RECONSTRUCTION

During the new livestock facilities construction, usually there is no problem with the robot-pusher parking zone’s placement, however, during the of typical farms reconstruction due to lack of internal space, dealers and owners are face the problem of robot-pusher feed parking zone organizing. Based on the study of GEA FRone and DeLaval OptiDuo models’ feed pusher robots operating in ordinary conditions, as well as types of maneuvers, were obtained data that by modeling on 16 robot models presented on the Russian market were interpolated. The most rational way of feed pusher robots parking zones organization is their placement in a niche, without a roof, inside the farm in the technological gap where the manure conveyor drive station is located. The rational areas for all 16 models of feed pusher robots’ parking zones have been determined. So, for the OptiDuo feed pusher robot, which has a rectangular body, the rational area is in 22% lesser than the recommended one, that is, in 1,3 times; for the FRone robot, which has a cylindrical body, it is 44%, that is, in 1,8 times lesser. On average, the rational area of the parking area is 2,6-2,9 times larger than the area occupied by the feed pusher robot itself in the farm’s plan. The variation is explained by the way of farm barn’s adaptation. As a result, the parking zones rational areas’ values are obtained and the parking zone area dependence on the occupied robot area in the barn’s plan is determined: it is not linear, but exponential: Sp =1,602e0,6286Sр, R² = 0,6459.

Modelling the nesting-habitat of threatened vulture species in the caucasus: An ecosystem approach to formalising environmental factors in species distribution models

Abiotic factors play an important role in species localisation, but biotic and anthropogenic predictors must also be considered in distribution modelling for models to be biologically meaningful. In this study, we formalised the biotic predictors of nesting sites for four threatened Caucasian vultures by including species distribution models (wild ungulates, nesting tree species) as biotic layers in the vulture Maxent models. Maxent was applied in the R dismo package and the best set of the model parameters were defined in the R ENMeval package. Performance metrics were continuous Boyce index, Akaike's information criterion, the area under receiver operating curve and true skill statistics. We also calculated and evaluated the null models. Kernel density estimation method was applied to assess the overlap of vulture ecological niches in the environmental space. The accessibility of anthropogenic food resources was estimated using the Path Distance measure that considers elevation gradient. The availability of pine forests (Scots Pine) and wild ungulates (Alpine Chamois and Caucasian Goat) contributed the most (29.6% and 34.3%) to Cinereous Vulture (Aegypius monachus) nesting site model. Wild ungulate distribution also contributed significantly (about 46%) to the Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) model. This scavenger nests in the highlands of the Caucasus at a minimum distance of 5–10 ​km from anthropogenic facilities. In contrast, livestock as a food source was most important in colony distribution of Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus). The contribution of distances to settlements and agricultural facilities to the model was 45%. The optimal distance from Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) nesting sites to settlements was only 3–10 ​km, to livestock facilities no more than 15 ​km with the factor contribution of about 57%. Excluding the wild ungulate availability, the ecological niches of studied vultures overlapped significantly. Despite similar foraging and nesting requirements, Caucasian vultures are not pronounced nesting and trophic competitors due to the abundance of nesting sites, anthropogenic food sources and successful niche sharing.

Solid-phase denitrification and denitritation of swine manure-contaminated waters: Bioreactor performance and microbial community profiles

Waste streams from livestock facilities contribute to water contamination by nitrogenous compounds and a feasible approach for their treatment is needed. In this work, a microbial culture, originally developed for anoxic biodegradation of naphthenic acids, was used in woodchip bioreactors to evaluate denitrification and denitritation in medium simulating livestock wastewaters. Effects of nitrate and nitrite concentrations (10–150 mg L−1), loading rate (0.8–2000.2 mg L−1 day−1), manure content (0–10%), and residence time (0.04–11.26 day) on the performance of bioreactors operated with nitrate, nitrite or their mixture were investigated. The highest nitrate removal rates for nitrate alone were achieved at loading rates of 1000–1500 mg L−1 day−1 and 9–10% manure (removal rate ≥ 400 mg L−1 day−1), and for nitrate in mixture at 775–1150 mg L−1 day−1 and 7–10% manure (removal rate ≥ 350 mg L−1 day−1). For nitrite alone, these were 1000–1500 mg L−1 day−1 and 0–2% manure (removal rate ≥500 mg L−1 day−1) and 600–850 mg L−1 day−1 and 5–10% manure (removal rate ≥ 300 mg L−1 day−1) for nitrite in mixture. High nitrite concentration (75–100 mg L−1) negatively impacted its removal rate in mixture with nitrate or alone. Bioreactors microbial profiles were different from each other and from the stock cultures. Cloacimonetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria phyla were prevalent in all bioreactors, but Bacteroidetes was seen only in the nitrate and nitrite bioreactors. At the class level, Candidatus cloacamonas, Thiomicrospira and Pseudomonas were seen in all bioreactors but Acidovorax and Comamonas were significant only in the nitrite bioreactor.

Directions of Technical Progress in the Mechanization and Automation of Animal Husbandry and the Effectiveness of Their Application

The state of technical equipment of livestock facilities is described, the directions of technical progress in the mechanization and automation of livestock sub-sectors, which are reflected in the System of machines for mechanization and automation of processes in the production of livestock and poultry products for the period up to 2030, and the effectiveness of their application are shown.

Analysis of the Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Odor Occurrence in South Korea - Focused on Chungcheongnam-do Area

This study was performed to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of odor occurrence, how to set priorities of institutional support for customized odor management measures suitable for each region's situation, and manage effective odor reduction focusing on the complex odor test for 1,476 odor samples that filed a complaint in 15 cities and counties of Chungcheongnam-do area in South Korea, for 5 years from 2016 to 2020. In particular, the cause of odor focusing on the odor complaints by livestock farms and large businesses place was identified, and spatiotemporal characteristics were investigated. civil complaints caused by odor occurrence are increasing year by year, and over the past five years, 424 cases at the outlet of facilities and 1,052 cases at the borderline were much more frequent. Also, the nonconformity rate exceeding the emission acceptance criteria increased by 3.7 % at the outlet and 13.2 % at the borderline. In addition, the occurrence of odors has been steadily increasing every year since 2016, and the nonconformity rate exceeding the criteria at the borderline is high. The monthly odor occurrence is 184 cases in July, the highest in summer and 56 cases in January, which is relatively low in winter. The number of odor occurrences showed a correlation with temperature (R2=0.7104) and humidity (R2=0.7879). In addition, the highest number of complaints occurred when the average humidity 70 ~ 80 %, the average temperature 20 ~ 25℃, and the average wind speed were 1 ~ 1.5 m/s. Looking at the characteristics of odor occurrence by facility, of 1,476 cases that have been filed in Chungcheongnam-do area, odor complaints by livestock farms accounted for 48.4 %, 715 of 1,476. Also, out of 715 cases, 502 cases were pig breeding facilities and 125 cases were poultry places. The nonconformity rate exceeding the emission acceptance criteria was showed as 32.8 % for poultry place and 19.9% ​​for pig breeding facility. A relationship between the number of breeding livestock and the occurrence of odor complaints was found R2=0.714. Accordingly, it is considered that it is necessary to study on the separation distance of odor component and the appropriateness of the number of breeding livestock by identifying the odor component of type of livestock and the number of breeding livestock for the administrative and institutional measures. With using geocoding program to visualize the source of odors and use a system that shows the density of the facility by city and county, it is judged that it will be able to monitor odors, respond quickly to odors, predict their spread, and manage the sources efficiently. The discomfort caused by odor are mostly occurring in surrounding of livestock facility are concentrated. In order to solve the fundamental odor problem, it is urgent to improve technology and related systems for reducing odors generated in livestock facilities, and provide administrative and financial support. Applying big data analysis technology using visualization programs such as geocoding is considered to be useful for systematic odor management policies by scientifically investigating and managing occurrence.

Resistance to insecticides of housefly Musca domestica in the center of the European part of Russia

Under laboratory conditions, resistance to insecticides from various chemical classes of several strains of the housefly, Musca domestica, obtained from populations collected at facilities in the Moscow and Kaluga regions (KSK-1 in a cowshed and KSK-2 in the stable of an equestrian sports club, Krasnogorsk – at a food facility, Kaluga – in the compost of a garden non-profit partnership). It was found that when insecticides were applied topically, houseflies of all the studied strains hadthe highest resistance to cypermethrin (RF=75–900x) and to neonicotinoid compounds thiamethoxam and clothianidin (RF=95–330x). High resistance to fipronil was found in two strains of fly (RF= 46–75x). Strain KSK-1 was weakly tolerant to chlorpyrifos (RF=3.7x), while the other strains were susceptible. All the studied house fly strains were more susceptible to indoxacarb and chlorfenapyr than the laboratory strain S-NIID. The data indicate that studied housefly strains are multiresistant to almost all commonly used insecticides. Possible mechanisms of insect resistance to insecticides are discussed. Frequent use of insecticides of various chemical classes led to resistance in the target pest. Widespread use of pyrethroids in animal facilities has led to high resistance to them in the house fly because places where larvae hatch are constantly polluted with these insecticides. High resistance to neonicotinoids is also due to their frequent use as poisoned baits in livestock facilities. To the contrary, the studied housefly strains remained susceptible to the tested oxadiazines and pyrroles, chemical classes that were recently introduced to Russia.

Characterization of VOCs Emissions from Caged Broiler House in Winter

Volatile organic compound (VOCs) emissions from poultry and livestock facilities affect the surrounding environmental quality and human health. However, VOCs emissions from broiler houses have been less characterized, and studies of related dominant odorants, carcinogenic risk, and ozone formation potential are still lacking. To fill this research gap, VOCs pollutants emitted from a broiler house were investigated in this study. The VOCs emission characteristics of the broiler house during three different periods of broiler growth (early, middle, and later) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that 77 types of VOCs were detected, including 16 types of halogenated hydrocarbons, 21 types of alkanes, 5 types of olefins, 12 types of aromatic hydrocarbons, 15 types of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), and 8 types of sulfides. During the entire 42-day growth period, the concentrations of halogenated hydrocarbons, alkanes, olefin, aromatic hydrocarbons, and OVOCs in the broiler house showed few changes. However, with the growth of broilers, the intake of sulfur-containing amino acids and the fecal emission coefficient increased, resulting in the gradual conversion of the VOCs to sulfide. Therefore, emissions of sulfur-containing VOCs increased in the early and middle growth periods. Moreover, the increase in ventilation in the house during the later growth period resulted in a decrease in the sulfur-containing VOCs concentrations. The dominant odorants in the broiler house were naphthalene, ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, carbon disulfide, dimethyl disulfide, methanethiol, methanethiol, and thiophene. Methanethiol had the highest odorous values, ranging from 2172.4 to 19090.9. Meanwhile, there were acceptable levels of carcinogenic risk in the early and middle growth periods, with a lifetime cancer risk (LCR) of 7.7×10-6 and 4.5×10-6, respectively. The average ozone formation potential (OFP) was (1458.9±787.4) μg·m-3. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for the monitoring of malodorous substances and formulation of emission reduction strategies in broiler production.

Comparison of Cattle Housing Systems Based on the Criterion of Damage to Barn Equipment and Construction Errors.

Simple SummaryAs a result of many years of use, dairy cattle barns are subject to gradual wear and degradation. Damage to technical equipment can be identified in many areas in the barn. These areas are used by dairy cattle, so it is important to recognize the problem of damage and the associated health risks for animals. The problem of damage to internal equipment (e.g., damage to the floor, partitions between lying stalls, feed ladders, drinking bowls) applies to both tie-stall and freestall barns, which are the most common in dairy farms. Such premises became an inspiration to compare barns with a tie-stall system, a freestall system and their individual areas (lying, feeding, milking and social) in terms of the amount of damage but also construction errors. Most damage per one barn was found in the feeding area of objects with a tie-stall housing system. More cow health problems (e.g., laminitis, hoof problems) were identified in the barns with the freestall housing system. Equipment failures and construction errors may disrupt efficient and animal-safe dairy production in the barn. The results of the research study may be an incentive for farmers to check the barns in terms of their technical wear.Dairy cattle housing systems are the subject of numerous studies, in which a strong emphasis is placed on the comparison of animal welfare, animal behavior, production indicators and labor inputs. Dairy cattle housing systems are linked to specific livestock buildings, which is a prerequisite for undertaking studies comparing barns and their technical equipment. The aim of the study was to compare barns with two types of housing systems, i.e., tie-stall and freestall, including the identification of technical wear in various areas used by animals. This objective was linked to the assessment of animal health problems in livestock facilities. The research covered 38 dairy farms, 19 of which kept cows in the tie-stall system and 19 in the freestall system. The barns in these farms were examined for technical damage and construction errors, assessed in four areas: lying, feeding, milking and social. The research results confirmed significant differences in the degree of damage to technical equipment in individual areas of barns and between barns with tie-stall and freestall housing systems. The conclusions indicate the need to link the degradation of barns and their technical equipment, as well as design errors with the evaluation of dairy cattle welfare in future studies.

Reducing the biogenic corrosion of concrete in a pigsty by using disinfectants

The object of this study is the regularity of changes in the biogenic destructive effect of microorganisms on the concrete structural elements of livestock facilities due to the use of the original liquid phase mixture of disinfectant based on aldehyde and surfactant. Microorganisms use construction materials as a substrate for growth and nutrition; they produce citric acid, which leads to a change in the composition and morphology of hydrated cement new formations. The composition of the microflora of the pigsty has been determined, and the minimum concentration of disinfectant based on glutaraldehyde and didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride was found. By the TPD MS method, a decrease in the intensity of carbon dioxide (CO2) release in concrete samples during the heating of the sample to 900 °C was proved, compared to the control intact corrosion sample. Electron microscopy of concrete samples shows the presence of destructive changes and colonies of micromycetes. It was established that calcite was intensively released in the control sample of concrete, which retained its integrity and was not subjected to corrosion when heated to a temperature of 600 °C. Electron microscopy confirms the preservation of the homogeneous structure of concrete. The use of a disinfectant based on glutaraldehyde and didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride at a concentration of 1 % destroys colonies of micromycetes, 2 % – the shell of microorganisms, and 3 % – biofilm. Treatment of concrete with a disinfectant at a concentration of 3 % destroys microorganisms Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium oxalicum, inhibits the process of biological corrosion of concrete, and strengthens the structure of concrete. The results of the experiment can be applied to inhibit the corrosion of concrete and extend the life of building structures made of concrete through the use of a disinfectant based on aldehyde and didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride at a concentration of 3 %.

Efisiensi Pemasaran Jagung Hibrida (zea mays L) di Kecamatan Luhak Nan Duo Kabupaten Pasaman Barat

This study aims to analyze the marketing channel and efficiency of hybrid corn in Luhak Nan Duo District, West Pasaman Regency. The selection of this location as the research area was carried out purposively with the consideration that the area is one of the centers for hybrid corn production in West Pasaman Regency. This research was carried out from March 20 to April 20, 2021. The research method used was descriptive qualitative method. and quantitative with a sample of 62 hybrid corn farmers. The data collected in the form of primary and secondary data. Data analysis was carried out descriptively qualitatively for data related to marketing channels and functions and descriptively quantitatively for analysis of marketing efficiency. The results obtained that 1). Based on the existing marketing channel pattern, the number of hybrid corn produced from Luhak Nan Duo District reached 483,000 kg and distributed to the final consumer, namely the animal feed factory in Payakumbuh through the I.a channel. Farmers – PPD - Factory CV. Ed Farm, channel I.b. Farmers – PPD – Factory UD. Rajawali, and Channel II. Farmers – PPD – PAD – Factory PT. King of Livestock Facilities. 2). Quantitatively, the efficient marketing channel is channel I.b where marketing margin is lower; farmer's share is higher, and the profit-to-cost ratio is smaller and the sales volume is larger.

Addressing the contribution of agricultural systems to the phosphorus pollution challenge: a multi-dimensional perspective

The intensification of agricultural systems has increased the food production efficiency, increasing the productivity while the production costs are reduced. Although these factors are key to global food security in a context of continued human population growth, the use of intensive agricultural techniques results in different environmental issues. Mitigating these negative impacts is a requirement for adopting sustainable food production systems. Notably, nutrient pollution is one of the main environmental issues associated with both livestock and crop production. These activities result in different point and non-point source releases of phosphorus, which eventually reach surface and ground waterbodies. This might result in the accumulation of phosphorus over time, contributing to the eutrophication of water ecosystems, and the development of harmful algal bloom (HABs) episodes. The releases of nutrients from agricultural activities can be abated through different management strategies, including the implementation of nutrient recovery techniques at livestock facilities, embracing precision fertilization methods, and developing integrated crop-livestock systems for achieving circular food production systems. In this work, we describe opportunities for Process System Engineering (PSE) to address the development of phosphorus management techniques for mitigating phosphorus pollution from agricultural systems balancing trade-offs between recovery cost and environmental impact mitigation. These techniques integrate the spatial analysis of nutrient pollution from agriculture using geographical information systems (GIS) with the assessment and the selection of phosphorus management techniques combining techno-economic analysis (TEA) and environmental metrics through multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) frameworks, and use mathematical programming for the conceptual design of integrated crop-livestock systems.

Comparison of approaches for source attribution of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in Germany.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia (E.) coli have been widely described as the cause of treatment failures in humans around the world. The origin of human infections with these microorganisms is discussed controversially and in most cases hard to identify. Since they pose a relevant risk to human health, it becomes crucial to understand their sources and the transmission pathways. In this study, we analyzed data from different studies in Germany and grouped ESBL-producing E. coli from different sources and human cases into subtypes based on their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics (ESBL-genotype, E. coli phylogenetic group and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance pattern). Then, a source attribution model was developed in order to attribute the human cases to the considered sources. The sources were from different animal species (cattle, pig, chicken, dog and horse) and also from patients with nosocomial infections. The human isolates were gathered from community cases which showed to be colonized with ESBL-producing E. coli. We used the attribution model first with only the animal sources (Approach A) and then additionally with the nosocomial infections (Approach B). We observed that all sources contributed to the human cases, nevertheless, isolates from nosocomial infections were more related to those from human cases than any of the other sources. We identified subtypes that were only detected in the considered animal species and others that were observed only in the human population. Some subtypes from the human cases could not be allocated to any of the sources from this study and were attributed to an unknown source. Our study emphasizes the importance of human-to-human transmission of ESBL-producing E. coli and the different role that pets, livestock and healthcare facilities may play in the transmission of these resistant bacteria. The developed source attribution model can be further used to monitor future trends. A One Health approach is necessary to develop source attribution models further to integrate also wildlife, environmental as well as food sources in addition to human and animal data.

ДО ПИТАННЯ БІОЛОГІЧНОГО ЗАХИСТУ СВИНЕЙ, БЕЗПЕКИ СВИНОФЕРМ ТА ОХОРОНИ ДОВКІЛЛЯ

The purpose of the research is – to summarize measures on biological protection of pigs, safety of pig farms and environmental protection, taking into account EU standards for obtaining quality pig products. Research methods. Analytical research on the generalization of measures for biological protection of pigs, safety of pig farms and environmental protection was carried out by processing existing scientific reports, including EU regulatory requirements aimed at obtaining quality pig products. Research results. The procedure of biological protection of pigs is aimed at improving the physiological condition of animals and livestock productivity. During pork production, it is important to ensure the biological protection of animals to reduce the risk of spreading disease on pig farms. It is advisable to arrange a canopy on the playgrounds to protect pigs in bad weather and from the sun. With the intensification of pig farming, industrial practice shows an increase in the level of diseases of pigs associated with metabolic disorders in animals, the action of stressors, non-compliance with the parameters of the microclimate and feeding rules. In such conditions, preventive measures are especially important in the system of control of infectious and non-communicable diseases of pigs. Premises of pig farms after the completion of the technological cycle are subject to cleaning, keeping on sanitary rupture, ie the veterinary principle "everything is busy - everything is empty" must be observed. The safety of pig farms is a set of practical measures aimed at preventing the spread of infection to the farm and controlling the spread of infection within the farm. Biological safety of pig farms includes the following areas: biological isolation, biological regulation, biological protection. To protect the environment from pollution by pig farm waste, it is advisable to take the following measures. During the construction of pig farms it is necessary to observe sanitary gaps: to settlements not less than 1500 m, to other livestock facilities - 1000-1500 m. It is important to form a green belt, a strip of trees and shrubs around the pig farm - this is the most natural of all protective measures based on the fundamental principles of organic production. Conclusions. According to the results of analytical research, for the first time the measures on biological protection of pigs, safety of pig farms and environmental protection are summarized, taking into account EU standards for obtaining quality pig products. The procedure of biological protection of pigs is aimed at improving the physiological condition of animals and livestock productivity. The safety of pig farms is a set of practical measures aimed at preventing the spread of infection to the farm and controlling the spread of infection within the farm. Agricultural enterprises that have a significant impact on the environment are responsible for preventing and reducing the negative impact of their activities on the environment. The direction of livestock development, including pig breeding, namely the introduction of environmental requirements at different stages of implementation of modern technologies, the creation of farms adapted to EU regulations - this will ensure not only economic viability but also environmental and social responsibility of agribusiness in Ukraine. Key words: biological protection of pigs, EU regulatory requirements, environmental protection, resistance, pig breeding, pork, pig farm, technical means, technological measures.

Development factors of the state of the livestock sector in Uzbekistan

In each district of Uzbekistan, 3,000 inter-farm fattening enterprises have been established, and the weight of young cattle has reached 450-550 kilograms. Large quantities of beef were produced. It should be noted that the largest industrial complexes (10,000 heads) have been operating effectively. In this research, the state and development of animal husbandry in Uzbekistan for 1985-2017, issues of selection and breeding of cattle, the use of feed resources, the results of the privatization of livestock facilities and animals were studied. Besides, different fodder crops, including alfalfa (hay), oats, feed peas, barley, maize (for silage and grain), seed for intermediate crops, and soybean, were studied and analyzed in term of structure of arable land (%), arable land (ha), productivity (quintals/ha), gross yield (tons). According to the results, the area of land allocated to livestock farms with 500 head of cattle, including 200 cows (380 conditional cattle), was 115 hectares (0.30 hectares for each conditional cattle). According to the results of the experiment, it was proposed to plant alfalfa in 25% of this fodder area and intermediate and secondary fodder crops in 75%.