Live Attenuated Measles Virus Research Articles

Combined live measles-rubella vaccine.

To the Editor .—In a previous publication we described the immunological response of 40 seronegative infants following inoculation of combined live measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine. 1 A summary of the results is shown in the Table. The antibody responses to the three viruses were excellent and the combined measles, mumps, rubella vaccine was well tolerated. Subsequent to the above publication, an additional 37 seronegative infants were immunized with combined live attenuated measles virus vaccine (Moraten) and HPV-77 duck rubella virus vaccine. The results are shown in the Table. The combined live measles-rubella vaccine was immunogenic, well tolerated, and there was no evidence of interference. These findings confirm similar studies by Villarejos et al. 2

Live, further attenuated rubella vaccine. Serologic responses among term and low birth weight infants.

Responses of infants have been studied following inoculation with live attenuated measles virus vaccine (Schwarz). Maximal responses occurred after 12 months of age regardless of birth weight. However, to achieve measles eradication, it may be desirable to immunize infants as young as 9 months of age. Quantitative differences in levels of antibody are recognized following acquired rubeola infection, and administration of attenuated and further attenuated rubeola virus vaccines. Since the latter, stimulating the lowest antibody levels, are now used almost exclusively, it is conceivable that in the future maternal antibody levels may be lower. Thus, passively acquired antibody levels in infants born of mothers with vaccine-induced immunity can be expected to decline to insignificant levels earlier in infancy. Active immunization may be feasible even earlier in infancy after the next decade.

Measles in Children Previously Vaccinated Against Measles

An outbreak of measles (rubeola) occurred in a city in northeastern Ohio between January and June 1969, involving 14 children previously inoculated with live attenuated measles virus vaccine and 46 unvaccinated children. In a school where the attack rate was 52.4% for unvaccinated children, the attack rate for children vaccinated by one particular physician was 17.9%, compared with 1.2% for children vaccinated by the local health department and other physicians. Vaccine in this physician's office was exposed to temperatures that may have contributed to virus inactivation. This study is an example of vaccine efficacy under conditions of current community use that is less than anticipated by field trial experience. Lack of initial seroconversion is the most likely cause of these vaccine failures and deterioration of vaccine infectivity during storage is proposed as the probable explanation.

Clinical, Immunological and Serological Studies on the Combination of Killed and Live Attenuated Measles Virus Vaccines

Pediatrics InternationalVolume 11, Issue 1 p. 57-57 Clinical, Immunological and Serological Studies on the Combination of Killed and Live Attenuated Measles Virus Vaccines Nobuhiro Yamazaki, Department of Pediatrics, Wakayama Medical College (Chief, Prof. Teisukt Kodama)Search for more papers by this author Nobuhiro Yamazaki, Department of Pediatrics, Wakayama Medical College (Chief, Prof. Teisukt Kodama)Search for more papers by this author First published: June 1969 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200X.1969.tb02721.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume11, Issue1June 1969Pages 57-57 RelatedInformation

EFFECT OF MEASLES VACCINE ON IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSIVENESS

Immunologic responses, both humoral and cellular, following vaccination with live attenuated measles vaccine were studied in 11 children and compared to the immunologic responses observed following vaccination with killed attenuated measles virus and placebo. The attenuated measles virus temporarily suppressed the cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reaction to purified protein derivative for 1 to 4 weeks; in addition, the delayed hypersensitivity reactions to candida, vaccinia, diphtheria toxoid, poison ivy, and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene antigens were also temporarily suppressed for 1 to 4 weeks. A modest depression of total leucocyte counts, including small lymphocytes, was noted for 1 to 3 weeks; at the same time, the capacity of lymphocytes from patients who received live measles vaccine to respond in vitro to stimulation with purified protein derivative, candida, and ragweed antigens was suppressed without decrease in their in vitro response to phytohemagglutinin. Administration of live measles vaccine did not decrease pre-existing humoral antibody titers to diphtheria toxoid or poliovirus, serum γG-, γA- and γM-globulin concentrations or immediate wheal and flare hypersensitivity skin reactions. The mechanism of the suppression of delayed hypersensitivity by live measles vaccine appears dependent on a viable virus since killed measles vaccine had no demonstrable effect on pre-existing cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity or on the in vitro lymphocyte responses. This study demonstrates that live attenuated measles virus interferes with the capacity of the recipient to express cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity without suppression of humoral antibody.

Thrombocytopenic purpura following vaccination with attenuated measles virus.

HEMORRHAGIC PHENOMENA constitute a rare complication of measles infection. Hudson et al 1 in their review of the literature, were able to cite only 22 well-documented cases, all of which were secondary to thrombocytopenia. In 1966, Oski and Naiman 2 reported the thrombocytopenic effect of live attenuated measles virus vaccine. They demonstrated a significant though generally mild depression of platelets in a large proportion of children receiving this vaccine. However, total platelet count never fell below 64,000, and in no instance were purpuric manifestations noted. We believe the patient reported herein to represent the first recognized case of thrombocytopenic purpura secondary to measles vaccination. Report of a Case The patient was a 14-month-old white boy at the onset of thrombocytopenic purpura. He had been delivered by cesarean section at 35 weeks of fetal life, surgery being necessitated by placenta previa. His birth weight was 2,098 gm (4 lb 10 ounces)

Reactions to live-measles-virus vaccine in children previously inoculated with killed-virus vaccine.

ONE of the recommended technics of vaccination against measles is to give a course of killed-measles-virus vaccine followed, after an interval of months, by a booster of live attenuated measles virus either accompanied or unaccompanied by gamma globulin.1 This technic is advocated as preventing the untoward reactions that may accompany the administration of the live virus even when gamma globulin is given coincidentally.In a certain number of these children, a local and, sometimes, general reaction may follow the final inoculation of the live-virus vaccine and may be severe enough to bring the child to the physician. This may occur . . .

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON IMMUNIZATION WITH LIVE ATTENUATED MEASLES VIRUS VACCINE BY INHALATION.

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON IMMUNIZATION WITH LIVE ATTENUATED MEASLES VIRUS VACCINE BY INHALATION.

IMMUNIZATION WITH LIVE ATTENUATED MEASLES VIRUS VACCINES: FIVE YEARS' EXPERIENCE.

IMMUNIZATION WITH LIVE ATTENUATED MEASLES VIRUS VACCINES: FIVE YEARS' EXPERIENCE.

IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSE OF INFANTS TO COMBINED INACTIVATED MEASLES-POLIOMYELITIS VACCINE.

The serologic response of young infants to combined, inactivated measles-poliomyelitis vaccine is described. Maternal antibodies to both diseases were present in many children at the age of 3 months and in some at the age of 5 months and when present, suppressed the primary response to vaccine. Booster injection of vaccine at the age of 18 months was successful in stimulating increased antibody titers in 96% of all the children. Booster doses of live attenuated measles virus instead of killed vaccine stimulated the production of comparable titers of antibody.

MEASLES IMMUNIZATION INCORPORATED IN THE ROUTINE SCHEDULE FOR INFANTS: EFFICACY OF A COMBINED INACTIVATED-LIVE VACCINATION REGIMEN

1. Live attenuated measles virus vaccine without gamma globulin was extremely well tolerated by infants 12 to 14 months of age if they received 3 doses of inactivated vaccine at about 2, 3, and 4 months of age. This phenomenon was observed in spite of no detectable antibody after inactivated vaccine and a consistent antibody response after live vaccine. 2. Three inoculations of inactivated vaccine appeared to have an attenuating effect on measles infection acquired within 9 months by 17 infants; at least 70% of these infants were proved to have a subclinical disease by serologic studies. 3. The failure to detect antibody following three inoculations of killed vaccine probably reflects the lack of sensitivity of the HI antibody test which was employed in this study. The attenuating effect of the killed vaccine on the natural disease and on the measles vaccine-virus disease provides indirect evidence of antibody formation. 4. If killed measles vaccine can be successfully incorporated with diphtheriapertussis-tetanus toxoid it should be a useful preparation for primary immunization during the first 6 months of life. However, it would be most important to complete the immunization with an inoculation of live attenuated measles-virus vaccine at 12 to 14 months of age.

MEASLES VACCINATION IN INFANTS. USE OF KILLED-LIVE COMBINATIONS.

Measles vaccination as developed by Enders and others has been proven safe and efficacious. 1,2 Modification of clinical response to attenuated measles infection by simultaneous administration of immune globulin has become the most widely used method in the United States. 3-9 However, even in this country, where natural exposure to measles virus is more apt to take place after age 2, the early protection of infants remains a problem. It is of greater importance to areas of the world where measles characteristically occurs before the second birthday. 10-12 An alternative method of modifying attenuated measles vaccine has been prior inoculation of inactivated vaccine in 1, 2, or 3 doses. 9,13-15 Feldman 16 and Karelitz 17 have reported that infants who had received prior inactivated vaccine, when challenged with mild measles or live attenuated measles virus vaccine exhibited antibody production with minimal reaction. It appeared that this might be worthy of

Clinical and Immunological Studies on a Live Attenuated Measles Virus Vaccine in Infants and Children

Clinical and Immunological Studies on a Live Attenuated Measles Virus Vaccine in Infants and Children

Clinical and immunological studies on a live attenuated measles virus vaccine in infants and children.

Clinical and immunological studies on a live attenuated measles virus vaccine in infants and children.

Studies of live attenuated measles virus vaccine in man. II. Appraisal of efficacy.

Studies of Live Attenuated Measles Virus Vaccine in Man: II. Appraisal of Efficacy Maurice R. Hilleman, Joseph Stokes, Jr., Eugene B. Buynak, Robert Weibel, Ronald Halenda, and Herman Goldner CopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.52.Suppl_2.44 Published Online: October 03, 2011

Studies on an attenuated measles-virus vaccine. VIII. General summary and evaluation of the results of vaccination.

In the preceding papers of this series, the background and laboratory development of a live attenuated measles virus and its first clinical trials as a vaccinating agent have been described by the responsible workers. In this final paper representatives of the participating groups have attempted to summarize and evaluate the data obtained and to offer from this experience suggestions for future study and use of measles vaccine (attenuated). Results Although the experimental design varied somewhat in each group, the results were strikingly similar. A total of 303 children received the vaccine. Thirty-one of them were vaccinated orally, intranasally or via the conjunctiva. A parenteral route (usually the subcutaneous and occasionally the intradermal) was employed in the remaining 272 children. The following statements, except when otherwise noted, are based on the observations made on these children who received the vaccine parenterally. An analysis of the separate data for the two preparations

Attenuated Measles Vaccine (Enders)—The Next Big Advance?

Elsewhere in this issue a group of investigators have presented a summary of their studies on attenuated measles vaccine together with their evaluation of the present status of this exciting development in immunization. This short paper, one of eight appearing in a recent issue of The New England Journal of Medicine devoted in its entirety to studies on attenuated measles vaccine, represents the cooperative studies of a number of investigators who have in a unique way combined their efforts to provide a carefully planned evaluation of a live attenuated measles virus vaccine first developed by Dr. John F. Enders and his associates between 1954 and 1958. In short, this live modified virus vaccine, requiring a single subcutaneous injection of 0.2 ml., results in a 2- to-3-day febrile illness from 7 to 8 days after inoculation. The mean maximum fever is 102.4 F by rectum, but there is apparent well-being in

Studies on an Attenuated Measles-Virus Vaccine

PREVIOUS reports in this series of papers were concerned with the preparation and properties of live attenuated measles virus and the clinical, antigenic and prophylactic effects of the vaccine. The present study was a controlled trial of the clinical, antigenic and prophylactic effects of measles vaccine (attenuated) in institutionalized children.Study SiteThe study was conducted in Building 16 of the Willowbrook State School, an institution for mentally defective children, Staten Island, New York. This H-formed building consisted of four wards, all on one floor, each with a capacity of 50 cribs or beds. Children in Wards A and B . . .

Immunizing properties of live attenuated measles virus

Early clinical trials indicate that it is possible to immunize children with live attenuated measles virus. The susceptible subjects develop either no symptoms at all or a modified measles with fever, leukopenia, and a faint eruption. Koplik spots are uncommon. These children have no catarrhal symptoms and do not appear toxic. All of the susceptible children developed a significant titer of neutralizing antibodies. No complications occurred in any of our cases. The urgent need of a measles vaccine is stressed, and there are indications that measles immunization as a routine procedure may not be too distant. Early clinical trials indicate that it is possible to immunize children with live attenuated measles virus. The susceptible subjects develop either no symptoms at all or a modified measles with fever, leukopenia, and a faint eruption. Koplik spots are uncommon. These children have no catarrhal symptoms and do not appear toxic. All of the susceptible children developed a significant titer of neutralizing antibodies. No complications occurred in any of our cases. The urgent need of a measles vaccine is stressed, and there are indications that measles immunization as a routine procedure may not be too distant.

Recent advances in the study of measles virus.

Editorials1 February 1959RECENT ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF MEASLES VIRUSF. R. MCCRUMB JR., M.D.F. R. MCCRUMB JR., M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-50-2-522 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptMeasles was first transmitted artificially from man to man in 1758 by Home,1who exposed skin incisions of nonimmune volunteers to blood from patients ill with the disease. In 1905 Hektoen2injected fresh blood from patients with measles subcutaneously into two individuals who developed measles 11 and 13 days later, respectively. Susceptibility of species of the genusMacacawas established by the experiments of Goldberger and Anderson in 1911,3when they demonstrated that more than 50% of monkeys inoculated with blood and nasopharyngeal washings from patients with measles developed fever, catarrhal symptoms and exanthem. Transmission of this disease through six...1 Home F: Medical facts and experiments, Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Chronicle 28: 285, 1758. Google Scholar2 Hektoen L: Experimental measles, J. Infect. Dis. 2: 238-255, 1905. CrossrefGoogle Scholar3 GoldbergerAnderson JJE: An experimental demonstration of the presence of the virus of measles in the mixed buccal and nasal secretions, J. A. M. A. 57: 476-478, 1911a. CrossrefGoogle Scholar4 BlakeTrask FGJD: Studies on measles. I. Susceptibility of monkeys to the virus of measles, J. Exper. Med. 33: 385-412, 1921a. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5 Plotz H: Culture "in vitro" du virus de la rougeole, Bull. Acad. de méd., Paris 119: 589-601, 1938. Google Scholar6 RakeShaffer GMF: Propagation of the agent of measles in the fertile hen's egg, Nature, London 144: 672-673, 1939. CrossrefGoogle Scholar7 EndersPeebles JFTC: Propagation in tissue cultures of cytopathogenic agents from patients with measles, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 86: 277-286, 1954. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar8 CohenGordonRappMacaulayBuckley SMIFJCSM: Fluorescent antibody and complement-fixation tests of agents isolated in tissue culture from measles patients, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 90: 118-122, 1955. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar9 RuckleRogers GKD: Studies with measles virus. II. Isolation of virus and immunologic studies in persons who have had the natural disease, J. Immunol. 78: 341-355, 1957. MedlineGoogle Scholar10 GirardiWarrenGoldmanJeffries AJJCB: Growth and CF antigenicity of measles virus in cells deriving from human heart, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 98: 18-22, 1958. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar11 DekkingMcCarthy FK: Propagation of measles virus in human carcinoma cells, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 93: 1-2, 1956. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar12 BlackReissigMelnick FMJL: Propagation of measles virus in a strain of human epidermoid cancer cells (Hep-2), Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 93: 107-108, 1956. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar13 FrankelWest JWMK: Cultivation of measles virus in a stable line of human amnion cells, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 97: 741-742, 1958. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar14 FrankelBurnsteinWest JWTMK: Propagation of measles virus in tissue cultures of dog kidney cells (abstract), Federation Proc. 17: 551, 1958. Google Scholar15 EndersPeeblesMcCarthyMilovanovicMitusHolloway JFTCKMAA: Measles virus: a summary of experiments concerned with isolation, properties and behavior, Am. J. Pub. Health 47: 275-282, 1957. CrossrefGoogle Scholar16 KatzMilovanovicEnders SLMJF: Propagation of measles virus in cultures of chick embryo cells, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 97: 23-29, 1958. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar17 KatzMedearisEnders SLDNJF: Experiences with a live attenuated measles virus (abstract), Am. J. Dis. Child. 96: 183-184, 1958. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: F. R. MCCRUMBJR., M.D.Affiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 February 1959Volume 50, Issue 2Page: 522-526KeywordsBloodFeversMeasles ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 February 1959 PDF downloadLoading ...