Psychological Literature Research Articles

TUTORIAL SUPPORT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE SPECIALISTS IN SHIP NAVIGATION

The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that in modern society, one of the main ways to ensure sustainable development of society in the context of signs of environmental crisis is the formation of environmental competence, the inclusion of environmental safety factors in the context of professional training and formation of future specialists. The aim of the study is to identify and substantiate the most important aspects of tutor support for the formation of environmental competence of future specialists in ship navigation. Methods: theoretical methods of systematic analysis of philosophical, psychological and pedagogical literature to reveal the main provisions of the problem under study; analysis of current dissertation research; generalization and systematization to formulate own views on the problem of forming the environmental competence of future specialists in ship navigation. Results: various aspects of the concept of tutor support for the formation of environmental competence of future specialists in navigation are analyzed. The peculiarity of the study is the identification of innovative productive conditions and means of environmental education in higher education. Based on the idea of the need to organize purposeful environmental and vocational education, based on the use of active, practice-oriented teaching tools and technologies, the tutoring support is characterized, which allows the student to act as an initiative subject performing personally meaningful activities aimed at meaningful solution of ecological problems and improvement of the environment. The principles of the tutor form of interaction between teacher and student, the essence of the tutor's position and tutor support in the process of forming the environmental competence of future specialists in ship navigation are determined. Support, accompaniment, and facilitation are considered as effective forms of tutoring. Explaining the importance of openness of the educational and socio-cultural space within which the formation of environmental competence is carried out, the forms and technologies, as well as key aspects of tutoring support for the formation of environmental competence of future maritime transport specialists are listed. Conclusions: the prospects of using tutoring are due to the possibility of implementing a personal education strategy and the variability of using various resources of the socio-cultural environment based on the student's own potential and the content aspects of the main activity. The current ecological situation determines the need for a reasonable and responsible attitude to the environment. At the same time, the success of environmental protection and nature-transforming activities depends on the level of maturity of ecological thinking of specialists providing all spheres of life. The formation of high levels of environmental competence is the basis for the development of citizenship and patriotism, and therefore requires the search for effective approaches, forms and methods. Tutoring support in the framework of the formation of environmental competence of future maritime professionals allows to create optimal conditions for the actualization and development of a responsible and proactive attitude to the problems of preserving and improving the environment through a special emphasis on the manifestation of activity and initiative during professional activities to solve environmental problems and environmental protection, drawing up and implementing a personal trajectory of professional development of the student, development of the socio-cultural, communicative, leadership, and moral potential of the future specialist, which will allow the student to form his or her own environmental behavior model and effectively carry out professional activities based on the experience of solving environmental problems.

Gaze-based intention estimation: principles, methodologies, and applications in HRI

Intention prediction has become a relevant field of research in Human-Machine and Human-Robot Interaction. Indeed, any artificial system (co)-operating with and along humans, designed to assist and coordinate its actions with a human partner, would benefit from first inferring the human’s current intention. To spare the user the cognitive burden of explicitly uttering their goals, this inference relies mostly on behavioral cues deemed indicative of the current action. It has been long known that eye movements are highly anticipatory of the single steps unfolding during a task, hence they can serve as a very early and reliable behavioural cue for intention recognition. This conceptual review aims to draw a line between insights in the psychological literature on visuomotor control and relevant applications of gaze-based intention recognition in technical domains, with a focus on teleoperated and assistive robotic systems. Starting from the cognitive principles underlying the relationship between intentions, eye movements, and action, the use of eye tracking and gaze-based models for intent recognition in Human-Robot Interaction is considered, with prevalent methodologies and their diverse applications. Finally, special consideration is given to relevant human factors issues and current limitations to be factored in when designing such systems.

A Pilot Study of Adaptive and Maladaptive Relationships between Parents and Children of Senior Age

The purpose of this article is: to show adaptive family relationships, which are greatly influenced by actualization of gender and role identification; to present mother’s negative family experience, which also affects maladaptive family relationships with children; to give specificity of conflict relationships in singleparent families, and show how these conflicts differ to a large extent from even seemingly similar conflicts in full-parent families; to describe the results of pilot study of adaptive and maladaptive relationships between parents and children of senior age. Methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: a categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization. The empirical method is a pilot research. The results of the research. We proved, that as a rule, maladaptive family relationships were considered in psychological literature, in particular, in terms of analyzing children’s conflicts with adults. At the same time, conflicts between high school students and teachers as significant adults come to the fore. That is, maladaptive family relationships arise as a result of misunderstandings of senior pupils in school interaction (as a result of failure, misunderstandings with teachers on the basis of various issues and problems). At the same time, maladaptive family relationships are analyzed only fragmentarily. Senior pupils always show the need to be a full-fledged participant in the interaction, and not a simple witness of certain events. Schoolchildren in senior school age claim that they are busy with certain important matters, perform independent actions, seek to express their attitude to events, but their parents do not always fully imagine how adequate or correct their children’s actions are. Conclusions. We can highlight the personality needs of senior pupils, characteristic of this age period, which amplify adaptive family relationships, such as: the need to independently perform various types of activities, to get pleasure from them; a need to explain the extremely important meaning of one’s personality in relation to others, to be needed by others; the need for self-expression, self-presentation, which actualizes considerable interest and self-respect of senior pupils, the desire to justify one’s opinion and to have it heard, the desire to protect oneself from aggression on the part of others, but not just to agree silently with the situation that develops, but to be able to object, not to agree, not to accept it, etc., and also not to be guided by it in further activities; the need for multicultural, harmonious communication with adults.

Screening for anxiety and depression in the general population: Adaptation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 in Russia

The Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) is one of the most well-known and widely used instruments for assessing anxiety and depressive symptoms.Objective. The aim of this study was to adapt the Russian-language version of the PHQ-4 in the general population.Material and Methods. Data collection was carried out with the help of the service «Anketolog». The participants were 2,000 Russians (1,000 men and 1,000 women) aged 18 to 60 years (M = 38.78; SD = 9.25).Results. The psychometric analysis confirmed the internal reliability and discriminative validity of the adapted questionnaire. The proof of the factor validity of the Russian version of the PHQ-4 was the identification of a two-factor structure describing the symptoms of anxiety and depression, and factor invariance by age, level of education, marital status, parental status, financial status and place of residence. Among the Russians, 44.9% had clinically significant anxiety symptoms and 42.9% had clinically significant depressive symptoms. Russians with anxiety and depressive symptoms more often sought counseling from a psychologist, coach, psychiatrist and neurologist, underwent psychopharmacological treatment in connection with psychological requests, contacted support groups and a psychological help hotline, used online products of automated or semi-automated psychological support, read psychological literature and used psychoactive substances.Conclusion. The psychometric properties of the Russian-language version of the PHQ-4 turned out to be similar to the psychometric characteristics of the original version of the questionnaire, and therefore the adapted questionnaire can be recommended for screening anxiety and depression in the general Russianspeaking population.

Childhood Character Building in Drama Script Mencari Taman by Noorca M. Massardi : A Literary Psychology Approach

Pembentukan Karakter pada anak adalah hal yang penting untuk membuat anak mempunyai karakteristik dan kepribadian yang baik. Karakteristik tiap anak juga tidak kalah penting dan wajib dipahami oleh orang tua agar bisa mendidik anak dengan baik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan pembentukan karakter anak dalam naskah drama Mencari Taman. Pengkajian naskah drama Mencari Taman ini menggunakan pendekatan Psikologi Sastra, yaitu melalui pemahaman teori-teori psikologi yangdigunakan untuk menganalisis suatu karya sastra dan meneliti pembentukan karakter yang ada di dalam naskah drama tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode konten analisis. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian karya sastra melalui analisis data yang dikumpulkan dengan metode pencatatan dokumen dan analisis. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, terdapat beberapa nilai yang membentuk karakteristik anak di dalam naskah drama Mencari Taman karya Noorca M. Massardi, yaitu nilai kedisiplinan, kemanusiaan, kepedulian terhadap lingkungan, kasih sayang, religus, dan akhlak yang mulia.

Physical Activity as a Means of Adaptation of People with Impaired Health

The article examines the benefits of physical activity for people with impaired health using the example of cancer patients. The features of the use of swimming and running for the rehabilitation of patients are considered. The purpose of the article is to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the considered types of physical activity for people with impaired health. The swimming study was conducted on an experimental group formed on the basis of the NGO “Together against Cancer” (Krasnoyarsk). The author has developed training conditions, created methods for dynamic adaptation of physical activity in the form of exercises, training distances, theoretical approaches have been confirmed experimentally. The analysis of the test results was carried out and the structuring of the collected material was performed. To conduct research on the impact of running on rehabilitation processes, a theoretical analysis of scientific, psychological, pedagogical, sociological and normative literature was performed and specific examples of participants in competitions were considered. Running does not require the study of special techniques, but an initial level of physical fitness is required to enter the training process, which is excluded if the adaptive swimming technique developed by the author is used. When using it, the set of muscles involved in the training process expands, which has a greater restorative effect on the entire body. Swimming is therefore more suitable for people with poor health and is often the only acceptable form of physical activity.

`I-know-it-when-I-see-it' - Motivating Examples in the Psychology of Conspiracy Theory Theory

Looking at 76 representative articles published in pyschology between 2017 and 2023 (reviewed between December 2022 and February 2023), I examine the role of motivating examples—a kind of illustrative example, typically used by researchers at the beginning of their work to motivate the issue or problem they want to resolve or address in that work—in the psychological work on conspiracy theory theory (the academic study of conspiracy theory). Through an examination of how motivating examples are both introduced and used in the psychological literature, I argue that the way psychologists employ such examples ends up relying on what Joseph Uscinski and Adam Enders deem as an unviable and easily abused ‘I-know-it-when-I-see-it’ standard. As will be demonstrated, much of the recent work in the psychology of conspiracy theory assumes and thus fails to establish what is supposedly problematic about belief in the conspiracy theories. As a consequence the surveyed work typically fails to adequately capture belief in actual conspiracy theories. I propose two solutions to help move the psychological work on conspiracy theory theory to safer conceptual grounds.

Authentic leadership: A systematic review and research agenda

The aim of this study is multifaceted. First, we focus on providing a comprehensive overview of research on authentic leadership (AL), which has attracted substantial research interest in the last few years. Second, we outline the theoretical and nomological network of AL, highlighting antecedents, outcomes, moderators, and mediators. Third, we offer an elaborated future research agenda to enable advances in theory and empirics. We systematically reviewed 182 articles issued in the business management and psychology literature between 2005 and 2021. Interest in AL is growing, and 2020 is the golden year. Developed countries dominate the field. After a rigorous review, we offer a future research agenda with four key themes. The study highlights that AL is critical to the emergence and growth of valuable behaviours, attitudes and performance at individual, team and organisational levels. The study provides new research ideas and further conceptualization of AL. We also provide a comprehensive review of why managers should continue to practice AL, where the literature has been, and where it may be headed in the future.

A cultural theory of the culture wars

AbstractWe provide the first account of the culture wars in the political psychology and public opinion literature based on a theory of culture. Using innovative measures of grid‐group cultural theory (CT), we identify the cultures associated with ideological and partisan identifications in annual U.S. national surveys from 2011 to 2022, a unique data set of 24,870 respondents. As hypothesized, we find that the culture wars occur not just between ideologues and partisans but among them as they draw support from distinct, relatively stable yet shifting cultural coalitions. Egalitarian and, less often, fatalistic liberals and Democrats battle against individualistic and, less often, hierarchical, conservatives and Republicans. As hypothesized, fatalists are the least reliable coalition partners, and, as expected, they gravitate Republican and conservative in 2017, after Trump's election. However, fatalists who are strong partisan identifiers never defect. Moreover, our hypothesis that fatalist attraction to Trump would drive defections in their political identification is largely invalidated. Instead, fatalists mostly flee Trump in our aggregate analysis as well as in subanalyses of strong and weak ideological and partisan identifiers. In 2016 and 2018–2022, it appears that independent fatalists cause fatalists to gravitate liberal and Democrat. Unexpectedly, hierarchists also go liberal and Democrat in 2022, in apparent reaction to Trump's multifront attacks on the 2020 election that he lost. We identify the basis for cultural coalitions that can end particular culture wars, including the most significant one now occurring between egalitarians and individualists, and conclude with suggestions for further research.

Searching for meaning through conspiracy theories. Considerations on the state of the art of psychological literature and definition of a research agenda from a semiotic dynamic cultural perspective

Why do conspiracy theories abound in critical times? The purpose of this article is to provide an extensive critical review of research perspectives that focus, in the age of crisis, on the human processes of sensemaking in the creation and diffusion of conspiracy theories. Correlational methods of study are not enough to highlight psychic and collective dynamics. The authors trace some paths through various contributions from different disciplines (from social psychology to psychoanalysis, from neuroscience to cultural psychology), and link some of the psychic mechanisms and factors that have emerged as fundamental in a broad and flexible theoretical framework based on affective semiosis.

“People need to be valued because of who they are”: Self-conception and strategies of resistance in women who challenge weight-loss diet culture

This paper explores how the self-beliefs of women who have rejected weight-loss diet culture inform their strategies of resistance. We conducted a qualitative survey inviting participants to share methods they have used to challenge diet culture. One hundred and twelve women ( Mage = 37.01, SD = 10.54) provided complete responses. Most were heterosexual (72%) and resided in Australia (59%). Our thematic analysis generated two themes: “diet culture is internalised, dismantling it is personal,” which was characterised by participants’ self-beliefs or self-identification, and the personal strategies they used to counter diet culture; and “diet culture is social, relationships are sites of resistance,” which reflected participants’ beliefs about the source of personal worth, as well as relational strategies they enacted in their personal and professional lives, and in their interactions with authority figures. Efforts to assist women in challenging diet culture could be strengthened by recognising the implications of immersion in such a culture for an individual's relational self and their perceptions of self-worth, and by harnessing the power of women's relationships with each other. This paper contributes to the feminist psychological literature on women's inequalities and their relationships with food and their bodies, illuminating connections between activism, healthcare, and everyday experience.

A qualitative inquiry of minimalistic mindset outcomes on Iranian English language teachers’ well-being

Language teaching is a tense occupation wherein countless negative stressors such as students’ misbehaviors, low income, assessment issues, and personal conflicts might threaten the well-being and happiness of teachers. Thus, cultivating a flexible mindset responsive enough to tackle various stressors has become a promising research scope. In this vein, minimalism, as a worldview that helps people reduce unwanted and excessive distractors, might be a possible solution that would possibly reduce the teachers’ life and occupation stressors and cultivate their well-being-related strengths. However, the concept has been ignored in educational domains. Therefore, the present exploratory study sheds light on the minimalistic mindset of 34 Iranian English language teachers, recruited through purposeful sampling method and partook in an interview. Their answers were analyzed through thematic analysis to see whether minimalistic mindsets of teachers contribute to their welfare or not. The analyses of the qualitative data signaled that the findings would contribute to the educational psychology and language education literature by suggesting that teachers with minimalistic worldviews towards life are less stressed and concerned about distractors and are more prone to value inner peace, tolerance, and rapport in their personal and professional life.

Emotional Natives: The Role of Prey-Animal Ontologies in Equine-Assisted Personal Development

Abstract In the psychological literature on the efficacy of equine-assisted therapies, it is common to read that horses are suitable for such work because of their evolutionary inheritance as “prey-animals,” making them highly attuned to the emotional states of others. Yet this assertion is rarely questioned. This article explores prey-animal ontologies within an ethnographic study of an Equine-Assisted Personal Development (EAPD) center in England, and how they helped facilitate client interpretations of individual horse behaviors. I argue that in this EAPD, prey-animal ontologies constructed horses as highly skilled “emotional natives” with significant, almost deistic powers. In some ways this was progressively relational. However, in other ways, it inscribed a problematic anthropocentrism, with the horse conceived as almost permanently in response to human agency. Moreover, it was sometimes empirically difficult to sustain. Prey-animality, then, in EAPD, both challenges and reinforces human power relations with horses in complex ways.

Terrorism-Induced Trauma and Corporate Innovation

This research studies innovation decisions made by CEOs who have lived through the experience of a terrorist attack during their college years. Consistent with the evidence of terrorist attacks negatively affecting risk aversion and cognitive ability of people documented in the finance and psychology literature, we first find that past terrorism-induced trauma leads to more spending on R&D and less innovation output in an empirical model that controls for any concurrent events of terrorism. Second, we show how terrorism-induced trauma affects risk preference through two distinct emotional channels of anger and fear. Third, while both male and female CEOs suffer damage to their cognitive ability from terrorist attacks, only male CEOs exhibit lower risk aversion. Finally, the psychological impact of terrorism-induced trauma decays over time as evidenced by stronger results for younger CEOs and varies across CEOs' cultural origins, the results being most relevant for CEOs originating from Asia.

Dissociable Neural Mechanisms for Human Inference Processing Predicted by Static and Contextual Language Models.

Language models (LMs) continue to reveal non-trivial relations to human language performance and the underlying neurophysiology. Recent research has characterized how word embeddings from an LM can be used to generate integrated discourse representations in order to perform inference on events. The current research investigates how such event knowledge may be coded in distinct manners in different classes of LMs and how this maps onto different forms of human inference processing. To do so, we investigate inference on events using two well-documented human experimental protocols from Metusalem et al. (2012) and McKoon and Ratcliff (1986), compared with two protocols for simpler semantic processing. Interestingly, this reveals a dissociation in the relation between local semantics versus event-inference depending on the LM. In a series of experiments, we observed that for the static LMs (word2vec/GloVe), there was a clear dissociation in the relation between semantics and inference for the two inference tasks. In contrast, for the contextual LMs (BERT/RoBERTa), we observed a correlation between semantic and inference processing for both inference tasks. The experimental results suggest that inference as measured by Metusalem and McKoon rely on dissociable processes. While the static models are able to perform Metusalem inference, only the contextual models succeed in McKoon inference. Interestingly, these dissociable processes may be linked to well-characterized automatic versus strategic inference processes in the psychological literature. This allows us to make predictions about dissociable neurophysiological markers that should be found during human inference processing with these tasks.

Sewa Pacar Sebagai Bentuk Aktualisasi Diri Pada Tokoh Kinoshita Kazuya Dalam Video Channel YouTube Muse Indonesia Berjudul “Pacar Sewaan” Episode 2

This research aims to analyze how Kinoshita Kazuya's character tries to fulfill his self-actualization needs through rent a girlfriend. The author uses a qualitative descriptive research method. This research design uses literary psychology, specifically the hierarchy of needs from Abraham Maslow. With a humanistic approach that uses Maslow's five levels of needs, including physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs from Muse Indonesia's YouTube channel video entitled "Pacar sewaan" which occurs in episode 2. The results of this research show that Kazuya's character has fulfilled his self-actualization needs. This is achieved because all needs are met. 1) Physiological needs that Kazuya needs in the form of shelter and sex, 2) Kazuya's need for safety in the form of dependence and protection, 3) Kazuya's need for social needs in the form of affection, 4) Kazuya's need for esteem is maintaining a good name and self-esteem, 5) Kazuya's self-actualization needs are to show more spontaneity, simple, and natural in himself. By using the rent a girlfriend, Kazuya is motivated to prove himself to his grandmother and friends.

One thought too few: An adaptive rationale for punishing negligence.

Why do we punish negligence? Some current accounts raise the possibility that it can be explained by the kinds of processes that lead us to punish ordinary harmful acts, such as outcome bias, character inference, or antecedent deliberative choices. Although they capture many important cases, these explanations fail to account for others. We argue that, in addition to these phenomena, there is something unique to the punishment of negligence itself: People hold others directly responsible for the basic fact of failing to bring to mind information that would help them to avoid important risks. In other words, we propose that at its heart negligence is a failure of thought. Drawing on the current literature in moral psychology, we suggest that people find it natural to punish such failures, even when they do not arise from conscious, volitional choice. This raises a question: Why punish somebody for a mental event they did not exercise deliberative control over? Drawing on the literature on how thoughts come to mind, we argue that punishing a person for such failures will help prevent their future occurrence, even without the involvement of volitional choice. This provides new insight on the structure and function of our tendency to punish negligent actions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

A neurocognitive framework of attention and creativity: Maximizing usefulness and novelty via directed and undirected pathways

SummaryComing up with creative ideas is not easy. In this conceptual article, we integrate organizational behavior, cognitive psychology, and neuroscience literatures to propose that different forms of attention may be a key to maximizing creative usefulness and novelty. Specifically, we develop a neurocognitive framework of attentional control to propose differential pathways from creative goal‐directed attention (a narrow and selective focus) to deliberate information processing, and from undirected attention (a wide and unconstrained focus) to spontaneous information processing. These propositions have implications for creative usefulness and novelty, respectively—namely, that creative goal‐directed attention should facilitate the usefulness of creative outputs to a greater extent than their novelty, whereas undirected attention should promote the novelty of creative outputs to a greater extent than their usefulness. Our framework further suggests that time spent experiencing creative goal‐directed attention followed by undirected attention is the optimal sequence for maximizing both the usefulness and novelty of creative outputs. In combination, our framework advances theoretical understanding of attentional pathways to creative outcomes and offers practical implications for maximizing creative potential at work.

Confirmatory factor analysis of latent constructs for measuring social well-being in African migrant samples

The present study contributes to psychology and well-being literature by investigating social well-being in minority contexts. The factor structure of the Keyes’ long format 33-item social well-being measure was investigated among African migrant samples. A cross-sectional survey methodology was used to collect data from a total of 404 African migrants living in South Africa (n = 146), Uganda (n = 158) and Kenya (n = 100). They were 202 (50%) males, 195 (48.3%) females, and 7 (1.7%) of the samples did not disclose their gender. They were aged from 14 to 70 with a Mean age of 32.21 (standard deviation = 7.696). Data collected were analysed using CFA in AMOS (version 29). We found an unstable four-factor emic solution for African migrants in Sub-Sahara Africa. We could not replicate the theoretical social well-being model of Keyes (1998) among African migrant samples in Sub-Saharan Africa. Insights from the study will be critical to designing culturally appropriate indigenous measures that accurately reflect the social realities and well-being constructs of African migrants. Our findings will also help policymakers and service providers to identify areas of need, develop appropriate socio-cultural programmes, and allocate resources more effectively to support the integration and well-being of migrants within African societies.

Citizens’ legitimacy judgements on multi-stakeholder governance models: The spillover effects of corporate political activity and social trust.

Recent years have witnessed increasing corporate participation in multi-stakeholder governance models to decide on social issues. Insufficient academic attention has been paid to how citizens legitimise this alternative, which has no democratic endorsement. Citizens do not know enough about these governance models and use heuristics, which produce spillover effects, to form legitimacy judgements about them. Based on institutional and sensemaking theories and with insights from the social psychology literature, we provide empirical evidence for the possible spillover effects derived from a similarity-based heuristic, from citizens’ perceptions of corporate political activity (CPA) tactics, and from a trust heuristic, represented by social trust.The study focuses on residents living near an industrial complex with environmental risks. The results were obtained using structural equation models and corroborate the spillover from social trust but not from perceptions of the CPA tactics deployed by the firms in the complex. However, these perceptions are indirectly related to citizens' legitimacy through social trust. We present some theoretical and practical implications of citizens’ legitimacy of multi-stakeholder governance models.