This research is motivated by the growing global attention toward the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism implemented by the European Union as an effort to address carbon leakage and maintain the competitiveness of domestic industries. Most previous studies have primarily focused on the economic and trade dimensions, while discussions on the policy’s impact on developing countries such as Indonesia remain limited. This study aims to analyze how the implementation of this policy affects Indonesia’s trade dynamics and export competitiveness, as well as to provide insights for the development of national carbon regulation aligned with global mechanisms. The research employs a juridical-normative approach with qualitative analysis through a literature study of relevant legislation, international policies, and legal doctrines. The findings indicate that this policy potentially increases export costs and reduces the competitiveness of Indonesian products in the European market. However, it also presents an opportunity to strengthen Indonesia’s national carbon economic value system through regulatory harmonization, enhanced transparency in emission reporting, and the adoption of sustainable low-carbon technologies.

This study aims to determine the strategies used by teachers to foster creativity in fourth-grade students in art classes through collage materials at SDN Pasirjati Elementary School and to identify the factors that support and hinder creativity. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method to gain an in-depth understanding of the learning process. The subjects of this study consist of fourth-grade teachers and fourth-grade students selected through purposive sampling. Data collection techniques included observation, interviews, literature study, and documentation, while data analysis used the Miles and Huberman model, which included the stages of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing and verification. The results showed that each teacher systematically planned teaching modules, used visual media, and applied a learning-by-doing model that emphasized hands-on practice. Collage learning using inorganic plastic waste had a positive impact on the development of students' creativity in both cognitive and non-cognitive aspects. Supporting factors included student interest and active participation, a conducive classroom atmosphere, and the availability of easily found materials, while inhibiting factors were related to differences in student characteristics and interests.

BackgroundCongenital mitral rings represent a rare subset of congenital mitral stenosis often associated with complex cardiac anomalies. Comprehensive literature on congenital mitral rings, particularly from large single-institution experiences, remains sparse. Methods: This retrospective study, conducted at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, analyzed data from 52 patients who underwent surgical correction for congenital mitral rings between 2014 and 2024. Data on demographics, clinical presentation, preoperative echocardiographic and cardiac catheterization parameters, associated cardiac anomalies, intraoperative findings, and postoperative outcomes were collected. Patients had a mean follow-up of 72 months.ResultsThe cohort had a mean age of 6 years. An isolated vestibular mitral ring was noted in only 1 patient, with 51 cases showing associated cardiac anomalies. The mean preoperative diastolic gradient was 13 mm Hg, significantly reduced to 2.69 mm Hg in the immediate postoperative period and 3.35 mm Hg at follow-up. Two distinct morphological types were identified: "distinct vestibular supramitral ring" (43 patients) and "adherent intramitral ring" (9 patients), with the latter demonstrating a higher association with subvalvular apparatus abnormalities. Preoperative transesophageal echocardiography proved crucial in detecting these rings in 4 cases where the diagnosis was doubtful on transthoracic echocardiography. Surgical outcomes were favorable, with 1 early postoperative mortality and 3 late mortalities. Four patients required reinterventions for residual lesions, achieving successful resolution.ConclusionThis large single institution series provides valuable insights into associated anomalies, morphological variants, and long-term surgical outcomes of congenital mitral rings. Accurate diagnosis and timely surgical intervention led to favorable outcomes, reinforcing the need for thorough preoperative evaluation.

Amid the intensifying global ecological crisis and the enduring dominance of anthropocentric ideologies, this study re-examines Shunji Iwai's Wallace and a Mermaid through the lenses of ecological ethics, posthuman philosophy, and East Asian oceanic culture. Drawing upon Deleuze's concept of becoming, feminist ecocriticism, and non-anthropocentric thought, this research analyses the mermaid as a hybrid and liminal figure that destabilizes species hierarchies and gender binaries. Simultaneously, the ocean is interpreted as a decentralized and generative space, central to reconfiguring ecological subjectivity and ethics. Integrating East Asian marine imaginaries of maternal generativity and boundary dissolution, the study elucidates how the narrative critiques anthropocentrism and reimagines interspecies coexistence within a global ecological framework. Ultimately, this paper advances a posthuman ethical paradigm grounded in fluid identity, relationality, and planetary interdependence, contributing to contemporary ecological philosophy and oceanic literary studies.

In an effort to address the problem of drug addiction, individual counseling services play a very important role. This service enables counselors to provide direct, face-to-face, and personalized assistance to clients, thereby creating a deep and trusting relationship (rapport). Individual counseling aims to help clients understand themselves, identify their problems, and develop self-regulation and self-control skills in order to overcome addiction and prevent relapse. This journal employs a literature study approach. The findings indicate that individual counseling plays a crucial role in the recovery process of drug addiction. Through a personal and structured approach, this counseling helps build a trusting relationship between the counselor and the client, allowing the client to feel comfortable opening up and addressing their addiction-related problems. The counseling process includes stages of assessment, problem identification, therapy, evaluation, and commitment reinforcement, all of which are designed to support changes in negative behaviors and thought patterns. The factors causing narcotics addiction are highly complex, involving internal aspects such as personality, psychological conditions, and family environment, as well as external factors such as social influences and the easy accessibility of drugs. Therefore, effective individual counseling must be able to accommodate these various factors in a holistic manner. Individual counseling services have been proven effective in the rehabilitation process of clients with drug addiction. Through a personal approach, emotional support, identification of underlying problems, development of coping skills, and periodic monitoring, individual counseling provides a strong foundation for clients to achieve sustainable recovery.

The process of booking sports fields that still relies on manual methods often causes various obstacles, such as administrative inefficiencies, a high potential for recording and scheduling errors, and limited access to information for users. The gap between the expectation of a fast, accurate, and transparent ordering system and the reality of existing manual systems drives the need for innovative solutions. This research aims to design a web-based sports field booking information system through a systematic system analysis and design approach, as a direct response to these problems. The methodology used is a comprehensive literature study, including the identification of user and manager needs, the collection of scientific references, in-depth analysis of previous research, and the synthesis of findings as the basis for design. This approach ensures that the resulting design is not only innovative but also builds on existing best practices, thereby increasing the relevance and potential for successful implementation. The result of this research is a comprehensive information system design model, including essential features such as user registration and login, search and field selection, a real-time booking process integrated with online payment systems, automatic confirmation, booking history, and data management modules for managers. The design of the system is also supported by detailed design artifacts such as the Use Case Diagram, Sequence Diagram, Deployment Diagram, Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD), and an intuitive user interface (UI) design.

The implementation of the Integrated Administrative Services at the Sub-District Level (PATEN) represents a paradigmatic transformation in the delivery of public services oriented towards enhancing accountability and public satisfaction. This study analyses the implications of the PATEN policy on strengthening public service accountability mechanisms and its impact on the level of satisfaction among service users. The research methodology uses a qualitative approach with a literature study technique that analyses academic literature from the period 2021-2025. The results show that the implementation of PATEN contributes significantly to strengthening accountability through procedural transparency, service standardisation, and an integrated monitoring system. The impact on public satisfaction is manifested in increased service accessibility, responsiveness of officials, and elimination of bureaucratic complexity. Determinants of success include human resource capacity, technological infrastructure, leadership commitment, and contextual adaptability. Implementation challenges include resource constraints, resistance to change, and the digital divide. The study concludes that PATEN has strategic potential in realising good governance through quality and responsive public services.

Thermal comfort in lecture rooms is an important factor in supporting the effectiveness of learning in higher education. Manual operation of Air Conditioners that is still applied in various educational institutions shows limitations in responding to changes in environmental conditions dynamically. This study aims to develop a prototype of an automatic Air Conditioner temperature control system based on Wemos D1 Mini microcontroller and DHT-22 sensor integrated with the Home Assistant platform to support the Smartclass concept at Universitas Dirgantara Marsekal Suryadarma. An experimental method with an Internet of Things prototype development approach was applied through stages of literature study, hardware and software design, implementation, and system testing. The test results show that the DHT-22 sensor is able to read temperature with a very good level of accuracy, producing an average error of 0.93% for indoor conditions and 0.98% for outdoor. The Infrared transmitter module functions optimally at an effective distance of up to 7 meters with a 100% success rate in sending control commands. The system is proven to be able to maintain room temperature stability according to the setpoint determined automatically without requiring manual intervention. Integration with Home Assistant enables real-time remote monitoring and control, creating a comfortable learning environment while increasing energy efficiency in modern classrooms.

The culinary industry in Indonesia continues to grow, with restaurants serving regional specialties such as Ambon cuisine. Building and maintaining long-term customer relationships has become an essential strategy for enhancing loyalty and business sustainability. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) on customer retention in Ambon specialty restaurants. The research method employed is a literature study with a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings indicate that effective CRM implementation can enhance customer retention through service personalization, loyalty programs, and continuous communication. CRM components such as personalized service, effective communication, and loyalty programs have been proven to increase customer satisfaction and the likelihood of repeat purchase. The study concludes that consistently implemented CRM strategies can be a key factor in retaining customers and improving restaurants' competitiveness.

The research article establishes that Righteousness is an essential element in comparative literary studies because it demonstrates how an Indo-Anglian allegorical epic presents two distinct aspects: individual pain and universal justice. The research shows that Rajeshwar Prasad uses a Christ-like protagonist to create a new definition of heroism, demonstrating how people can develop moral strength through their battle against oppressive forces rather than achieving success through predetermined paths. The novel uses spiritual symbols to create a structured narrative of loss, demonstrating an epic purpose that offers readers hope through a culturally specific yet worldwide-applicable template. The study demonstrates how modern allegorical fiction uses personal loss and communal moral restoration to create new pathways for research about its global reach.

The article is devoted to the history of bibliographic study of memoir literature in Russia, the established scientific and methodological traditions of preparing bibliographic indexes of diaries and memoirs, as well as the prospects for the development of reference publications of this profile. Bibliography of memoirs in Russia has rich scientific traditions. By now, about 30 volumes of various all-Russian indexes of memoirs and diaries have been published. Despite the abundance of publications, the scientific and methodological principles of their preparation were not the same, and sometimes differed significantly. Currently, two large projects on bibliographic memoirs are ongoing. One of them is devoted to texts on the pre-revolutionary history of Russia, the other one – to memoirs and diaries on its Soviet period. As a result, the problems of exchanging scientific and methodological experience, discussing and coordinating the basic principles of bibliographic work are becoming more relevant than ever. The study examined key issues in the preparation of bibliographic indexes of memoirs: annotation methods, annotation size, author's line form, attitude to illustrative material, determination of the optimal set of scientific auxiliary indexes. The author pointed out the importance of following established traditions of bibliographic study of memoir literature and proposed the innovations related to the repeatability of annotated texts in different accounting periods.

This study aims to analyze the arrangement and implementation of online medical dispute resolution in hospitals to ensure legal certainty, as well as formulate an ideal form of the resolution model to realize justice in the future. The research method used is normative juridical with a qualitative approach through a statute approach to health regulations and electronic transactions. Legal materials were collected through literature studies at the National Library and analyzed descriptively analytically to answer the complexity of medical disputes in the digital ecosystem. The arrangement for online medical dispute resolution currently still relies on Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health, which requires non-litigation mediation as a first step, as well as the ITE Law as the basis for the validity of electronic documents. Implementation in hospitals is still fragmentary through medical committees or internal complaint units that are limited to simple online communication, but do not yet have special regulations for Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) outside the courts that comprehensively regulate mediator standards and data security. The condition of the absence of a standard standard creates legal uncertainty, especially regarding the strength of execution of the results of online mediation agreements. The ideal model of the future requires an integrated ODR platform that includes video mediation features, encrypted medical records, as well as the involvement of a certified neutral mediator who understands health law and professional ethics. This system prioritizes the principle of restorative justice to restore the therapeutic relationship between patients and medical personnel through a transparent, efficient, and accountable process.

Light pollution is often regarded as a problem mainly affecting previously undisturbed areas far from human activity, but its influence on seminatural ecosystems near urban areas has received far less attention. This study explores the effects of artificial lighting on wildlife in parks, aiming to provide knowledge applicable to practical lighting design. As lighting technology develops, increasingly optimal solutions are made possible for fulfilling the needs of the inhabitants in the city and preserving ecosystems. Access to nature and recreational areas is regarded as important for wellbeing and health even when it is dark. The topic is investigated through a systematic literature review of the effects of artificial light on animals that are expected to be present in parks. Behavioural as well as physiological effects of artificial lighting, preferentially at short wavelengths, have been documented in the literature study. The doses required to initiate the effects varied between species although little information is available about several species and animal groups. Three observational studies of lighting were conducted in park areas in Oslo to map typical lighting principles. An analysis of the results indicates that park lighting can impact wildlife in several ways. Phototaxis, positive and negative, is of particular interest because many species migrate between the parks and areas outside the parks, cross the parks or move inside the park areas. In a Nordic context, adapting to light and darkness throughout the seasons is important, and disturbance of natural life cycles may adversely influence various organisms. Natural ecosystems near urban areas has received far less attention. Several measures can be taken to better consider wildlife: avoiding short wavelengths, providing adequate shielding for light sources near water, and maintaining low light levels. Collaboration with biologists is recommended to develop optimal lighting solutions for wildlife in park areas. Many effects are yet to be documented, and recommendations may therefore change as further research emerges.

This article examines the utilization of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) as a mechanism to address import customs tax evasion. The research employs a game-theoretic framework to examine the dynamics of tax evasion and assess the impact of blockchain on improving transparency, accountability, and compliance in customs administration. A systematic literature review process, adhering to PRISMA criteria, was utilized to gather and examine pertinent academic articles. The literature study examines critical subjects, such as the mechanisms of import tax evasion, the digital taxation framework, and the use of blockchain technology into tax systems. The study also examines the relevance of game theory in comprehending and addressing non-compliant behaviors among taxpayers. In the practical phase, we conducted a systematic review of a corpus exceeding 100 publications, obtained from three international research databases: Scopus, Taylor & Francis, and IEEE Xplore. Following the application of rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria to guarantee relevance, a concentrated selection of research constituted the foundation for our study. This research underscores the capacity of DLT to transform conventional evasion tactics, reduce corruption, and improve institutional efficacy in customs operations. Insights are contextualized through a worldwide comparison and an examination of the Moroccan customs scene, offering concrete recommendations for utilizing blockchain to modernize customs operations.

The increasing use of facial cosmetics among adolescents and young adults is not always accompanied by adequate cosmetic literacy, potentially leading to skin health problems. Many consumers choose products based on trends without understanding their skin type, ingredients, and safety aspects, which can lead to skin barrier damage, irritation, and long-term dermatological disorders. This study aims to analyze the influence of cosmetic choices on facial skin health through a literature review. The method used was a qualitative literature study with a purposive sampling technique of scientific articles published between 2015 and 2025 that were relevant to the behavior of adolescents and young adults and the impact of cosmetic ingredients on the skin. Data were analyzed using content analysis to identify the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and cosmetic choices. The results show that cosmetic knowledge tends to be high, but is not always followed by appropriate selection behavior, with varying correlation strengths. These findings confirm that cosmetic literacy contributes to the tendency to choose more appropriate products, but is not the sole determining factor. Therefore, education is needed that emphasizes cognitive aspects while fostering critical attitudes in choosing cosmetics safely and responsibly.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is one of the personality assessment tools that is often used to identify individual psychological tendencies, including in the context of higher education. In the student environment, MBTI is widely used as a means of self-introduction, adjustment of learning styles, increasing the effectiveness of group work, and career planning. This article aims to examine the relevance of the application of MBTI among students using a literature study approach. The research method used is in the form of a review of various literature sources, such as scientific journals, books, and academic articles that discuss the basic concept of MBTI, its implementation in the field of education, and critical views regarding its limitations. The results of the study show that MBTI has a fairly relevant role as a non-diagnostic instrument in helping students understand their potential, learning preferences, and social and academic interaction patterns. In addition, the appropriate use of MBTI can support improved learning quality, teamwork effectiveness, and academic counseling services. However, a number of literature highlights the limitations of MBTI, especially regarding aspects of validity and reliability, so it is not recommended to be used as the sole basis for academic or psychological decision-making. Thus, MBTI remains relevant for students if used wisely, contextually, and based on a strong scientific foundation to support students' academic and personality development.

This study aims to comprehensively analyze the nature of learning and instruction in elementary schools through a literature study approach. The review was conducted by examining various classical and modern learning theories, concepts of 21st-century learning, and the practical implications that emerge within the context of basic education. The data were obtained from academic books, national and international scientific journals, research reports, and various digital publications relevant to the topic. Based on the literature review, learning is understood as a complex process that results in changes in behavior, knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes through direct experience or social interaction. Effective instruction requires a paradigm shift from teacher-centered learning to student-centered learning, where teachers are no longer merely transmitters of information but act as facilitators, motivators, and guides in the learning process. The study also shows that the implementation of 21st-century learning in elementary schools demands the application of instructional strategies that stimulate critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and digital literacy. Learning must be designed to accommodate the developmental needs of children, particularly because elementary students are at the concrete operational stage, requiring real and contextual learning experiences. This study emphasizes that instructional quality will improve when planning, implementation, and evaluation are developed based on a deep understanding of children’s learning characteristics. Thus, this literature study provides a comprehensive overview of the importance of understanding the nature of learning and instruction as the foundation for developing effective, relevant, and sustainable educational practices in elementary

Remedial and enrichment activities in elementary schools are an important step to ensure that every student has the opportunity to learn according to their abilities and needs. Through a literature study, this study summarizes various findings from journals, books, and research reports to capture how the concepts, implementation processes, challenges, and effective strategies of remedial and enrichment are applied at the basic level. The results of the study show that the most decisive initial step is to recognize students' learning difficulties through initial assessments, classroom observations, and portfolio analysis. In remedial activities, teachers need to develop a targeted improvement plan, utilize concrete media, provide guidance in small groups or through peer tutors, and conduct reassessments to see student progress. Meanwhile, enrichment can be provided by identifying students who demonstrate higher abilities, then engaging them in creative projects, mini-research, or interest-based activities that challenge higher-level thinking skills. Teachers play a very strategic role as planners, facilitators, as well as providers of emotional support. In the field, the implementation of these two programs is still constrained by limited time, large number of students, and lack of supporting resources. Therefore, strategies such as differentiated learning, the use of simple technology, and the implementation of project-based learning are recommended to increase effectiveness. This study is expected to be a practical reference for elementary school teachers in developing remedial and enrichment programs that are more adaptive, inclusive, and sustainable.

This study aims to analyze the role of local Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in utilizing lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) as the main ingredient for mosquito repellent products and its contribution to improving the economy of the community in Timbang Jaya Village. Lemongrass contains essential oils that function as a natural insect repellent, making it a potential raw material for value-added products such as mosquito repellent sprays, aromatherapy candles, and herbal lotions. This research employed a descriptive qualitative method with data collected through interviews, observations, and literature studies. The findings indicate that local MSMEs play a significant role in the production process, product innovation, and marketing of lemongrass-based products. Besides generating additional income, this development also creates new job opportunities and supports the village’s economic independence. However, several challenges remain, including limited capital, lack of processing technology skills, and competition with chemical-based products. The recommended solutions include capacity building through training and mentoring, better access to funding, and strengthening digital marketing strategies. Therefore, the development of mosquito repellent products from lemongrass by MSMEs not only contributes to the community’s economic growth but also provides an environmentally friendly alternative beneficial for public health.

The development of the creative economy places music as an intellectual property asset that has moral and economic value, as regulated in Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright. The exclusive rights of creators include moral rights and economic rights to the commercial use of copyrighted works. Legal problems arose when Eclat Story's song "Forma Cinta" was used by PT Bank CIMB Niaga, Tbk without a direct license from the creator. The bank reasoned that it had paid royalties through WAMI, but the creator stated that he had never given permission or received royalties in the 2020 period. This research uses a normative juridical method with descriptive-analytical specifications, through a literature study that examines laws and regulations, legal literature, and related documents. The approaches used are the statute approach and the case approach to strengthen legal arguments. The results of the analysis show that PT Bank CIMB Niaga, Tbk has violated the economic rights of the creator as stipulated in Article 9 of the Copyright Law, especially the right of reproduction and distribution. Therefore, Eclat Story musicians need to register their works and license strictly, as well as take repressive efforts through compensation lawsuits at the Commercial Court or through mediation. PT Bank CIMB Niaga, Tbk is obliged to compensate for the use of the work in accordance with the applicable exclusive rights protection.