Literary Phenomenon Research Articles

Bulgarian Modernist Publications in the Database “Books in Russian Published Abroad, 1927—1991”

The article is devoted to the reflection of Bulgarian literary modernism of the 20th century in Bulgarian publications in Russian. The relevance of the article is supported by the fragmentary assimilation of Bulgarian modernism by Russian literary studies, which is insufficient to carry out the necessary completeness of the intercultural dialogue, given that the Bulgarian modernists largely focused in their work on the achievements of Russian symbolism and the Silver Age as a whole. The author traces the local features of the development of modernism in Bulgaria, which determine the validity of including in it the trends of symbolism and expressionism, often appearing in Bulgarian literature in syncretism. The article concretizes the stylistic and thematic uniformity of a number of Bulgarian literary phenomena of the 20th century, which proves the self-sufficiency of Bulgarian modernism as a full-fledged trend. Based on the material of Russian-language publications issued in Bulgaria and reflected in the database of the Bibliography Department of the Russian State Library “Books in Russian Published Abroad, 1927—1991”, the article identifies the main representatives of Bulgarian literary modernism: P. Todorov, P. Yavorov, A. Dalchev, A. Strashimirov, N. Furnadzhiev, A. Karalichev, D. Debelyanov, G. Milev, N. Rainov, T. Trayanov. The author attempts to determine a specific place for each of them within the framework of the considered trend. On the basis of individual and collective publications identified when accessing the specified database, the article outlines the main features of the creative method and style of each of the authors under consideration, which are supported by examples from the texts. The author draws conclusions about the degree of completeness of Bulgarian modernism adaptation for Russian-speaking readers, which remains insufficient due to the limited number of translations, the tendentious selection of works for translation in the light of the ideological restrictions of the Soviet era, the disregard of a number of leading authors, and the lack of modern reprints and popularization of the accumulated body of translations.

DISTANCE LEARNING OF «HISTORY OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY FOREIGN LITERATURE» COURSE IN THE CONTEXT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC: EDUCATORS’ EXPERIENCES

The paper deals with the peculiarities of the educational process in higher education institutions in a distance learning environment. The experience of teaching “History of Nineteenth-Century Foreign Literature” e-course at the Faculty of Philology and Journalism of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University under pandemic conditions has been presented. It has been shown that under quarantine restrictions, distance learning is the most appropriate and effective form of training. It has been proved that the efficiency of distance learning increases with the use of e-courses, developed on MOODLE digital learning platform. The specificity of structuring the electronic course “History of Nineteenth-Century Foreign Literature”, taking into account the peculiarities of a professional training profile of a philology student, has been revealed. The study has demonstrated that Generation Z students prefer creative, atypical and clearly structured educational material, which motivates them to independent learning, activates their intellectual potential, forms the skills of original approach to the literary and artistic phenomena analysis, develops critical thinking and informational competence of a future philology teacher. The methods of using such tools as networking, online educational platforms and media resources in the learning process have been highlighted. Specific forms of work as completing an online dictionary of literary terms, performing individual research in the form of a creative work; writing a final test in the form of an essay, and delivering lectures - “literary battles” have been characterized. Particular attention has been focused on the performance of creative assignments and examples of students’ projects. The study has proved that under COVID-19 pandemic both groups of stakeholders – philology students and educators have benefited from using the course “History of Nineteenth-Century Foreign Literature” via the e-learning platform Moodle.

Reading Literary Theory between the Lines of Creative Writing: The Dialectics of Theory and Practice in the Creative Writing Pedagogy

Literary theory and critical writing have been traditionally perceived as being in tension, either silently ignoring or polemically rejecting each other. In this paper we argue that literary theory and creative writing are interconnected on various levels. By acknowledging this fact, theory may be profitably deployed in the creative writing class, in order to enhance creative writers’ sense of literary mechanisms, conventions, and purposes in specific sociocultural contexts. In this way, theory informs students not only in relation to the poetics, but also to the pragmatics of the literary phenomenon. Theory askes creative writers to contemplate on how they themselves are socially, ideologically and culturally positioned as writers (and as readers) of literature, and how their activity is enmeshed in a broader process of personal and communal identity formation through language and literary representation.

Poetry in the Era of Social Networks: The Case of Faraḥ Šammā

The research focuses on the linguistic and content analysis of the poems of the young poetess of Palestinian origin Faraḥ Šammā. The peculiarity of this artist consists in using the Internet and in particular videos on YouTube to recite her poems orally. As a Spoken Word artist, Faraḥ Šammā has grasped in the tool of video channels the way to transmit her compositions as she does in the course of her live performances. Starting from a reflection on the role of orality and poetry in the Arab cultural tradition and on how this literary form is inserted in the context of the new digital communication media, the work focuses on examining the thematic and linguistic aspects of the selected corpus. The goal is to extend the analysis to other forms of poetry, less conventional but which can help to open a wider glimpse into the knowledge of new literary phenomena in the Arab world.

The Other Arena: Poetics Goes Global in the Iberian Atlantic, 1500–1650+

AbstractThe period 1500–1650 is the period during which Europe’s poetic traditions — of ultimately Greco-Roman (i.e. Mediterranean Basin) origin — first came to be systematically exported outside the strictly European geographical sphere: the new contexts offered by the Portuguese- and especially Spanish-controlled zones of the rapidly expanding Iberian imperial world is where this first took place. This chapter moves away from the time-honoured Eurocentrisms of some of the more traditional approaches to early modern poetics by insisting upon 1500–1650+ as precisely the period during which the European literary tradition began to take on a life, or lives, of its own elsewhere across the globe. After surveying the key literary-historical developments in this connection, the chapter proceeds to consider how the Americas themselves came to be figured and indeed forged as a new zone of poetic activity — a new poetic(s) space — in early modern Ibero-American poetry itself. The selection of tropes identified and surveyed in this part of the chapter is offered as a sample of the dynamic literary phenomena that make up what we can call the poetics of the New World.

Was there a Revival of Hebrew during the Hasmonean Period?

Abstract Since the end of the nineteenth century, many scholars have held that there was a revival of the Hebrew language during the Hasmonean period, associated with a growing nationalistic sentiment under Hasmonean leadership at that time. Other scholars have rejected this idea, opting instead for a revival of the language at different times, or for no revival at all. Though the idea of a national revival of Hebrew has often been used to explain various historical or literary phenomena in early Judaism, serious defenses of this position have been lacking. In this article, we examine much of the relevant literary, epigraphic, and archeological evidence in order to reassess the idea of a revival of Hebrew associated with Hasmonean rule. In light of this evidence, we conclude that such a revival finds strong literary and archaeological support, and may justifiably be assumed by historians of Second Temple period Judaism.

The Poetics Of Munojots In The Epic Of “Saddi Iskandariy”

Munojats is a literary phenomenon in Uzbek literature, which consists of an introduction to devons and poetic balls, a thematic classification of lyrical works, and introductory chapters of large-scale epic poems. In the introductory chapters of Alisher Navoi's “Khamsa” epics, prayers are accompanied by praise and glorification, and are a means of expressing the author's philosophical-mystical, divine-mystical views, personal experiences: confessions of the heart to the Creator, repentance for sins. The article states that the content of the munojats in the preface of “Saddi Iskandariy”, the final epic of Alisher Navoi's “Khamsa”, is formed in harmony with the content of the work; they cover issues such as the author's mystical-philosophical views and the artistic expression of his ideological purpose. The article also shows the importance of the art of obedience in the expression of prayers in the epic, as well as the poet's artistic skill in creating prayers on the basis of analysis and interpretation.

Tratamiento didáctico-metodológico de los contenidos de teoría literaria durante el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje de obras dramáticas.

Aunque han sido varios y extendidos los estudios realizados, así como las propuestas para el análisis del género dramático, todavía hay insuficiencias al analizar obras de este género, lo cual se debe al descuidado o deficiente manejo teórico y metodológico, durante el proceso de su enseñanza aprendizaje; a partir de la peculiaridad de que: “El drama como género literario no es solo texto escrito, sino también una práctica escénica; es una doble articulación entre fenómeno literario y fenómeno espectacular; entre texto escrito y texto representativo” (Roméu, 2003); por lo que este artículo tiene como objetivo, profundizar en el tratamiento de los contenidos de teoría literaria; para un adecuado análisis durante el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de obras del género dramático.

THE POETIC NEW SPEECH IN THE WORKS OF DESANKA MAKSIMOVICH AND ELISAVETA BAGRYANA (1920S AND 1930S)

The article examines the work of the Serbian poet Desanka Maksimovich and the Bulgarian poet Elisaveta Bagryana, written between the two world wars. The two poetesses were formed under similar conditions and close cultural situations. This implies common trends and artistic horizons. Desanka Maksimovich and Elisaveta Bagryana are also the first serious representatives of the "female" writing in poetry. The specific modernism of the two authors is analyzed against the background of the poetic avant-garde at the time. The modern writing of Desanka Maksimovich and Elisaveta Bagryan demonstrates a violation of the classical form of the verse (number of syllables, verse length, correct rhyme), use of excessively long verses, long words and overcoming of the traditional understanding of verse harmony (rhythm). This makes the two poets unexpectedly different and fresh voices against the background of the male lyrical poetry of the same time. The poetic books of Desanka Maksimovich and Elisaveta Bagryana became literary phenomena in the time between the two world wars. However, they also became an example to several generations of poetesses, which were born of their energy. The Serbian and Bulgarian lyre make an important contribution to the development of female poetry in the region of the Balkan cultures and their poetic images.

ON “NARCISSISM“ IN POETRY. ON TWO CONTEMPORARY SLOVAK AUTHORS

The proposed article examines two problems – the poetic formations (generations and groups) and the manifestations of "narcissism" in poetry. Two Slovak authors, representatives of different literary formations, are analyzed - Michal Habaj of the so-called Text Generation and Katarína Kucbelová of the ANesthetic Generation. Both their affiliation to these creative associations and the nature of the latter is discussed. In order to understand these literary phenomena, we use Karl Mannheim’s concept of generation and Michał Głowiński’s approach to literary groups. The interpretation of selected texts by the two poets is based on the view of contemporary culture as a "culture of narcissism" (Kr. Lash) and on the reflection on this concept, which we find in a literary-critical article by Katarína Kucbelová herself on Michal Habaj. Her reflection on the fragile boundary between narcissism as a theme and narcissism as deficiency of interpreted work we try to apply on her own poetry texts. The selected poems are from her poetry book “Duals” (Duály), which identifies her as part of the so-called ‘new sincerity’ in Slovak literature. In her texts, Katarína Kucbelová thematizes the closure of the lyrical self within its own existence, in which the presence of the other is allowed only as a concept or an idea. Michal Habaj's experimentalism in “Poems for Dead Girls” (Básne pre mŕtve dievčatá), on the other hand, "opens" his textual world, binds him to many discourses and distances him from the self.

SADOIY VA G‘OZIY DEVONLARIDA ALISHER NAVOIY AN'ANALARI(HAMD, NA'T, MUNOJOT VA MANQABAT MAVZULARIDAGI G‘AZALLAR MISOLIDA)

Literary continuity is a unique cultural, high-level literary phenomenon in which the concepts of creative inspiration, imitation and the continuation of great talent are one of the most important features of Eastern classical literature. Regardless of which branch of art is formed in this cultural and literary process, it becomes clear that the main goal is to "renew", learning "from the past" and developing their ideas and artistic abilities. The article examines the issues of tradition and originality of poems by Mirhasan Sadoi and Muhammad Gazi, who grew up in the workshop of Alisher Navoi. The poet's poems analyze the artistic perfection of the Salaf traditions on this topic from an ideological and artistic point of view.Key words: devan, theme, idea, artistic symbol, art, tradition and originality.

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF STUDYING THE COLLECTION OF SHORT STORIES I. BABEL "KONARMIA" IN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

The article is devoted to the study of the collection of short stories by I. Babel "Konarmiya", addressed to the events of the distant past-the revolution and the civil war in Russia in 1917-1922. The collection consists of 36 stories, each of which has its own plot and plot basis. The theoretical aspect of studying this literary phenomenon is connected with the need to take into account the super-genre nature of the author's collected collection. The practical aspect is related to the definition of methods and techniques for analyzing the work, determined by the competence approach. The relevance of the research is related to the identification of such structures of the collection, which indicate the artistic unity and integrity of this education. The architectonic discourse allowed us to examine the units of the collection in terms of the role of stories that are in a strong position of the text - the beginning and the end. Analysis of the motivic structure revealed the presence of binary oppositions (life/death, light/darkness, longing/happiness, love/hate),

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TRILOGY THE ORESTEIA BY AESCHYLUS AND THE NOVEL CRIME AND PUNISHMENT BY F. DOSTOEVSKY

The article attempts to make a comparative analysis of the trilogy The Oresteia by Aeschylus and the novel Crime and Punishment by F. Dostoevsky. It is noted that comparative studies investigates the historical processes of differentiation and divergence, convergence and unification of literary phenomena, and one of its tasks is the formation – against the background of existing differences and disagreements – of a synthetic image of literature. Moreover, it integrates the knowledge gained in research about literature, its place in culture and in this circle of civilization. Comparative analysis has been found to be based on the study of genetic and contact relationships. The comparisons of Aeschylus’ trilogy The Oresteia and F. Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment were made at the level of genetic connections and were based on the subdivision of comparative studies, which concentrates various empirical studies on the influences and relationships of individual literatures. The similarity of works in thematic, ideological, problem aspects, partly – in genre is revealed; differences are noted in the portrayal of the characters, stylistic diversity, and structural features.

Philosophical vs. Biographical

Abstract Greek works On Ways of Life have been seen to consist in either collections of biographies or proper philosophical treatises. Recently, a unitary reading of this literary phenomenon has been advanced, but some fundamental evidence has escaped attention. This evidence, along with what remains of Epicurus and Chrysippus’ Peri biōn, suggests that in antiquity this label actually encompassed two essentially different genres: a mostly biographical one, which was cultivated by fourth/third-century BC Peripatetic philosophers and imperial writers, and a moral-philosophical one, which was first developed by Epicurus and Chrysippus and then cultivated by Academic and Peripatetic thinkers in the Hellenistic period and in later centuries.

المرأةُ في شِعرِ الرِّثاء بين التَّغيُّب والحضور

Abstract This research entitled (Women in Elegy between Absence and Presence) discusses the role and prominence of women in the art of mourning, and the phenomenon of the lack of elegies on behalf of women by male poets over the ages. The research showed how frequently women mourned the death of their brothers, followed by their sons, then their fathers. In contrast, they scarcely bemoaned the husband during the pre-Islamic era of ignorance! The research was strictly limited to female poets in the pre-Islamic era of ignorance, but upon extrapolating the poets' elegies on behalf of women, the difference became clear that women's elegies for men were ample while men have greatly neglected composing elegies for women during the pre-Islamic era of ignorance. Islam has warned about the phenomenon of emotional bias among Arabs in showing sadness and love for the son rather than the daughter. It dealt with this psychological and social issue through the stories mentioned in the Qur’an in an attempt to change and demonstrate the criteria for the right preference. This literary phenomenon is a witness and evidence of the supremacy of culture and society over literature, the mutual influence between them, and how this phenomenon has changed in the modern era. المقدمة: الحمد لله الذي أنزل القرآن بلسان عربي مبين، فتحدى ببلاغته الأولين والآخرين، والصلاة والسلام على النبي المبعوث رحمة للعالمين، الذي آتاه ربه جوامع الکلم فکانت فصاحته نبراس المتقدمين والمتأخرين، وعلى آله وصحبه الغر الميامين، وعلى من تبعهم بإحسان إلى يوم الدين؛ أما بعد: بداية أتقدم بالشکر الجزيل للأستاذة الدکتورة : نجاح بنت أحمد الظهار لرعايتها بواکير فکرة هذا البحث , وکما أشکر الأستاذ الدکتور: أحمد صبرة على تکرمه بقراءة هذا البحث وتقديم النصح والتوجيه . الرثاء من أهم الظواهر الإنسانية؛ لأنه يلتصق بالنوازع البشرية والاجتماعية والذاتية، وهو ذو نزعة سامية في قيمه ومعطياته، وفي مفهومه واتجاهاته، تجاوزت الحدود من الفردية إلى الإنسانية. کثيرة هي أشعار الرثاء عبر العصور؛ فهي متعددة العناصر، کثيرة القائلين، متفرعة الأسباب، ومن ثم تفاوتت فصاحتها، واختلفت مکانتها منذ العصر الجاهلي حتى عصرنا هذا. ولقد تفاضلت في العصر الجاهلي بعض القصائد عن بعض، وبعض الأبيات عن الأخرى، حتى قيل: إن ذلک البيت أعظم بيت قيل في الغزل، أوالرثاء، أو المديح، وکذلک فضل بعض الشعراء على بعض، فقيل عن الخنساء: أشعر الجن والإنس([1])، وإن کانت المفاضلة ديدن مجالس الأدباء في کل عصر. هذا البحث ليس من قبيل التعصب للمرأة، أو رفع لواء تحرير شعر المرأة من الظلم، بل هي لفتة لانتباه الباحثين لجانب أغفل کثيرا، وحق له أن يولى اهتماما أکبر، ليصدر فيه حکم عادل . هذا ما دفعني إلى التأمل، ثم المفاضلة بين أقسام الغرض الواحد، وبين جنس القائلين سواء من الرجال أو النساء. ([1]) ينظر الشعر والشعراء، ابن قتيبة الدينوري، القاهرة: دار الحديث، 1423هـ ج 1ص: 332

Sobre un aspecte de la historiografia del Catarisme

Un dels tòpics de discussió més rellevants dels últims anys en la recerca internacional sobre el catarisme és el de la construcció narrativa de la seva memòria com a fenomen històric i literari. Aquest procés també és d’una importància cabdal en la historiografia sobre el catarisme a Catalunya perquè no només posa els elements per conèixer com s’ha construït la seva memòria històrica sinó també l’impacte que aquesta ha tingut a l’hora de distorsionar la imatge dels càtars. Aquest ha estat un des temes d’interès de la meva recerca. Però estudiar aquest procés no pressuposa en cap cas assumir els arguments d’aquesta construcció com a propis, sinó al contrari, esdevé un exercici per comprendre els mecanismes mitjançant els quals es construeix aquesta memòria al llarg de la història i les representacions que se’n deriven. En aquest text respondré a una malinterpretació sobre el meu punt de vista en aquest aspecte.

Poverty in Nunuk Y Kusmiana’s Novel Gadis Pesisir

The purpose of this research was to describe poverty in Nunuk Y. Kusmiana’s novel Gadis Pesisir. The book describes Umar and his daughter Halijah. Umar was a fisherman who did not use modern fishing technology. This greatly affected his fishing abilities, which made the family poor. This study adopted the poverty descriptions proposed by Soeharto (2005), namely a material, social and income description. The material description included daily primary needs such as clothing, food, shelter, health service and education. The social description included social exclusion, dependence on others and an inability to participate in society. The description of income included the lack of income associated with the number of children in the family. This study used descriptive qualitative methods because this is the most suitable method for literary phenomena (Endraswara, 2011). The descriptive method does not use numbers but uses an appreciation of the interaction between the concepts that are being studied empirically (Semi: 1993). The data collection used sorting and noting. The results of the study indicated that material, social and income features are not fulfilled in this novel.
 Keywords: poverty, poverty description, material, social, income

THE CHARACTERISTICS AND APPROACHES OF IMMANENCE CRITICISM IN DORIS LESSING’S NOVEL OF “THE GOLDEN NOTEBOOK”

Unlike the XIX century, literary culture of the XX century made a strong aesthetic leap in women’s identity. This process has caused to the emergence of a large number of new generation women writers in world literature and moreover, these writers had succeeded in revealing a real and contemporary literary phenomenon, such as “immanence- immanentism” which is focused on female landscapes in their stories and novels. In general, the works of “immanence” authors have a feminist background. As a doctrine, imamnence is used to explain the connection with the spiritual world, which is confirmed by some philosophical and metaphysical theories and critics. But later, immanence was replaced by Kant as a philosophical concept, and this awareness began to include a philosophical disposition perceived by the senses on the basis of personal experience. Lessing, who donated many works to world culture, created a portrait of the physical and spiritual characteristics of people (especially women) with her strong logic and talent in all her stories and novels and tried to explain in detail the special feelings that exist in them. With the help of this concept, Lessing aimed not only to represent the love experiences and emotional vibrations of women in her novels, but also to present a strong and courageous woman in a socio-cultural and political context, unlike female literature. In this paper is discussed, the feature elements of immanent culture in Doris Lessing’s novel in (“The Golden Notebook”). In the novel, Lessing interprets the classic drama of a woman of art who is free ones like as herself and in their examples, examines the potential and profiles of creative women seeking their place in social society. In her works, Doris Lessing reproduces the female perspective in the universe by thinking from the prism of immanentism and pays particular attention to the psychology of female characters and the identification of their inner states of heroes. Based on all of these, the author also refers to the expanding principle of women sovereignty regarding the rights and the status of women in society. At the same time, Lessing also explores the possibility of a relationship based on the concept of mundane reality as an alternative to romantic love parodies of postmodernism, and with this in mind, she erects a “protective wall” against the expansion of the “Western world” in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe). Key words: existence, immanence, Sufism, "The Golden Notebook", socio-cultural

The problems of migration process in Maghrebian literary milieu

As a product of the North African region, Maghrebian literary phenomenon combines specific features of three cultures – Arab, Berber and French and today has a special place in the world literature. The purpose of the proposed article is to demonstrate how the colonization of the Maghreb, the expansion of the French culture, the policy of assimilation and acculturation, a resistance movement of the colonized peoples led to the literary bilingualism of Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco that intensified the literary process in the region in a specific way. The novelty of the article consists in the fact that it reflects the deep connection between the Maghreb Francophone literature and the historical and cultural context. The Maghrebian francophone literature was constituted as early as in the 50s of the last century, but only in the 60s, thanks to the works of A. Memmi and A. Katibi was recognized as a separate area in the world literature. Research methods are a complex of comparative and historical- literary approaches, The fundamental relationship between the Maghrebian francophone literature and historical and cultural context distinguishes it from the mass of the so-called colonial literature. Conclusions. The Maghrebian francophone writers covering the issues of identity and nationality, revival of identity and rebellion, loss of identity and exile, as well as women’s emancipation, determine the specificity of this literary movement. The most famous representatives of the Maghrebian francophone literature are A. Djebar, M. Dib, A. Memmi, M. Feraun, K. Yasin etc. The creative work of these writers identified a new type of literature: d’expression franзaise, nationally specific to each of these countries. This article researches the migrants’ problems and the search for identity in the context of Franco-Maghrebian literary phenomenon of the works of two French-speaking Algerian writers and A.Djebar and L.Sebbar.

Un lenguaje que no dice nada (y que no se calla jamás). La influencia de Nietzsche en la teoría literaria de Michel Foucault

Para mostrar las principales influencias del pensamiento de Nietzsche sobre la teoría literaria de Michel Foucault, este artículo revisa las siguientes cuatro inversiones: en primer lugar, la del modelo comunicativo de Lasswell; segundo, la del platonismo; tercero, la del hegelianismo; cuarto y último, la de schopenhauerianismo, (esta última, tanto en lo que respecta a la metafísica como a la estética). Nos ha parecido que, por contraste con estos referentes, no solo la influencia de Nietzsche sobre Foucault, sino también la posición de este último en relación al fenómeno literario, se clarifican notablemente.