Literary Monuments Research Articles

Հայոց եկեղեցու փոխհարաբերությունները Բյուզանդիայի և Մերձավոր Արեւելքի եկեղեցական կենտրոնների հետ

In his time John (Hovhannes) of Odzun (d. 728) proclaimmed that the hierarchical structure, theological conceptions and the rite of the Armenian Church were inherited from the time of the apostles. Along with the restoration of the public institutions in the Bagratid period (880s-1045), the Armenian authorities granted vast privileges to the Church, which turned into the most influential leverage for maintaining the inner and foreign policy of the state. In order to shatter the Bagratid Kingdom, the Byzantine Empire resorted to inciting conflicts between the Chalcedonian and anti-Chalcedonian Churches. Trying to subjugate Armenians and their territories at any cost, the Byzantine emperors weakened the religious structure of the Armenian Church. With the Seljuq raids of the 11th century we see that policy of Byzantium led to the Byzantine secession of the Minor Asian provinces where the Iconian Sultanate (or Sultanate of Rum, 1077-1308) and the Danishmandid State (1104-1178) were created by the Seljuq Turks. This continued with the gradual loss of the entire Minor Asian holdings of the Byzantine Empire and the emergence of the Ottoman Empire over the Byzantine territory. Finally the capital Constantinople was taken in 1453. The history of Armenian-Byzantine church relations shows that the mentioned churches had multifaceted religious and cultural relations. Over the centuries, they have made attempts to settle religious differences. In the process, each of them created a unique culture and civil system, the study of which allows us to understand their role in the modern world. To understand the characteristics of these cultures, detailed studies of ecclesiastical and literary monuments are assumed.

THE CHURCH HIERARCHY REACTION TO THE CAPTURE OF KAZAN (BASED ON HISTORICAL SOURCES)

Based on the historical literary monuments about the capture of Kazan and the letters of Metropolitan Macarius, the paper analyses the role of the Orthodox Church during the conquest of Kazan. The Church hierarchy, represented by Metropolitan Macarius, expressed support for the military campaign of Tsar Ivan. The Church blessed the Tsar and the army for the battle, prayed for victory, positioning itself as a moral authority. The article shows that the analysis of sources does not provide any reasons for assertions about the significant influence of Church representatives on Tsar Ivan in terms of his foreign policy decisions, in particular on the issue of the campaign against Kazan. The Church participation was expressed (in the political aspect) in the formulation of the religious and ideological justification of the Kazan campaign, which was perceived as the defense of the Orthodox faith from the Muslims.

The question of Hadith studies in Zakir Qadiri's article "Dini Ve Gayri Dini Rivayetler" (Religious and Non-Religious Traditions)

The article introduces the content of a scientific article by Zakir Qadiri, unknown in Russia but published in Turkey during the period of his emigration. The author, relying on a rich source base, including world-famous literary monuments, as well as scientific works of Western and Russian Islamic scholars, examines the phenomenon of oral tradition as a cultural and historical phenomenon. He describes the role and place of tradition among the Arabs and other peoples in pre-Islamic era, writes about the transformation of tradition in the Muslim environment and its institutionalization in the form of hadith. The article also examines the features, methodology, positive and negative aspects of the science of hadith, including the reasons and mechanisms for falsifying isnads and matns of hadiths. The material is an example of the scientific work of a deeply educated Muslim intellectual, prepared in accordance with Western scientific traditions. The published data represent a valuable contribution to the array of information about the history of Tatar religious, philosophical, and in general scientific and social thought, and will enrich the annals of the Russian Islamic studies community.

Lexical and Stylistic Features of Translating Old Russian Literary Monuments into Russian and English Languages (“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”)

This article explores the peculiarities of translating military vocabulary from the Old Russian literary monument “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” into Russian and English languages through the analysis of translations by D.S. Likhachov, O.V. Tvorogov (modern Russian language), V. Nabokov, and I. Petrova (English language). The study employed methods such as the method of complete sampling, contextual analysis method, comparative method, and quantitative analysis method. The research focused on 34 lexical units used in 128 contexts. Based on the conducted study, the following conclusions can be drawn. (1) Translators of the aforementioned work into Russian mostly replaced archaic words with contemporary ones etymologically related to the original word, while preserving archaic words to convey historical color in translations. (2) Translations of the work into English showed translators’ tendency towards fidelity to the original text through the use of full and partial equivalents, approximate translation, and the method of generalization (selecting a word with broader meaning). Thus, the analysis of lexical units and their translation methods into modern Russian and English languages revealed translators' inclination to choose the translation variant closest to the original unit.

DID THE AUTHOR OF THE TALE OF IGOR’S CAMPAIGN KNOW THE CHRONICLE NARRATIVES ABOUT THE CAMPAIGN OF 1185? PART TWO

The article is devoted to the problem of textual connections between The Tale of Igor’s Campaign and the narratives about the campaign of Prince Igor in 1185, which are part of the chronicles of the Laurentian group and the Ipatiev Chronicle. Hypotheses and opinions belonging to various scholars are examined in detail: the idea of the absence of such connections, the assumption of the primacy of The Tale in relation to the narrative from the Ipatiev Chronicle, the statement of the secondary nature of the “song” about Igor’s campaign in relation to both narratives. The subject of attention is primarily the overview of concepts by P.E. Vadenyuk, I.P. Khrushchov, V.N. Peretz, A.A. Zimin, B.A. Rybakov, V.Yu. Franchuk, B.I. Yatsenko, L.V. Sokolova, A.N. Uzhankov. As a result of a critical analysis of the existing hypotheses and a comparative analysis of The Tale and two narratives, it is proved that this literary monument is secondary in relation to the narrative contained in the chronicles of the Laurentian group (apparently, to its core as part of the hypothetical Pereyaslav or Chernigov chronicles), and is primary in relation to the text of the narrative from the Ipatiev Chronicle. The idea of the dependence of The Tale of Igor’s Campaign on the narrative of the Laurentian group is assessed as quite convincing, and considerations in favor of the version of the secondary nature of The Tale in relation to the narrative of the Ipatiev Chronicle are recognized as contradicting the facts: the nature of the references to the Kayala River and the sea in both texts indicates that the chronicle was not the source of The Tale, but, on the contrary, the “song” influenced the chronicle narrative. The findings support the early dating of the Tale of Igor’s Campaign (mid to second half of the 1180s) and are indirect arguments in favor of the authenticity of the “song”.

DID THE AUTHOR OF THE TALE OF IGOR’S CAMPAIGN KNOW THE CHRONICLE NARRATIVES ABOUT THE CAMPAIGN OF 1185? PART 1

The article is devoted to the problem of textual connections between The Tale of Igor’s Campaign and the narratives about the campaign of Prince Igor in 1185, which are part of the chronicles of the Laurentian group and the Ipatiev Chronicle. Hypotheses and opinions belonging to various scholars are examined in detail: the idea of the absence of such connections, the assumption of the primacy of the Tale in relation to the narrative from the Ipatiev Chronicle, the statement of the secondary nature of the ‘song’ about Igor’s campaign in relation to both narratives. The subject of attention is primarily the overview of concepts by P.E. Vadenyuk, I.P. Khrushchov, V.N. Peretz, A.A. Zimin, B.A. Rybakov, V.Yu. Franchuk, B.I. Yatsenko, L.V. Sokolova, A.N. Uzhankov. As a result of a critical analysis of the existing hypotheses and a comparative analysis of the Tale and two narratives, it is proved that this literary monument is secondary in relation to the narrative contained in the chronicles of the Laurentian group (apparently, to its core as part of the hypothetical Pereyaslav or Chernigov chronicles), and is primary in relation to the text of the narrative from the Ipatiev Chronicle. The idea of the dependence of The Tale of Igor’s Campaign on the narrative of the Laurentian group is assessed as quite convincing, and considerations in favor of the version of the secondary nature of The Tale in relation to the narrative of the Ipatiev Chronicle are recognized as contradicting the facts: the nature of the references to the Kayala River and the sea in both texts indicates that the chronicle was not the source of The Tale, but, on the contrary, the ‘song’ influenced the chronicle narrative. The findings support the early dating of The Tale of Igor’s Campaign (mid to second half of the 1180s) and are indirect arguments in favor of the authenticity of the ‘song’.

The Séance of Reading: Uncanny Designs in Modernist Writing, Thomas J. Cousineau

‟The Séance of Reading: Uncanny Designs in Modernist Writing” (2023), a book arising out of Thomas J. Cousineau’s long and fruitful teaching experience and his extensive engagements in Romanian academia as a Fulbright scholar, entices readers to appreciate key canonical works spanning American and European literature through the lens of the Romanian ballad ‟The Legend of Master Manole” and Mircea Eliade’s view of mythical creation by sacrifice. The aesthetic myth of master-builder Manole lends magnitude and resonance to nine modernist texts set in harmonious juxtaposition for the purpose of revealing and restoring the sacrificed textual elements within. Most valuably, the author makes the reader register the intricate relationship between the sacrificed protagonist and the architectural body of the literary monuments discussed throughout his book, which successfully brings together different literary genres, capitalizing on the scenario of death and ontological rebirth.

Ancient Indian Stories in the Oirat Collection “The Tale of the Nectar Teaching

Questions about the similarity of the plots of Oirat written monuments with ancient Indian ones still remain insufficiently studied. Most of the Oirat works have not yet been introduced into scientific circulation or translated into Russian and other European languages. The article examines the origin of the plots of 17th and 18th century Oirat religious and didactic collection. “Aršān nomiyin tuuǰi” (“The Tale of the Nectar Teaching”), dating back to the literary monuments of Ancient India. The collection consists of sixty-four short Buddhist stories. It is framed by a diagram of the Tibetan Buddhist treatise “Lamrim,” presented in thesis form. The main provisions of the treatise are revealed in the collection with the help of artistic examples from various Indian and Tibetian sources. The collection is distinguished by a strict functional purpose; it introduces the laity to the course of Buddhist teachings and instructs them on the path of virtue. It was used by Buddhist monks as a guide in his preaching practice until the beginning of the 20th century. The article examines the structure and content of Oirat and ancient Indian stories in their narrative presentation, identifying similarities and local differences. As a result of the study, it was established that genetically similar plots help to better understand the content of short stories in the Oirat collection, which have lost their essential structural components due to various reasons. The stories of “The Tale of the Nectar Teaching” differ from the source texts by the extreme conciseness of their plots: they lack any descriptions or comparisons, the main focus is exclusively on heroes’ actions, the action unfolds abruptly and dynamically. We noted a significant similarity between the plots of “The Tale of the Nectar Teaching” and ancient Indian works both at the plot-compositional and at content levels. This fact indicates their genetic relationship. The identification of the local differences in the Oirat collection demonstrates the genesis of the plots of ancient Indian monuments and their fate outside India.

Representation of freedom in the chivalric biographies “Bruce” by John Barbour and “The Book of Good Jean” by Guillaume de Saint-André

The medieval communities of Western Europe, due to the unique historical and cultural development of each of them, had different ideas about what the concept of “freedom” includes. The article compares two chivalric biographies “Bruce” by John Barbour and “The Book of Good Jean” by Guillaume de Saint-André, the authors of which paid special attention to this phenomenon. Literary monuments were composed in the form of chanson de geste in the last third of the 14th century. Although the sources of the article were written in different European regions (Scotland and Brittany), the circumstances of the poetic works creation are very similar: both works were composed by the authors at a time when the inhabitants of the two countries suffered from attempts by other states to influence their domestic politics. To study how the Scots and Bretons understood the concept of "freedom", standard methods of historical research were used (historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods). It is concluded that the ideas about freedom in the two poems concern the worldview not only of a certain class or religious group, but demonstrate the peculiarities of self-identification of the Scots and Bretons as a whole. To emphasize the need to fight the enemy, both John Barbour and Guillaume de Saint-André describe in detail the oppression from "strangers" experienced by absolutely everyone living in their countries. The influence of Christian and ancient traditions on the compilers of gesture texts is examined in detail, and the influence of the law of each individual region is traced. It is noted that the compilers of the works, telling about the desire of each community to defend the independence of their native place, turn to popular stories in the late Middle Ages about the Maccabean War (166-142 BC) from the Old Testament.

The pragmalinguistic aspect of the choice of speech units in the author's strategies of literary monuments of the XV – XVI centuries.

The subject of the study is the texts of literary monuments of the XV – XVI centuries. The object of the research is the author's strategies, which are studied from the perspective of two modern areas of science: cognitive and pragmatic linguistics.The audience's reaction to the author's conviction is determined by the communicative factors of the impact of speech on the reader's consciousness and is determined by the vital connection of language and thinking. Therefore, the issues of speech impact (a pragmatic problem) and cognition in natural language (a problem of cognitive linguistics) should be considered in synthesis. This approach, according to the authors, makes it possible to study the subject side of the study most fully and achieve the goals set.The purpose of the study is to consider the possibility of classifying the speech units of texts of literary monuments of the XV – XVI centuries from the standpoint of the synthesis of cognitive and functional-pragmatic ways of studying the text.The tasks are to substantiate the possibility of synthesizing linguistic-cognitive and functional-pragmatic methods of studying author's strategies, as well as the classification of speech units of the text of monuments of the XIV – XVI centuries according to the author's strategies. The research methods are conceptual analysis and functional diagnostic method of pragmalinguistics. The ability to categorize concepts allows you to cluster them based on certain similarities and present them as units (clusters) based on the main feature. The functional nature of the choice of units acting as influencing tools that form the reader's attitude to the text, the author, the ideas of a particular author or a group as a whole. The novelty of this work lies in the possibility of combining the approaches of cognitive linguistics and functional pragmalinguistics to the study of author's strategies, which has not been widely practiced by researchers before. The achieved results allow us to conclude that this synthetic approach can be applied to research in the field of textual psychology, author's strategies, the author's speech image, and speech portraiture. The strategies identified in the texts act as clusters of concepts, which in turn constitute the main functional and pragmalinguistic tools that implement the author's intentions and ensure the perlocative effect of the text. The cognitive-pragmatic component of the author's impact strategies is structured mainly around the ideological and religious struggle. In second place are public– and private-business relations, which often mix into a single conceptual and pragmatic space.

Network of literary museums in Moscow: formation and present condition in the context of the historical and cultural process

The network of literary museums in Moscow is the largest in the country. The article examines the history of the formation and present condition of the network of literary museums in the capital in the context of the historical and cultural process. The chronological framework covers the period from the 19th century until now. This is due to the moment of the appearance in Moscow of the first proto-museum forms of literary museums, the first museums of this profile, as well as the formation and development of their network. Significant historical and cultural prerequisites for the emergence of museums of this profile are identified. The main periods in the history of the formation and development of the network of literary museums are considered in the context of the periodization of the history of museum affairs and the historical process in the country. Museums that also have characteristics of another profile, such as historical and literary, literary and artistic, and literary and local history, are also considered. The total number of literary museums in Moscow has been identified, including state, municipal, departmental, public, private and school. Museum-type institutions representing and popularizing literary heritage are shown. Museums of other profiles (music, art, local history and others) are indicated, the funds and exhibitions of which contain literary monuments and collections of rare books. A special place is occupied by book museums, which are not literary museums, but are close to them in that their collections also contain monuments of literature (including fiction). The total number of literary museums in the capital and their percentage in the museum network have been calculated.

The Story of the Maiden Laciona: Plot and Motif Composition of the Handwritten Tale in the Context of Russian Fiction of the 17th – 18th Centuries

A handwritten tale of the middle of the 18th century The Story of the Maiden Laciona is known in a single copy. The tale tells about the escape of a girl with a lover from her parents’ house. To solve the question of whether the Russian fiction of the 17th – 18th centuries became a source of inspiration for the unknown author of the story, we applied the following methodology. Identifying a certain motive, we take into account its role in the plot of the Story and compare it with the function of the same motive in popular works of Russian fiction of the 17th – 18th centuries. In the typology of motives, the basis of our work was the MotifIndex by St. Thompson, taking into account the additions of D. P. Rotunda; in the classification of plots – the system for describing fairy-tale plots by A. Aarne and S. Thompson, modernized by H. J. Uther. As the analysis showed, the Story has no direct links with the works popular in Russia in the 17th – 18th centuries about the abduction of a maiden’s honor or about the abduction of a wife – stories on the plot of a picky bride and ATU 1419E. To search for possible sources of tale, the stories of the 17th – 18th centuries were drawn on related subjects or with similar motivic components. Based on the works of Thompson and Rotunda, the following motives were identified: an unfavorable prediction, paternal love in a daughter, a beautiful and intelligent girl, protection from men, boasting of a daughter, a secret lover, dates in the garden, a skilled musician, flight from home. In the details and motional components of the Story, parallels are found with the Story of Peter the Golden Keys, with the novel about Alfonzo Ramir and Angelica, with the Story of the Russian cavalier Alexander, perhaps with the Story of Yaropol Tsarevich and the Old Belarusian Story of Tristan. The Story is included in the so-called “fifth manuscript” of the combined manuscript from the Main Collection of the NIOR BAN (19.2.38). Based on the analysis of the paper, it can be concluded that the formation of the manuscript in which the Story is located dates back to the 1750s – 1760s. The literary setting of this original tale consists of popular love stories, most of which are found in other collections of fiction. The literary monument is being published for the first time.

«Слово Даниила Заточника»: проблемы изучения и пути их решения

The article examines the main problems of studying the monument of Russian literature of the late 12th – early 13th centuries The Word of Daniil Zatochnik. It should be distinguished from the closely related The Prayer of Daniil Zatochnik, which is considered to be a late revision of The Word. Until the 16th century, both monuments were very popular and were distributed in numerous copies. The study of The Word began in the 19th century, and a number of problems were identified at that period: it was impossible to unambiguously establish where and when it was written, who its author and addressee were. A considerable problem lies in numerous semantic contradictions, where one judgment is canceled by another. It is generally believed that the reason behind these contradictions is late inserts into the original text. It is not known by whom, when, and why they were made, but thanks to them there is every reason to say that the version of The Word known to us had not one, but at least two authors – one wrote the message to the prince, while the other edited it. A separate problem is the combination of quotations from the Holy Scriptures and folklore elements, which is not typical of the period when The Word was written, and also the open opposition between some of the author's ideas and the Christian teaching. According to the author of the article, the inserts were commenting in nature and were made in order to emphasize the traits of The Word protograph’s author such as pride, vanity, and rationalism. At the same time, the editor of the protograph treated its author not as a private person, but as a representative of an emerging spiritual and moral type that significantly departed from the norms of Christian life. To solve the identified problems, the author of the article suggests using the resources of fideistic literary criticism, making it possible to look at The Word from a religious-and-social perspective, as well as to trace its connections with other literary monuments of the period in question.

Ариосто и Тассо в новых русских переводах

The article examines the new translations of the two major literary monuments of the Italian Renaissance — poems The Frenzy of Orlando (“Orlando furioso”) by Ludovico Ariosto and Jerusalem Delivered (“Gerusalemme liberata”) by Torquato Tasso. Ariosto’s translation does not meet any of the criteria for a quality translation: not only the criterion of style unity but even the criterion of linguistic correctness. The translator Tasso, having set himself the goal of conveying, first of all, the original poetry, takes systematic and unacceptable semantic and figurative liberties when working with a poem classified as a literary canon.

The Secret Portrait of a Romantic? On the Recent Biographies of Karel Jaromír Erben

In 1853, Karel Jaromír Erben published a collection of ballads Kytice, which was immediately seen as a model of national literature. The contact of this model with Romanticism is only selective, because it does not consider all the metaphysical dilemmas resulting from the appreciation of the individualistic attitude to the world. It might seem that Kytice should share the fate of other 19th century texts of culture which are currently attributed the position of a respectable, old fashioned literary monument. Meanwhile, in recent years, two novels have been published directly drawing inspiration and thematic material from the life of the poet, namely: Vřeteno osudu. Tajná zpověď by Karel Jaromír Erben by Otomar Dvořák (2015) and Stará škola by Petr K. Procházka (2022). Both literary biographies expose the close, though hidden, connections between Erben’s poetics and worldview with the Romantic aesthetic and ideological context.

The Cornerstone of the Ecumene: on the question of the medieval Church center of Zichia

The subject of the study is the history of Christianization of the part of the Caucasian Black Sea region located in the South of Russia and the adjacent territory. Since its inception, in the 1st century AD, Christianity has formed a complex structured organization that gradually spread its influence over the territory of the Roman Empire and a number of other states. In the Western Caucasus, the presence of a church organization has been recorded since the sixth century, however, a large amount of archaeological data indicates that the first Christian communities in Southern Russia arose much earlier. Special attention is paid to the consideration of issues related to the formation and development of the Christian mission on the Black Sea coast of the Western Caucasus in the medieval period. The author examines the stages of Christianization of the autochthonous peoples of the region, paying special attention to the complex aspects of their ethnogenesis and political development, as well as the evolution of geographical representations of this territory in the consciousness of the civilized world represented by the Byzantine Empire. The importance of the problem of localization of the largest religious center – Nikopsia of Zikhi leads to the need for a thorough analysis of the available narrative sources, the conclusions of which are comprehensively included in the results of this study and are additionally illustrated in the table. The main result of this study is the identification of an obvious contradiction in approaches to the localization of Zikhian Nicopsia. Despite the fact that a fairly large number of researchers have addressed this problem, it should be noted that this problem has not yet been definitively resolved. The main premise characterizing the approach of most researchers who have addressed this topic is the idea of the uniqueness of the oikonym "Nikopsia" for the Caucasian Black Sea region. This idea gave rise to numerous versions of the localization of the famous, according to a number of medieval sources, Nicopsia of Zikhi. At the same time, most medieval literary monuments of Caucasian origin are united in the issue of localization of this, one of the oldest, Christian centers of the Western Caucasus. Nikopsia of Zikhi, which changed its name in the early tenth century, later became known as Anakopia.

POVĚST’ VREMENNYH LĚT AS THE LITERARY CORPUS OF KYIVAN RUS’

The oldest chronicle of the Kyivan Rus, preserved under the conventional title The Tale of Bygone Years (Pověst’ vremennyh lět), has almost always been the focus of attention for historians, but much less often for linguists and literary scholars. Therefore, its composition as a literary monument remains not fully researched, and the status of individual episodes is uncertain. In the present article, the author attempts to carry out a comprehensive study of various witnesses to the text of the chronicle, which convey its composition at different stages of formation. Finally, after comparing independent evidence (the Latin translation by Jan Dlugosz, the outline by Jan Binwilski, Novgorod 1st Chronicle, Radziwiłł and Hypatian manuscripts), the author concludes that the chronicle was the result of the gradual integration of independent corpora of texts – historical, documentary, legal, literary, religious, including those with pagan motifs – and thus can be considered a summa textorum of Kievan Rus of the pre-Mongol period. The list of episodes of the chronicle up to the 1070s was studied (up to this moment, common episodes can be traced in the Novgorod and Kyivan chronicles) at various hypothetical stages of its formation. As a result of the comparison of textual layers within the annals, the hypothesis is substantiated that to explain each stage of formation it is necessary to operate with units smaller than the entire chronicle compilation. Independent functioning of compositionally completed episodes should be assumed. So each episode deserves to be explored in terms of its individual textual history and aesthetic features. The article proposes to reassess the literary heritage of Kyivan Rus’ and to talk not about a unique chronicle, but about a substantial library of texts, united into one corpus at a certain stage of the existence of literature of Kyivan Rus. The proposed theory is proposed to be called a dynamic model of compilation of the chronicle text.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛІЗАЦІЯ ОБРАЗУ ВОЛОДИМИРА СВЯТОГО В ПИСЕМНИХ ПАМ’ЯТКАХ КИЇВСЬКОЇ РУСІ (ад’єктивно-субстантивний аспект)

The article is devoted to the study of the features of conceptualizing the image of Volodymyr Svyatoslavych (Volodymyr the Saint) in East Slavic written monuments of the 11th-13th centuries, to the reconstruction of the static socio-ethical portrait of the grand duke in the substantive-adjective aspect. It has been found that the socio-ethical portrait of the Volodymyr the Saint is built with the help of fifteen laudatory epithets (блаженыи, свѧтыи, страньнолюбьць, etc.), which implement the semantics of devotion to the Christian faith, righteousness, divine holiness, benevolence, respect, truthfulness, courage. A special role in creating an individualized image of Volodymyr belongs to the use of words that were almost never used in relation to a person (божьствьныи, прѣмоужьственыи, славьныи, трьблаженыи, чьстьныи). The assessment lexemes are attested in autonomous use and in the composition of the formulaic syntagms «честьныи и славьныи», «благовѣрныи и христолюбивыи», «милостивъ къ нищимъ и къ сиротамъ и къ вдовицамъ». The predominant majority of laudatory epithets used next to the name of the grand duke are hagiographic terms (блаженикъ, блаженыи, христолюбьць, благовѣрьныи, etc.). The semantics and the frequency of use of lexemes страньнолюбьць, прѣмоужьственыи, равьнохристолюбьць, равьнохристосолюбьць, блаженыи, трьблаженыи have been clarified. The lexemes блаженыи, трьблаженыи, страньнолюбьць have more specific meanings than it is indicated in the dictionaries; in the use of the epithet прѣмоужьственыи about Volodymyr, there is an influence of ancient Bulgarian Christian literature; the composite равьнохристолюбьць arose as a result of Hilarion’s word-making; the use of the epithet правьдивъ contains an allusion to a quote from Paremiynyk. Peculiarities of the use of the words блаженыи and трьблаженыи in the portrait of Volodymyr reveals the position of Iakov Mnih in the matter of canonization of the prince. The mention of Volodymyr in «Life of Alexander Nevsky» contains an allusion to the history of Saints Theodore and John and the history of the Apostle Paul. Chronology of the use of a hagiographic term свѧтыи next to the name of Volodymyr testifies in favor of scientific assumptions that he was recognized as a saint in the period between the second half of the 11th century and the middle of the 13th century. Semantics and specifics of the use of assessment adjectives and substantives in «The Tale of Bygone Years», «Memory and Praise to Prince Volodymer» by Iakov Mnih, «Sermon on Law and Grace» by the Kievan Metropolitan Hilarion, texts about Boris and Glib and other literary monuments 11th-13th century testify to the fact that in the aspect of the adjectival-substantive expression of the moral assessment of the Volodymyr his church praise is dominated. The absence of an idealized socio-ethical portrait of Volodymyr modeled with the help of laudatory epithets in «The Tale of Bygone Years» is caused by the dualistic nature of his personality as a pagan prince and a Christian prince. The use of laudatory epithets-designations, the simile of the Volodymyr to holy martyrs, biblical prophets, holy Caesars (above all to Constantine the Great), served as a factor in the conceptualization of his image in Eastern Slavic religious texts of the 11th-13th centuries and created the ground for for the liturgical honoring of the prince. The double name Volodymyr-Vasily semantically symbolized the combination of royal and church power, marked such key connections of Prince Volodymyr with his spiritual patron — Basil the Great, as actions in the field of Christianity, receiving the heavenly protection of Basil the Great, honoring the memory of Basil the Great in Korsun’ and Kyiv.

On Transliterating the Book of Odes

The Chinese Book of Odes (詩經), a poetry anthology that is possibly the earliest literary monument in any still-living language, used phonetic effects such as rhyme, metre, and alliteration to achieve its poetic artistry. However, these effects have been largely obliterated by changes in the sounds of Chinese over almost three millennia, and the non-alphabetic nature of Chinese script has concealed the fact that the effects once existed. The author discusses some of the issues that arise in compiling an edition of the Odes that uses transliteration of the original pronunciation, as reconstructed by recent historical linguistics, to restore their “speech music”, as well as issues in producing new English versions of the poetry which come as close as possible to show present-day readers what the poems were for their first readers.

«PANCHATANTRA», «KALILA AND DIMNA» AND THE KAZAKH EXAMPLE: PLOT AND TRANSFORMATION

The current work considers the issues of defining the storyline of the example of the most prominent representative of Kazakh poetry Maylikozha Sultankozhauly «Anqau men Qu» and the plot of «Panchatantra» and «Kalila and Dimna». The ancient Indian literary monument – «Panchatantra» is first reflected, from which the literary relic of the Arab world is transferred to «Kalila and Dimna», the analysis of the plot development, which spread to Asian countries, including the work of the Masters of the word of Central Asia, is carried out. The author emphasizes the fact that Mailikozha, who sang several examples and sagas based on Eastern legends and added them to the treasury of our literature, showed the skill of creating a new work on the basis of an ancient plot. It is important to consider the artistic techniques the poet used in the process of singing in the form of an example using the final plot. The features of the transformation of fable adapted to the Kazakh land are scientifically analyzed. In the process of analyzing «Anqau men Qu» attention was paid to the demonstration of the poetic transformation of the plot, which continued from ancient times. The artistic level of the work, character conflicts, and the system of images were also analyzed. The current work consiers the example of Maylikozha, which is rooted in «Panchatantra» and «Kalila and Dimna», was considered in detail as a reflection of the deep historical ties of Kazakh literature.