Measurement Of Liquid Temperature Research Articles

LIQUID TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING ARDUINO

Temperature measurement in liquid environments is crucial for a wide range of applications spanning industries like pharmaceuticals, food processing, and chemical engineering. This project aims to design and implement a reliable and cost-effective system for liquid temperature measurement utilizing Arduino microcontroller, a 16x2 LCD display with I2C interface, a DS18B20 temperature sensor, and a 12-0-12 transformer with a 5V rectifier circuit. The project starts with an exploration of the underlying principles behind temperature sensing and display technologies. The DS18B20 temperature sensor, known for its high accuracy and digital output, is chosen for its suitability in liquid environments. The 16x2 LCD display with I2C interface is selected for its simplicity and ease of integration with Arduino, offering a clear and readable output for temperature readings. In conclusion, this project presents a comprehensive solution for liquid temperature measurement, leveraging the capabilities of Arduino, DS18B20 sensor, and 16x2 LCD display. The system's versatility and affordability make it suitable for deployment in a wide range of industrial and research settings, facilitating efficient temperature monitoring and control in liquid environments.

DETERMINATION OF THE METROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PIPE PROVERS BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF UNCERTAINTY

In this paper noted that oil metering units are used to determine the amount of crude oil. The metering units of crude oil that implement the method of dynamic measurements, the amount of oil is determined by the readings of oil meters (turbine or mass flow meters). Such flow rate transducers (flow meters) are subject to verification during operation. The main reference means used for the calibration of flow transducers are pipe provers (TPP). Calibration of such reference units can be performed using reference meters (compact-prover), reference balance and using a reference pipe prover with a comparator. The methods of calibration pipe provers with the use of reference meters (standard volume measure), as well as a reference compact-prover with a comparator have been developed. These methods of calibration approbation during the calibration of reference pipe prover installations operated at the facilities of JSC "Ukrtransnafta". The method is considered, and also the structural scheme of calibration of TPP by means of the reference compact prover with the comparator is resulted. A mathematical model is developed taking into account the influential factors and algorithms for their evaluation, as well as the metrological characteristics of TPP are determined - the uncertainty budget is formed and the uncertainty of measuring the capacity of the pipe prover calibration unit is estimated. According to the results of calibration of TPP BHP -1100 company "VEGYEPSZER", Hungary, operated in the Branch "PDMN" JSC "Ukrtransnafta" (Kremenchuk) using the reference Compact Prover company Brooks Insntrument Division Emerson Electric Co., USA comparator - turbine flow meter Smith Meter series MVTM, USA, the relative extended uncertainty of TPP capacity measurement was 0,03%. The main contributions to the extended measurement uncertainty during TPP calibration were the standard uncertainties due to the influence of liquid volume expansion (liquid temperature measurement) in TPP and compact-prover, the standard uncertainty of the reference compact-prover and the experimental standard uncertainty of pipe prover capacitance measurement result's mean value.

Low-cost high-performance temperature sensor based on unsymmetrical U-shaped microfiber

A novel temperature sensor based on microfiber (MF) interferometer with low-cost, long-term reliability and high repeatability was developed. The experimental results indicate that the unsymmetrical U-shaped MF has particularly advantages of a thinner waist diameter and better sensing stability compared with symmetrical U-shaped MF in terms of structure and spectrum. The air temperature sensitivity of 10 pm/°C was observed by the sensor with a diameter of 4.26 μm. In order to study the relationship between the structure parameters of transition region and the performance of temperature sensor, we fabricated another MF with a larger taper angle of transition region. The new sensor fabricated with this MF obtained a higher temperature sensitivity of 16.7 pm/°C. Considering the impact force from the temperature measurement environment (such as air and liquid environment), the MF interferometer was packaged in a special glass tube to enhance its impact resistance. After that this proposed sensing structure was applied to the measurement of liquid temperature. Results show that its temperature sensitivity is about 349.5 pm/°C when the liquid temperature changes from 18 °C to 30 °C. The sensor designed in this paper has the advantages of good resistance to liquid impact and high sensitivity. It is of great significance to the application of optical fiber sensor in the detection of liquid and atmospheric environment.

Feasibility of X-ray scattering for tracer-free liquid-phase thermometry for multiphase flows

The feasibility of liquid temperature measurements using X-ray scattering is investigated for liquids with varying properties (water, ethanol, and n-dodecane) on beamline 7-BM at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. The temperature is inferred through the change in the scattering pattern from the liquid as a function of temperature using partial least squares regression. An accuracy of ∼98% or higher was achieved enabling measurements for a wide range of applications.

HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS ON PLATINUM-BASED THIN-FILM TEMPERATURE SENSOR ELEMENT FOR LIQUID TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT APPLICATIONS

HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS ON PLATINUM-BASED THIN-FILM TEMPERATURE SENSOR ELEMENT FOR LIQUID TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT APPLICATIONS

Remote Simultaneous Measurement of Liquid Temperature and Refractive Index Using Fiber-Optic Spontaneous Raman Scattering

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a method for simultaneously measuring liquid temperature and refractive index by using spontaneous Raman scattered light in a multi-mode fiber under test, in which intensity ratio of the Raman anti-stokes, and stokes backscattered light from a fiber coil was used for liquid temperature measurement. Meanwhile, Fresnel reflection of the Raman stokes forward-scattered light from a fiber end was utilized for measuring liquid refractive index. Based upon a simply-designed sensing head consisting of the fiber coil and the fiber end, and using a 0.34-mW laser with 5-kHz frequency and 5-nm pulse width, proof-of-concept experiments show this method can achieve a temperature measurement accuracy of ±0.65 °C and a refractive index measurement accuracy up to 0.00015 RIU with a sensing distance as long as several kilometers. This type of sensor may have applications involving remote temperature and refractive index sensing such as warning of fires and explosions, remote monitoring of dangerous chemicals and so on.

A Planar One-Port Microwave Microfluidic Sensor for Microliter Liquids Characterization

This paper describes the design, fabrication, and assessment of an on-wafer measurement platform for noninvasive quantitative characterization of small volumes of liquids over the frequency range from 500 kHz to 1 GHz. The platform, integrated with a micrometer scale SU-8 microfluidic channel, allows accurate placement of very small liquid volumes at a well-defined location. For the first time, a miniaturized one-port interdigital capacitor (IDC) sensor is used for dielectric spectroscopy measurements at RF/lower microwave frequency range. Three-dimensional simulation on the IDC sensor with the finite element method (FEM) verifies the complex permittivity extraction model. A validation of this platform is performed using water-isopropanol mixtures, and then, it is utilized for liquid temperature measurement and baker's yeast cell concentration detection. An observation over 5 min is also carried out on a cell suspension, which has shown the capability of this platform in monitoring dynamic process in chemical or biological fields.

Liquid temperature measurement method in microchannels by using fluorescence polarization

A novel optical method that can measure fluid temperature at the microscopic scale by measuring fluorescence polarization is described in this paper. The measurement is much less influenced by fluorescence quenching effects, which is a significant issue in conventional laser-induced fluorescence methods. Therefore, the effects of the other properties of the fluid can be reduced considerably in the proposed method, thus has the potential of leading to greater reliability in measuring the temperature. An experiment was performed in a microchannel flow by using fluorescent molecule probes. The relationship between the fluid temperature and the measured fluorescence polarization degree is evaluated to derive the correlation curve. In addition, the effects of the fluid viscosity and fluid pH on the fluorescence polarization degree are discussed to evaluate the influence of the quenching effects. The results showed that the fluorescence polarization is considerably less sensitive to the quenching factors as compared with the fluorescence intensity measurements. Furthermore, a strong linear correlation between the polarization degree and the fluid temperature was obtained. This relationship agreed well with the theoretical one qualitatively and confirmed the validity of the measurements and feasibility of the proposed method.

Liquid Temperature Measurements Using Two Different Tunable Hollow Prisms.

This paper describes the design, fabrication, and testing of two hollow prisms. One is a prism with a grating glued to its hypotenuse. This ensemble, prism + grating, is called a grism. It can be applied as an on-axis tunable spectrometer. The other hollow prism is a constant deviation one called a Pellin-Broca. It can be used as a tunable dispersive element in a spectrometer with no moving parts. The application of prisms as temperature sensors is shown.

On the Measurement of Liquid Temperature Utilizing Acoustic Resonance

On the Measurement of Liquid Temperature Utilizing Acoustic Resonance

High Sensitive Modal Interferometer for Temperature and Refractive Index Measurement

A novel sensitivity-enhanced optical fiber sensor has been presented and demonstrated to measure liquid temperature and refractive index (RI) based on the reflective single-mode–multimode–single-mode fiber structure. The sensing part is packaged in a segment of capillary tube by hot glue. Due to the high coefficient of thermal expansion of hot glue, the increasing temperature bends the fiber in the tube. The measurement is achieved via monitoring the spectral shift of the modal interference between the core and the cladding modes in the ended single-mode fiber, which is well carved to provide a mirror interface. The Fresnel reflection occurred in the interface is utilized to measure liquid RI and temperature. The highest sensitivity of −92.6 pm/°C and −67.9 dB/RIU are achieved, respectively. This structure has many advantages, such as high sensitivity, expectation for simultaneous measurement of liquid temperature and RI, convenient operation, and low cost of fabrication.

Experimental study of flash boiling spray vaporization through quantitative vapor concentration and liquid temperature measurements

Flash boiling sprays of liquid injection under superheated conditions provide the novel solutions of fast vaporization and better air–fuel mixture formation for internal combustion engines. However, the physical mechanisms of flash boiling spray vaporization are more complicated than the droplet surface vaporization due to the unique bubble generation and boiling process inside a superheated bulk liquid, which are not well understood. In this study, the vaporization of flash boiling sprays was investigated experimentally through the quantitative measurements of vapor concentration and liquid temperature. Specifically, the laser-induced exciplex fluorescence technique was applied to distinguish the liquid and vapor distributions. Quantitative vapor concentration was obtained by correlating the intensity of vapor-phase fluorescence with vapor concentration through systematic corrections and calibrations. The intensities of two wavelengths were captured simultaneously from the liquid-phase fluorescence spectra, and their intensity ratios were correlated with liquid temperature. The results show that both liquid and vapor phase of multi-hole sprays collapse toward the centerline of the spray with different mass distributions under the flash boiling conditions. Large amount of vapor aggregates along the centerline of the spray to form a “gas jet” structure, whereas the liquid distributes more uniformly with large vortexes formed in the vicinity of the spray tip. The vaporization process under the flash boiling condition is greatly enhanced due to the intense bubble generation and burst. The liquid temperature measurements show strong temperature variations inside the flash boiling sprays with hot zones present in the “gas jet” structure and vortex region. In addition, high vapor concentration and closed vortex motion seem to have inhibited the heat and mass transfer in these regions. In summary, the vapor concentration and liquid temperature provide detailed information concerning the heat and mass transfer inside flash boiling sprays, which is important for the understanding of its unique vaporization process.

An Empirical Methodology for Evaluating the Fluid to Particle Heat Transfer Coefficient in Bi-axially Rotating Cans Using Liquid Temperature Data

An empirical methodology was developed for evaluating the fluid to particle heat transfer coefficient (hfp) and overall heat transfer coefficient (U) in bi-axially rotating cans. Conventional particle temperature measurement during thermal processing is generally difficult in cans undergoing agitation processing and is even more difficult in cans going through bi-axial free rotation as in continuous flow turbo cookers. Thin wire flexible thermocouples have helped in gathering temperature data of both particle and liquid in end-over-end batch processes. Wireless temperature loggers have been developed for liquid temperature measurements in continuous flow systems which can be used to estimate U. Evaluation of hfp is still difficult in these systems due to difficulty in gathering particle temperatures. The proposed method involves developing correlations between hfp and U using real time-temperature data gathered from test cans in fixed axial mode and then coupling them with experimentally evaluated U from fluid temperature gathered with wireless sensors to compute hfp for bi-axially rotating cans. The methodology is based on the assumption that within a can, factors that influence U will also influence hfp, and therefore hfp and U are generally interrelated. A three factor, five level central composite rotatatable design and a response surface methodology was used to develop the correlation models for the U and hfp in fixed axial mode with retort temperature (111.6–128.4 °C), glycerin concentration (80–100%), and rotational speed (4–24 rpm) as the main factors. The developed model was used to evaluate the U and hfp in the free bi-axial mode, using a full factorial design (3 × 3 factorial). The method was successfully implemented and an analysis of variance study, as expected, indicated all three major factors to influence the U and hfp values. Glycerin concentration and rotation speed were highly significant (<0.001), while temperature was marginally significant (p < 0.05) with respect to U while all factors were significant with hfp.

Designing Low-Cost Modified Cladding Sensors: A Structured Approach

In this paper, a novel solution for signal conditioning, fiber illumination, and measurement is proposed for an optical fiber sensor based on a modified cladding sensing element. The presented technique has properties of compactness and low cost, due to the use of very common optoelectronic components, and flexibility, since it could be employed for different kinds of optical fiber sensors. In particular, a prototype has been realized and characterized for the measurement of liquid temperature.

Magneto-acoustic sensors for measurement of liquid temperature, viscosity and density

We report on a novel acoustic method for measurement of liquid temperature, viscosity and density using magneto-acoustic sensors. The sensors are comprised of free-standing magnetoelastic thick films that oscillate in response to an externally applied time-varying magnetic field; depending upon the physical geometry and surface roughness of the film these mechanical deformations launch an acoustic wave that can be detected remotely from the test area. These oscillations are strongest at the characteristic resonant frequency of the sensor, which shifts linearly in response to temperature and, when immersed in a liquid, the damping forces associated with liquid viscosity and density.

Laser-based measurement of liquid temperature or concentration at a solid–liquid interface

Abstract This work presents a real-time, non-contact, laser-based thermoreflectance technique to measure changes in temperature or concentration of stationary or flowing liquids at a transparent solid–liquid interface, e.g., a glass window. Variations in temperature or concentration result in a change in refractive indices of the liquid, which, in turn, alter the reflectivity at the interface. A 3 mW semiconductor laser diode serves as the light source, and a silicon photodiode monitors the intensity variations of the reflected laser beam. The temperature of three liquids, water, ethanol, and 1-propanol, are measured with very good agreement found between the laser technique and a calibrated thermistor. The concentration of a methanol–propanol solution is successfully measured as well. The maximum uncertainty is 0.6°C for the temperature measurement and 0.2% for the concentration measurement, respectively. The presented experimental configuration is simple, inexpensive and reliable. Additionally very high spatial and temporal resolution are possible: the beam spot size can be readily reduced to ∼20 μm or less, and a temporal resolution of ∼1 μs or less can be achieved with a high-speed data acquisition system. Thus, temperature or concentration changes in a flowing liquid in small-scale devices such as microelectro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) and microfluidic structures, and the systems with fast temporal variation, e.g., rapid solidification and fast mixing, can be effectively measured.