Lipid-enriched Diets Research Articles

Combining shading and lipid-enriched diets as an adaption tool to reduce coral bleaching

Mass coral bleaching driven by climate change impacts coral reefs globally. As net zero emissions and a return to pre-industrial global temperatures are unlikely to occur in the near future, there is an urgent need to engineer intervention methods that can mitigate the risk of coral bleaching at different scales. Coral dietary enrichment and shade-based irradiance reduction have each been shown to reduce coral bleaching. Here, we tested the hypothesis that combining these two intervention methods could further reduce the risk and impact of bleaching using an outdoor experiment with fragments of the coral Hydnophora exesa. The experiment was set up over three orthogonal factors: shade (2 levels – 4 h of 30% shade and no shade), temperature (2 levels – 32.6 °C and 26.4 °C) and food type (2 levels – fatty-acid enriched and non-enriched Artemia). The provision of 30% shade for 4 h did not significantly affect any of the measured bleaching response variables, likely due to the low natural irradiance for all treatments throughout the experiment. Significant bleaching of H. exesa fragments occurred in the high-temperature treatments after 18 days of thermal stress. Feeding the corals Artemia enriched with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids had a minor impact on the proportion of fatty acids in the corals and resulted in a decline in chlorophyll a content and symbiont density. Overall, these results suggest that coral PUFA enrichment may have limited potential as a mitigation tool to minimise the risk of mass coral bleaching as numerous factors such as species and lipidome composition must be considered. In addition, we recommend that irradiance values higher than the natural light levels recorded during our experiment are required to effectively test the ability of shading technologies designed to reduce mass bleaching of coral reefs.

Ethylacetate Flavonoid Bio-compounds of Honey with Mitigating Anti-hyperlipidemic and Antioxidant Properties in Carbohydrate and Lipid Enriched Diets – Obese Rats

Honey is a rich material source of medicinal nutrients. This study investigated the hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of honey, 50% fresh lime juice, and 50% honey (MIX) and ethylacetate flavonoid-rich fraction of honey (EAFH) in carbohydrate and lipid-enriched diets-obese rats.
 At phase 1, 54 male neonate Wistar albino rats were, divided into 3 groups of 18 rats. Groups 2 and 3 were fed a carbohydrate-enriched diet (CHD) and lipid-enriched diet (LP) for 14 days, and rats with Lee index ≥ 0.3 were considered obese. Rats (phase-2) were regrouped into 7 groups of 6 rats, and treated with honey, MIX, and EAFH. Flavonoids bio-compounds in EAFH characterized by HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography) include; gallic acid, epigallocatechin, napthoresorcinol, and quercetin. Lee's index after obesity induction was ≥ 0.3. Adiposity index, diet intake, and body and organ weight of obese rats were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced after honey, MIX, and EAFH treatments compared to control. Significant (p < 0.05) decreased concentrations of glucose, leptin, insulin, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TAG), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG) coenzyme A (CoA) reductase activity (HMGCOARA), atherogenic risk index (ARI) and coronary risk index (CRI) and increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) after treatment with honey, MIX and EAFH was observed compared control and AOI. Antioxidant parameters of obese rats were significantly (p < 0.05) improved compared to control and AOI rats. Honey could serve as a model pharmacotherapy for treating dyslipidemia and oxidative stress linked to obesity.

Tumor immune microenvironment modulation by cholesterol in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered one of the most aggressive tumors worldwide. The consumption of lipid-enriched diets, mainly high cholesterol, induces oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, leading to HCC progression. Moreover, fatty acids and cholesterol could display differential responses on immune cells inside the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent one of the most critical leukocytes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) displaying pro-tumoral responses and one of the mainly cholesterol donors to cancer cells. Immunotherapy or cholesterol regulators, alone or combined, would represent an effective strategy for HCC treatment. Nonetheless, steatotic etiology from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-HCC tumors has been unexpectedly resulting in highly aggressive behavior.

The Consumption of Cholesterol-Enriched Diets Conditions the Development of a Subtype of HCC with High Aggressiveness and Poor Prognosis.

Simple SummaryIt is well known that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is an important risk factor in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, but the implication of cholesterol in this subject remains unclear, especially in western countries where its consumption is particularly elevated. This work provides evidence of a cholesterol-related transcriptional fingerprint and its implications in the progression and aggressiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma with remarkable interest in clinical practice.Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) result as a consequence of diverse conditions, mainly unbalanced diets. Particularly, high-fat and cholesterol content, as well as carbohydrates, such as those commonly ingested in Western countries, frequently drive adverse metabolic alterations in the liver and promote NAFLD development. Lipid liver overload is also one of the main risk factors for initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but detailed knowledge on the relevance of high nutritional cholesterol remains elusive. We were aimed to characterize HCC development in mice fed with a Western diet (high in lipids and cholesterol) and to identify molecular alterations that define a subtype of liver cancer induced by lipid overload. Mice under western or high cholesterol diets more frequently developed tumors with a more aggressive phenotype than animals fed with a chow diet. Associated changes involved macrophage infiltration, angiogenesis, and stemness features. RNA-seq revealed a specific gene expression signature (Slc41a; Fabp5; Igdcc4 and Mthfd1l) resembling the adverse phenotypic features and poor clinical outcomes seen in patients with HCC. In conclusion; consumption of lipid enriched diets; particularly cholesterol; could accelerate HCC development with an aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis

Influence of lipid‐enriched diets on the reproductive performance of marine ornamental ‘hinge‐beak’ shrimp Rhynchocinetes durbanensis (Caridea: Rhynchocinetidae)

The present study was designed to investigate the efficiency of lipid-enriched brood stock diets on the reproductive performance, such as fecundity, egg volume, fatty acid profile of newly extruded (stage 1) embryos and the starvation threshold of the newly hatched larvae of the marine ornamental ‘hinge-beak’ shrimp Rhynchocinetes durbanensis Gordon. Three dietary treatments (50, 100 and 150 g/kg lipids) were formulated to understand their influence on the reproduction of R. durbanensis under captive condition and compared with the wild-caught shrimps carrying embryos in the abdomen. The reproductive parameters varied significantly between the treatments (captive and wild). Further, the fatty acid profile revealed that essential fatty acid levels of newly extruded embryos in the wild collected shrimps were almost like that of embryos produced in 100 and 150 g/kg of lipid-enriched diets. The results of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) suggest that the fatty acid profile of embryos has confirmed the separation of four centroids indicating comprehensive differences among the embryos of captive-reared and wild-caught shrimps. Hence, it is recommended that the commercial diets formulated with essential nutrients would play a major role in enhancing the reproductive performance of marine ornamental shrimps.

Lipid-enriched diets reduce the impacts of thermal stress in corals

Lipid-enriched diets reduce the impacts of thermal stress in corals

A Fine Balance of Dietary Lipids Improves Pathology of a Murine Model of VCP-Associated Multisystem Proteinopathy.

The discovery of effective therapies and of disease mechanisms underlying valosin containing protein (VCP)-associated myopathies and neurodegenerative disorders remains elusive. VCP disease, caused by mutations in the VCP gene, are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders with manifestations varying from hereditary inclusion body myopathy, Paget’s disease of bone, frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In the present study, we examined the effects of higher dietary lipid percentages on VCPR155H/R155H, VCPR155H/+ and Wild Type (WT) mice from birth until 15 months of age by immunohistochemical and biochemical assays. Findings illustrated improvement in the muscle strength, histology, and autophagy signaling pathway in the heterozygote mice when fed 9% lipid-enriched diets (LED). However, increasing the LED by 12%, 30%, and 48% showed no improvement in homozygote and heterozygote survival, muscle pathology, lipid accumulation or the autophagy cascade. These findings suggest that a balanced lipid supplementation may have a therapeutic strategy for patients with VCP-associated multisystem proteinopathies.

Maternal nutrition affects offspring performance via maternal care in a subsocial spider

Provisioning of nutrients to the young during parental care is one of the mechanisms by which parents can affect growth and survival of their young and thus their reproductive success. We examined the hypothesis that food quality, i.e., ratio of macronutrients, provided to the young via maternal care affects their performance and the female’s reproductive success. The subsocial spider Stegodyphus lineatus exhibits intensive maternal care behaviors, including feeding the young and matriphagy (consumption of the mother). Our results showed that a protein-enriched diet resulted in larger females at maturation and higher survival of young, relative to intermediate or lipid-enriched diets. However, fecundity was not affected by female diet. We suggest that most of the nutrients are provided to the young during maternal care rather than deposited in the eggs, allowing females to economize on limited nutritional reserves. Females before maternal care showed a low protein and high lipid content relative to females before maturation and oviposition, suggesting a change in the nutritional requirement of females before maternal care. This change in macronutrient composition may be adaptive for the success of the young in the wild and shows a novel approach to animals’ ability to increase their reproductive success. Field-collected females showed a similar macronutrient composition as that of protein-enriched females in the lab, suggesting a high reproductive success of females in the wild. To our knowledge, this is the first time the importance of different macronutrients to females’ reproductive success is examined during reproduction.

84 DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS OF CHOLESTEROL-ENRICHED HYPERLIPIDIC DIETS IN RABBITS

The long-term effects of low birth weight on the onset of adult metabolic diseases have been described in several species. Low birth weight is usually due to maternal food restriction or placental insufficiency during pregnancy. In contrast, the effects of maternal high planes of nutrition or dietary unbalance have been less studied. In previous work, we have shown that the administration of a hypercholesterolemic (0.2%) hyperlipidic (8%) diet to rabbit does throughout puberty and subsequent pregnancy significantly affected fetal and postnatal development of their offspring. The aim of this study was to determine the relative role of cholesterol and of the n3/n6 fatty acid ratio on fetal development using the same model. Twenty-five does were fed from 10 weeks of age with 1 of 5 diets: S or SC (soy oil, 9% lipids, n3/n6 = 0.15 without or with 0.1% cholesterol), R or RC (rapeseed, 8% lipids, n3/n6 = 0.38 without or with 0.1% cholesterol), or Co (2% lipids, no cholesterol). Does were bred at 18 weeks of age. The growth of 4 fetuses per dam was monitored by weekly ultrasound scanning (Chavatte-Palmer P et al. 2008 Theriogenology). All pups were weighed at birth. Additionally, fetuses and placentas from a further 2 to 4 does per treatment group were collected at 15 days of pregnancy. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using group, number of fetuses, and dam as variables. Because different measurements were taken at different stages, the analysis of repeated measures could not be performed. Although maternal lipid intake was significantly increased in all treated groups, does adjusted their intake so that caloric intake and doe body weight were not statistically different between groups. Mean litter size was not different between groups. Group and, to a lesser extent, dam, but not litter size, significantly affected fetal development. Conceptus length was reduced on Day 9 of pregnancy in SC (–14%) and RC (–5%) compared with Co (P < 0.05). Fetal length was reduced on Day 15 in groups RC and S (both –9%, P < 0.05) but not in SC. Fetal abdominal perimeter measurements were smaller in SC, RC, and R at Day 22 and in SC at Day 28 (P < 0.05). Birth weight was decreased in all groups (–10, –18, –21, and –7% in SC, S, RC, and R, respectively compared with Co). Postmortem analyses did not show significant differences in fetal weight at Day 15, but placentas were significantly heavier in S compared with all other groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, long-term cholesterol- and lipid-enriched diets induced intrauterine growth retardation in does with variable effects according to the n3/n6 fatty acid ratio and cholesterol dietary content, with more significant effects observed in the cholesterol-enriched diets. These effects are observed very shortly after implantation, indicating that oocyte and/or embryonic development may be affected. Further work is in progress to evaluate these early effects, using micro-array analysis of gene expression in the embryos.

Diet and Murine Atherosclerosis

Lipid-enriched diets are often used to induce or accelerate the rate of atherosclerotic lesion development in murine models of atherosclerosis. It appears that the induction of persistent hypercholesterolemia to levels > or approximately to 300 mg/dL is required for the development of experimental atherosclerosis in the mouse. A variety of different diets have been used that vary in the level of cholesterol, the level and type of fatty acid, and the absence or presence of cholate. Each of these components as well as the protein source has been shown to influence lipoprotein level and/or atherosclerosis, with dietary cholesterol being the major proatherogenic component. In some instances the effects of these components on the expression of hepatic genes relevant to lipid homeostasis has been observed. An appreciation of the effect of the differences in diet composition on these processes is important to compare results from different atherosclerosis studies, so the composition of the diets used should always be reported or referenced. Cholate should not be used unless its effects are being specifically investigated.

Response of ApoA-IV in pigs to long-term increased dietary oil intake and to the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids

ApoA-IV is a protein constituent of HDL particles; the gene coding for it is a member of the ApoA-I-ApoC-III-ApoA-IV cluster. To investigate the effects of the quantity and the degree of saturation of dietary lipid on the long-term response of this Apo, and on the hypothetical coordinated regulation of the cluster in vivo, pigs were fed isoenergetic, cholesterol-free, low-lipid or lipid-enriched diets (containing either extra olive oil (rich in MUFA) or sunflower oil (rich in n-6 PUFA)) for 42 d. In animals fed on the control diet, ApoA-IV was mainly associated with plasma lipoproteins. An increase in plasma ApoA-IV concentration, mainly in the lipoprotein-free fraction, was induced by the lipid-enriched diets, independent of the degree of saturation of the fatty acids involved. The latter diets also led to increases in hepatic ApoA-I, ApoA-IV and ApoC-III mRNA levels, more so with the sunflower oil-rich diet. The present results show that porcine plasma ApoA-IV levels and their association with lipoproteins are very sensitive to increases in dietary lipids, independent of the degree of fatty acid saturation. Furthermore, hepatic expression of RNA appears to be coordinated along with that of the other members of the gene cluster.

Acceptability, Growth Performance and Cost Analysis of Diets Enriched with Lipids from Varied Plants and Animal Sources Fed to Fingerlings of <i>Clarias gariepinus </i>(Teleostei, Clariidae) Burchell, 1822

The acceptability of diet, growth performance and cost benefit analysis of C. gariepinus fed varied diets enriched with dietary lipids from plant and animal sources was investigated. The acceptability of diets enriched with lipids was investigated using the “time to strike and acceptability index.” The growth potentials and survival of C. gariepinus fed varied dietary lipid, were investigated using “weight gain, specific growth rate and normalized biomass index.” The combined effects of diets fortified with either animal or plant lipids on diet acceptability, growth and survival of C. gariepinus, were studied. Furthermore, the cost benefit of feeding C. gariepinus fingerlings with diet enriched with varied lipid types was established. Results indicated that enrichment of C. gariepinus fingerlings diets with lipids enhances the acceptability of the diet, the best acceptable diet being olive oil enriched diet. The acceptability of diets enriched with olive oil, cow fat and pig fat were statistically not significantly different. Although, olive oil diets were easily accepted, with regards to weight gain, growth induction and survival the pig fat enriched diets performed best when compared with other lipid fortified diets. All lipid enriched diets had significantly different weight gain (p < 0.05), specific growth rate (p < 0.05) and survival rate (p < 0.05) than the control diet. Although lipid enhanced diets were better than those without lipid in C. gariepinus, animal lipid enriched diets had better acceptability index, weight gain, specific growth rate and survival than plant lipid fortified diets. The cost benefit analysis revealed that both pig and goat fats had better comparative and effective cost per unit weight gain. Key words: Diet, fingerlings, Clarius gariepinus Bio-Research Vol.1(2) 2003: 87-99

Oxidative status and semen characteristics of rabbit buck as affected by dietary vitamin E, C and n-3 fatty acids.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of long chain fatty acids (C > or = 20 LCP) of the n-3 series, vitamin E and vitamin C on the antioxidant capacity of rabbit buck and on semen characteristics. Fifty male rabbits at 30 days were randomly assigned to five different diets: Control (50 mg x kg(-1) diet alpha-tocopheryl acetate), Vitamin E (200 mg x kg(-1) diet alpha-tocopheryl acetate), n-3 (2% ROPUFA oil + 50 mg x kg(-1) diet alpha-tocopheryl acetate), n-3 + E (2% ROPUFA oil + 200 mg x kg(-1) diet alpha-tocopheryl acetate) and n-3 + E C (2% ROPUFA oil + 200 mg x kg(-1) diet alpha-tocopheryl acetate + 0.5 g x L(-1) vitamin C in the drinking water). The levels of vitamins E and C and reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) in the blood plasma were evaluated at different ages. The antioxidant capacity and ROMs of seminal plasma, the fatty acid profile of sperm phospholipids, the semen traits and the oxidative processes during storage (24 h at + 4 degrees C) were carried out weekly for 5 wk starting from the 5th month of age. Vitamin E addition showed enough antioxidant protection only when associated with no lipid enriched diets. The n-3 supplementation modified the fatty acid profile of the spermatozoa membrane and simultaneously enhanced oxidative processes. Only the association with supranutritional levels of vitamins E and C inhibited the oxidative processes and improved the characteristics of fresh and stored rabbit semen.

Genetic differences in cholesterol absorption in 129/Sv and C57BL/6 mice: effect on cholesterol responsiveness.

This study compared the cholesterolemic response of two strains of mice with genetically determined differences in cholesterol absorption. When fed a basal low-cholesterol diet, 129/Sv mice absorbed cholesterol twice as efficiently as did C57BL/6 mice (44% vs. 20%). Total lipid absorption, in contrast, averaged 80-82% in both strains. The higher level of cholesterol absorption in the 129/Sv animals was reflected in an adaptive reduction in hepatic and intestinal sterol synthesis. When fed lipid-enriched diets, the 129/Sv mice became significantly more hypercholesterolemic and had twofold higher hepatic cholesterol concentrations than did the C57BL/6 animals even though the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids was stimulated equally in both strains. The difference in cholesterol absorption between these mouse strains was not the result of physicochemical factors relating to the size and composition of the intestinal bile acid pool but more likely reflects an inherited difference in one or more of the biochemical steps that facilitate the translocation of sterol across the epithelial cell.

The impact of seasonal alteration in the lipid composition of broodstock diets on egg quality in the European sea bass

Groups of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L., broodstock were fed two pelleted, lipid-enriched diets [maize oil, low essential fatty acid (EFA) or fish oil, high EFA]. Those fed the high EFA diet for 12 months or only during vitellogenesis (September to February) with the low EFA diet fed for the remaining 6 months, showed improved egg quality and higher hatching rates when compared to two groups fed the high EFA diet during either previtel-logenesis (February to September) or the spawning period (February to April). The higher quality eggs contained higher levels of total n-3 fatty acids, including increased levels of both docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapaentaenoic acid (EPA). High levels of triacylglycerol (TAG) were linked with the poorer quality eggs from those groups fed the low EFA diet during the period of vitellogenesis. The present work identifies vitellogenesis as the period in the maturation during which EFA are incorporated most effectively into the developing oocytes.

Inhibition of lymphocyte capping by fatty acids in mouse and man.

Lipid-enriched diets have been related to a high cancer incidence in experimental animals for many years, and more recently, to assorted defects on the immune response. We investigated the effect of incubating human or murine (C3H/HEJ) lymphocytes with saturated (16:0) and unsaturated (18:1, 18:2, 18:3, 20:4) fatty acids (12 micrograms for each 10(7) cells), on the ability to cap with antihuman or antimouse anti-IgM, mu-chain specific antibody. Capping was also tested in obese (ob/ob, C57BL/6J) mice. Capping at 30 and 60 min was reduced by fatty acid incubation to 10-30% of control values in humans (p less than .001), and to 30% of control values in mice (p less than .01), regardless of degree of unsaturation. ob/ob capped normally. A lymphocyte membrane effect caused by fatty acids is observed in these experiments. Whether this is related to the dysimmunity caused by lipid diets cannot be assessed from our data, especially since all fatty acids, regardless of unsaturation, reduced the capping phenomenon.

Potentiating of lipid-lowering activity of clofibrate by combining with low doses of 3-pyridylcarbinol in rats

The lipid-lowering activities of clofibrate, 3-pyridylcarbinol and various combinations of both agents were studied in rats fed with basal or lipid-enriched diets and in animals with 6-propylthiouracil-induced hypercholesterolemia. The combinations of both drugs appear to be more effective in decreasing the serum cholesterol and triglycerides than the single components. The hypolipidemic activity of clofibrate can be improved both quantitatively and qualitatively even by such low doses of 3-pyridylcarbinol which, if given separately, are not able to decrease serum cholesterol or triglyceride. The optimal effect was observed after treatment with the combination of clofibrate plus 3-pyridylcarbinol, 300 + 15 mg/kg. Higher doses of the 3-pyridylcarbinol component did not result in any enhancement of the lipid-lowering activity of the mixture. The possible mechanism of this synergism is discussed.