Linguistic Research Research Articles

ASSESSING EFL SPEAKING BASED ON RECONSTRUCTED CAF MEASURES

In applied linguistics research, complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) were based on the importance of task-based activities, task familiarity, communicative competence, or sociolinguistic factors. However, investigating CAF as an independent variable to assess language performance is controversial in research. Some studies found that language cannot be assessed in these dimensions alone since language is complex, changing, and dependent on many factors. Further research shed light on the importance of reconstructing these variables. The purpose aims to test the validity of a speaking assessment scheme based on previous research suggestions to reconstruct CAF measures by comparing it to the TOEFL speaking rubric. There were no statistical differences in the results of the participants in both assessment schemes. The implications are to further design valid assessment schemes based on reconstructed CAF measures, using an automated application that can transcribe and compute these measures instead of calculating them manually.

FRAZEOLOGIJA I PAREMIOLOGIJA U VEČITOM MLADOŽENJI JAKOVA IGNJATOVIĆA

The phraseologico-paremiological items excerpted from the material of the social novel Confirmed Bachelor (Večiti mladoženja), the most seminal work of the precursor of Serbian realism Jakov Ignjatović, represent the subject of the present research. By applying the method of semantic componential analysis and etymological-historical method in phraseology, we carried out the analysis of individual phrasemes (e.g. начинити од муве медведа (‘make a mountain out of a molehill’), добити корпу (‘get the sack’), постати малим Рочилдом (‘act like Mr Big Shot’). Taking prior linguistic research on the language and style of Jakov Ignjatović into account, it is pointed out that the novel’s phraseological plane predominates the use of phraseological and paremiological items originating from folklore, the ones that possess the specific features of the Serbian linguistic corpus. This testifies to the practice of conventional usage of phraseological and paremiological items among the inhabitants of Szentendre in the 19th century, as well as to the writer’s masterful command of the phraseological stock of the Serbian language.

Development of Interdisciplinary Views on the Energetics of Human Communicative Behavior

This paper presents the results of a retrospective analysis of the scientific views on the energetics of human communicative and speech behavior. The etymology of the lexeme ‘energy’ is looked into; the definitions of the notion of ‘energy’ available in 17 lexicographic sources are analyzed, and semantic units incorporated into its lexical meaning are extracted. The analysis of their content makes it possible to define four essential features of the general scientific notion of ‘energy’ and synthesize its definition. As the energetics of human communicative behavior is traditionally seen as divided into the psychic and the physical components, its adequate description is possible only with the instruments of the integrative approach. The issues of mutual conversion of several types of energy to cater for various individual’s behavioral programs, as well as physical and physiological aspects of speech energetics have already been researched to a certain extent. Less attention has been paid to the psychic energy of a person, which nonetheless is intuitively considered to be a significant motive of any form of human activity. A concise account of historical views on the human psychic energy, nominated “prana”, “chi”, “soul”, “spirit”, “entelechy”, “energeia”, “psychic pneuma”, “animal spirits”, etc. is provided in the paper. Milestones in the research of the neurophysiological aspect of the energy supply of human communicative and speech behavior are reviewed. Special attention is paid to Freud’s description of the human psychic energy “economy” as the first full-fledged theory, capable of forming the basis for modeling the energetics of human communicative and speech behavior. Mention is made of the modern concept of “allostasis” oriented towards an anticipatory forecasting of energy needs by the organism rather than its posterior restoration upon some significant psychic events. Due to a lack of theoretical and experimental linguistic research, taking into consideration energy dynamics of the communicants’ psychic processes, a universal stochastic model of utterance generation, developed by A. Kalyta and O. Klymeniuk appears specifically promising. It could be effectively used in the development of the methodology of an experimental-phonetic study of conflict talks, typically marked with a significant level of emotional tension.

“我佛了”中的模因组合模式探析

Most of the popular Internet languages in recent years have been interpreted in linguistics, but there has not been any linguistic research on the catchphrase “I Buddha”.“I-Buddha” originally evolved from the dialectal homophony of “I-Buddha”, and as a widely-spread Internet buzzword, it is self-replicating and even semantic variation, which is also a successful linguistic meme.Therefore, this paper will analyze the process of generation, propagation and variation of “I Buddha” and explore the reasons for its popularity on the Internet. This paper comprehensively uses methods such as analysis, induction, and questionnaire to study the relationship between three memes: “wo X le”, “fo” and “wo fo le”. Through the study, the development process and trend of memes such as “fo”, “wo fo le” were summarized, and at the same time, a survey was conducted on the status of users’ understanding of the meaning of “wo fo le” memes. In addition, considering that “wo fo le” is an internet buzzword, Weibo, Douban, cafes and other internet social platforms and various news sites were mainly used as etymology, and the etymology was collected by combining it with BCC Modern Chinese Corpus and other corpus of Beijing Language University.

Comparison of Four Types of Interrogative Sentences in Chinese and Arabic Language (A Grammatical Study) Grammar

An interrogative sentence is a common sentence used in daily life and communication. The main purpose of an interrogative sentence is to ask questions that the inquirer does not yet know and expects to be answered. There are many types of interrogative sentences in Chinese, mainly categorized into four types, namely general interrogative sentences, special interrogative sentences, selective interrogative sentences, and repeated interrogative sentences. While each type of interrogative sentence has its unique grammatical form and way of answering, there exist similarities among them. Question marks should be added at the end of interrogative sentences, and the tone at the end of the sentence should also go high in pitch. The topic of Arabic and Chinese interrogative sentences has been discussed and studied by many linguistic experts and researchers with many rare research results achieved. Based on previous articles on interrogative sentences, as well as the researchers’ in-depth study of Arabic and Chinese interrogative sentences, but there are very few comparative studies on Chinese and Arabic interrogative sentences. Therefore, to analyze and compare interrogative sentences in these two different languages more comprehensively, researchers will summarize, compare and analyze interrogative sentences in Chinese and Arabic. This paper first adopts a descriptive method to collect information and articles about Chinese and Arabic interrogative sentences, thus laying the quantitative foundation for the research content. The information collected in this article is mainly from grammar textbooks and books written by prominent linguists in Chinese and Arabic, journals published by linguists and researchers, and doctoral and master's theses. The paper then studies various types of interrogative sentences in Chinese and Arabic as the focus, with special attention paid to the similarities and differences presented by the two languages. Keywords: Arabic interrogative sentence, Chinese interrogative sentence, interrogative tool, comparative interrogative sentence, question type.

Emotional Reactions, Sentiment Disagreement, and Bitcoin Trading

Purpose - This study aims to explore the influence of emotional discrepancies among investors on the cryptocurrency market. It focuses on how varying emotions affect market dynamics such as volatility and trading volume in the context of Bitcoin trading.
 Design/methodology/approach - This study involves analyzing data from Bitcointalk.org, consisting of 57,963 posts and 2,215,776 responses from November 22, 2009, to December 31, 2022. Tools used include the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software for classifying emotional content and the Python Pattern library for sentiment analysis.
 Findings - The results show that heterogeneous emotional feedback, whether positive or negative, significantly influences Bitcoin's intraday volatility, skewness, and trading volume. These findings are more pronounced when the underlying emotion in the feedback is amplified.
 Research implications or Originality - This study underscores the significance of emotional factors in financial decision-making, especially within the realm of social media. It suggests that investors and market strategists should consider the emotional landscape of online forums when making investment choices or formulating market strategies. The research also paves the way for future studies regarding the behavioral impact of emotions on the cryptocurrency market.

대학생 글쓰기 자료에 기반한 사용역 연구

Based on college students’ writing data, this study investigated various uses via basic quantitative analysis, measurement of colloquialism, and comparative analysis of usage. In Chapter 3, the length of sentences by registers was measured. As a result, self-introduction and photo image writing had the shortest sentences, while proposal writing had the longest. Lexical diversity analysis revealed that travel writing had the lowest lexical diversity, and photographic image writing had the highest. Lastly, the vocabulary density was highest in proposal writing and the lowest in self-introduction, and all six registers showed values lower than the average vocabulary density of previously measured Korean written texts. A comparison of colloquial features measures in six registers and a usage analysis of specific vocabulary were performed in Chapter 4. First, we examined the distribution of 16 particles identified as highly colloquial vocabulary in existing research. Next, we compared and organized the usage of the dependent noun “geo” and the common noun “ttae” with high colloquiality scores by region of use. Influenced by, the incorrect use of the frequently used common noun “bubun” was also examined through usage analysis. We presente d a variety of quantitative measurement methods used in corpus linguistics, which is expected to be of considerable help in college writing research, where corpus linguistics research is relatively less advanced. In addition, sub-corpus were created and compared by register, and the writing data produced by individual students can also be quantitatively analyzed using the same method. In other words, through this comparative work, a student’s writing ability can be qualitatively measured and presented. In addition, supplementing and organizing the usage analysis performed in this study into a collection of usages will make it possible to use it as specific sentence usages in the development of writing textbooks or writing education at colleges in the future.

Enabling the Arabic Language in Digital Applications: Its Areas and Standards

This study aims to provide a vision to enable the Arabic language in digital applications, show how to benefit from it, contribute to guiding it in the right direction, and suggest a conception to develop its digital content. Thus, this research focused on three areas: the first related to the production of linguistic knowledge and encompasses all linguistic levels, including grammatical, lexical, semantic, vocal, and morphological. The second covers all communicative skills, including writing, reading, speaking, and listening, and discusses the use of universal language concepts. The third field automatically uses data collection, description, and analysis to support scientific linguistic research. The findings of this study produced important results that may have an impact on improving digital programs that serve the Arabic language and qualify it in the scientific, academic, and educational fields. The study recommended calling for a global classification of linguistic digital applications, including identifying areas for enabling the Arabic language in the digital application.

A Project to Collect and Study the Language of a Group of Contemporary Tihama Al-Hijaz Tribes

A project aimed at collecting and studying the language of a group of contemporary Tihama tribes in the Hijaz, namely: Fahm tribe, Hudhayl tribe, and Banu Kinana (Al-Jahadla). These tribes inhabit the southern region of Makkah al-Mukarramah in the western part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and reside in close proximity, despite the scattered nature of their homes, as indicated by demographic and geographical studies. Renowned for their eloquence, these tribes' language holds significant importance in contemporary linguistic research. The project is structured around two main aspects, each branching into secondary auxiliary facets: firstly, gathering linguistic material used by the mentioned tribes in various daily life situations and communication contexts, and secondly, conducting a linguistic study on the phonetic, morphological, grammatical, and semantic levels based on the collected field data. The research addresses a fundamental problem: monitoring linguistic phenomena in the study sample to answer key questions such as the roots of these phenomena in the classical level of Arabic, their developmental trajectory, and the pathways they traversed to attain their present-day usage. The study yielded crucial results, notably the abundance of morphological phenomena within the tribes, with some maintaining their traditional form while others have evolved. These variations appear in patterned forms in the contemporary dialects of the study environment. The research also revealed the presence of phenomena influenced by multiple linguistic sources. Emphasizing the significance of linguistic geography in achieving planned results, the study recommends further scientifically valuable research in the realm of applied linguistics. Additionally, it suggests that specialized research centers and language academies focus on dialects within the realms of first eloquence.

중국의 인지언어학 연구 동향 분석(1)

The purpose of this study is to analyze the trends in cognitive linguistics research related to Ancient Chinese over the past ten years (2013–2022). The research achievements in ancient Chinese cognitive linguistics analyzed here include academic journal articles uploaded to CNKI and research projects selected by the MOE's national research support program in the last decade. Using CNKI, 178 articles related to this study were extracted from a total of 5,396 academic journal articles on cognitive linguistics focusing on the Chinese language. Basic analyses by year, period, and keywords were conducted, along with multi-layered analyses according to specific research areas. The detailed research fields were divided into seven categories: 'Grammar', 'History of Chinese Language', 'Semantics and Lexicon', 'Pragmatics', 'Chinese Characters', 'Contrastive Linguistics', and 'Translation and Sociolinguistics', with 'Semantics and Lexicon' having the highest proportion of cumulative research achievements. Additionally, there were a total of five research projects selected by the Chinese Ministry of Education, covering topics that combined 'Semantics' with 'Contrast', 'Pragmatics', and 'Grammar'. Among the designated literature studies, the works titled Shuowen Jiezi and Huangdi Neijing held the highest significance.

Identifying changes in popular news media articles about the transgender community from 1990 to 2023

In the past few decades, newspaper articles about transgender people and the transgender community have become increasingly more common. At the same time, language used in this type of media has continued to evolve. In order to better understand the way public discourse around the trans community has changed, this study uses a linguistic analysis of newspaper articles from the ten most widely circulated newspapers in the United States. A sampling of articles from each year from 1990 to 2023 was analyzed using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program to capture the authors’ attitudes. Correlation analyses were used with the LIWC categories to explore if any of the linguistic terms changed over the study period. In addition, change in the use of the terms “transsexual” and “transgender” was tracked over the same 34 year period. Results showed a statistically significant decrease in negative language used in articles about transgender people over time and a significant change in the use of the terms “transsexual” vs. “transgender”. Linguistic changes in these newspaper articles parallel changing attitudes about the trans community in mainstream American culture at large.

On relevance of borrowing the term «resilience» into Russian: as exemplified in professional economic texts

At the present stage of development, various cultures, economies, language systems and societies in general are in close interaction with each other. The processes of borrowing and assimilation of loan words in the language are becoming the most significant ones in the linguistic development of modern society. They bring to the fore the problem of the justified borrowings, which seems to be one of the most relevant for linguists. This article attempts to answer the question if the borrowing of the term «resilience» by the economic terminological system of the Russian language is justified. The issue of possible unification of the «resilience» concept and development of its clear structure is debatable in the Russian-speaking academic community and is of interest to both linguists and economists. The identification of the content constituents of this economic concept and its description for further unification of the economic conceptual apparatus can contribute to reflecting the multidimensional nature of that linguistic fragment of the world in which this concept is presented. The research methodology is a set of methods used in linguistic research, namely content analysis, analysis of dictionary definitions and articles of etymological dictionaries, frame modeling of a scientific concept, comparative analysis, and analysis of the phenomenon under study in synchrony and in diachronic timelines. The empirical material of this study was a corpus of 32 texts in English and 35 texts by Russian-speaking authors. The corpus is concentrated on economic topics, and mainly consists of academic papers. The results of the complex analysis demonstrate minor differences in the composition of the slots in the frames under study in English and Russian economic term systems. Possible translations of the scientific concept are considered. The choice of sound and graphic representation of the term in the Russian language is justified. The conclusion is made about the relevant borrowing of the term «resilience».

Occasionalisms in Social Networks During the Pandemic

Background: This study explores and analyses occasionalisms that were created by social network users during the COVID-19 pandemic. The theoretical framework of this research is based on observing the concepts of occasionalism, neologism and nonce word. 
 Purpose: To indicate occasionalisms in the Russian and English languages and compare them in terms of word-formation, frequencies, part of speech and meanings, thus making a contribution to the understanding of how occasionalisms emerge in these languages.
 Method: A qualitative and quantitative content analyses are used for data collection. The sample is obtained from different social networks (‘Facebook[1]’, ‘Twitter[2]’, ‘Reddit’ and ‘VK’). Results: Occasionalisms are created mostly through blending, compounding, and affixation. Mixed word-formation methods are also used. The most used parts of speech appear to be nouns and adjectives. The most Russian occasionalisms are ironic, expressive and attract attention, while English occasionalisms are not that expressive as they refer to medical or political concepts. Borrowings from English in the Russian occasionalisms are also indicated. The glossary of 106 occasionalisms in the Russian and English languages is introduced at the end of the study.
 Conclusion: The results might expand the knowledge of new vocabulary items in the field of lexicology and stylistics, and have practical implications in language teaching and translations, as occasionalisms may frequently create obstacles for foreign language students and translators. They also may serve as a basis for further studies on neologisms, occasionalisms and nonce words generated during the pandemic and cover the gap in comparative studies of the Russian and English occasionalisms. In addition, the obtained results might be beneficial for future research in sociolinguistics and sociocultural linguistics providing greater awareness of the linguistic and sociocultural factors that impact the adoption and use of occasionalisms in both languages.

Multimodal Pencitraan Anies Baswedan dalam Akun Instagram @aniesbaswedan Menjelang Pemilihan Presiden 2024

The aim of this research is to analyze the visual depiction of Anies Baswedan on Instagram and highlight the role of social media in political campaign strategies. The method used is a qualitative approach with an interpretive paradigm, with a multimodality research method with a Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) research design. The results of this research are an analysis of three photos uploaded to the Instagram account @aniesbaswedan which depict Anies Baswedan's political activities and campaign as a presidential candidate. Ideation, interpersonal, and textual analyzes are used to study the use of language and images in the context of political drama via social media. In conclusion, this research provides an understanding of the content and interactions that occur in @aniesbaswedan's Instagram uploads, and these photos receive a positive response from social media users. Anies Baswedan uses Instagram as a stage to show his existence in the world of politics, and he uses these uploads to achieve the goal of being accepted by other users. The photos uploaded by Anies show characteristics that match the purpose of the scene regarding his dream of becoming president. Via Instagram, Anies Baswedan appears as a candidate who is ready to become President 2024 with a serious, warm and humanist image.

Methodology for conducting linguistic research into visual impairment: Challenges and recommendations

Despite great value of research into visual impairment (VI), there is a dearth of empirical studies in linguistics investigating the extent to which the sense of seeing impacts language development, processing and production. The lack of methodological rigour in previous studies as well as large diversity of the population, small incidence of visual impairment and little awareness of blind people’s needs make this field of study challenging for researchers. This article presents and discusses the most challenging aspects of performing experimental studies in the field of VI. The overarching aim of this paper is to guide good research practice which ensures robust and unbiased experimental design and at the same time respects individuality of people with VI.

COGNITIVE MECHANISMS OF FORMATION OF TEMPORAL MEANINGS IN THE ADVERTISING TOURIST NARRATIVE

Background. The article considers cognitive mechanisms of the formation of the temporal meanings in the advertising tourist narrative. Relevance of the study is determined by its correlation with modern linguistic research aimed at studying linguistic semantics in its relationship with cognitive structures. Having a multicomponent structure, time is currently positioned as an attribute of human activity and also as a phenomenon of human existence. However, there is insufficient study of the interpretive potential of time, which makes research topic relevant.
 Purpose. The research purpose is as follows: to determine the cognitive mechanisms of the temporal organization of the advertising tourist narrative.
 Materials and methods. Language units of various levels were used for the study, obtained from authentic online texts of advertising tourist narrative. The main research methods include analysis and synthesis of theoretical material, the continuous sampling method, descriptive method, contextual analysis method as well as cognitive modeling method.
 Results. The results have shown that the main cognitive mechanisms of formation and interpretation of temporal meanings in the advertising tourist narrative include focusing, profiling, perspectivization, conceptual metaphor. Cognitive models of structuring temporal meanings, the source of which are the cognitive mechanisms outlined above, are considered.
 Practical implications. The research results can be used in the development of courses on general linguistics, lexicology and cognitive linguistics.

SYNERGISTIC POSSIBILITIES OF LANGUAGE RESEARCH

As it is known, in accordance with the paradigmatic prism, the formation and development of linguistics as a science for a number of years have traditionally been correlated with comparative-historical, system-structural directions. It should be noted that in recent years, language and speech have been considered in aspects of anthropocentrism. The transition of general scientific evolution to a synergetic platform requires a different methodology for studying linguistic objects. In world linguistics, the methodological possibilities of synergetics are actively used for linguistic research, attempts are being made to interpret language and its sublevels (phonetics, word formation, lexicology, syntax, text, discourse, translation studies, etc.) as a synergetic, self-organizing, complex system in which it is constantly in dynamics. As a result of scientific research, a new direction of linguistics was formed – language synergetics / linguosynergetics. Language synergetics / linguosynergetics is a methodological platform for analyzing and modeling the evolution, development, open nature of the national language, and dynamic processes in it. As a new scientific direction, the synergetics of language allows Kazakh linguistics to develop in accordance with the scientific trends of world linguistics. The article analyzes the formation of a synergetic trend in world linguistics, the first searches and results in order to substantiate the concept of "language is a synergetic system".

PECULIARITIES OF THE MILITARY TERMINOLOGY RENDERING INTO UKRAINIAN

Objective. The objective of the article is a study of the peculiarities of reproducing military terminology into Ukrainian. Methods. Solving the tasks is carried out by means of such methods as: methods of theoretical research – analytical review, generalisation and specification; methods of empirical research – observation, comparison, analogy and comparative analysis; methods of linguistic research – comparative; methods of structural analysis; comparative linguistic method. Results. One of the defining features of military translation is its requirement for accuracy and precision. In military affairs, even the slightest misinterpretation or mistranslation can have dire consequences. Whether it is a tactical order on the battlefield, a diplomatic agreement, or intelligence reports, the integrity of the translated content is paramount. A translation error in a military context can jeopardize personnel safety, mission success, or even national security. Special terminology is another feature of military translation. Features of the reproduction of military terminology cover a wide range of tasks, each of which determines the uniqueness of this field. The first and main challenge lies in the diversity and complexity of the terminology itself. Military language is full of technical terms, abbreviations, slang, and jargon that can be confusing to those unfamiliar with these intricacies. In this regard, one of the key features of the reproduction of military terminology is the need for a deep understanding of the subject by linguists and specialists. Their language skills must be complemented by a deep understanding of military tactics, equipment, procedures and culture. Cultural sensitivity is another challenge that distinguishes military terminology from other fields of linguistics. The same military term can have radically different connotations in different cultures and languages. Understanding these subtleties is essential to preventing diplomatic blunders and ensuring respectful and effective communication in a multinational context. This is an extraordinary challenge that goes beyond simple linguistic expertise, requiring deep knowledge of global cultures and their complex intersection with military operations. The translational aspect of military terminology adds another layer of complexity to its reproduction, because it is not fully researched. That is why, when applying the universal model to specific military texts, translators should focus on maintaining the appropriate style and adequately conveying the vocabulary of the analysed terminology.

Students’ interest, engagement, and achievement in online high school science courses

Though documented extensively using self-report measures—especially in post-secondary course contexts—the relations among students’ interest, engagement, and academic achievement in high school science courses has been studied far less—especially when considering online versions of these courses. Self-reported interest collected at the beginning of the semester, process measures of emotional, behavioural, and cognitive engagement measured with textual analysis using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) measures of online discussion threads and time spent on the learning management system were collected throughout the semester, and final course grades were collected at the end of the semester. A sample of 622 high school students were recruited from five STEM courses to participate in this study. Results indicate that interest predicts behavioural engagement, behavioural and cognitive engagement predict final course grade, and interest predicts final course grade. Findings extend research by describing the role of engagement in online high school STEM courses.

Ml@h-methode in Nederlands-Poolse tweetalige opvoeding op een specifiek voorbeeld – een exploratieve case-study

The strategy of raising a bilingual child, also known as family language policy (FLP), has been the subject of linguistic, psychological or sociological research for many years. One way of raising bilinguals in a family environment is the minority language at home strategy (ml@h), which is often chosen by parents who live outside their home country and both speak a minority language. Parents speak to each other and to the child in their native language and the second language is acquired by the child in situations outside the home. In this article, I will present not only theoretical considerations of bilingual upbringing but also the perspective of a person who was raised bilingually (Dutch and Polish). Opinions and reflections gathered by an individual in-depth interview will provide a glimpse of growing up in a bilingual environment from the perspective of a now-adult child. In the case described, the strategy had a positive effect. This was influenced by the parents’ conscious choice of a bilingual upbringing strategy and its consistent application, supporting the child in learning the grammar and stylistics of the minority language and providing the child with contact with the minority language before going to school.