Linguistic Research Research Articles

On "False Friends" in the Field of Economics

“False friends” or bilingual homophones/homographs are words existing in two or more languages, sounding alike but differing significantly in meaning. They present a language learning challenge due to the inevitable confusion resulting from word migrations and similarities in sound and meaning. Coined in 1928, the term continues to fuel linguistic research, addressing comprehension confusions in the process of language acquisition. The reciprocal influences of languages, especially through neological borrowings, lead to divergent meanings in the target language. Inexperienced users may misuse these words due to homonymy. In economics, initially influenced by French borrowings, there is a substantial influx of terms from British or American English, driven by the need for precise terminology for new extralinguistic realities. This paper, drawing from teaching practice, provides brief examples and suggests strategies to navigate confusion related to translating „false friends,” emphasizing specific learning techniques and the use of online bilingual dictionaries.

Applying Semantic and Structural Characteristics of Food-Related Notions in English Context

The current article discusses a growing number of terms that have entered the English language as a result of significant advances in science, technology, politics, the economy, and society. Continuous advancements in science, technology, and the arts, along with the vibrant growth of the cultural, spiritual, and everyday realms of life, may provide a strong impetus for the ongoing expansion of the English language. Every month, new lexical units are added to official dictionaries and thesauri to expand the vocabulary of the English language. Thus, the goal of this study is to present a thorough linguistic analysis of novel lexical units, collocations, phrases, and conceptions linked to food as well as to identify fruitful word-building patterns that are employed to create new words. First, as a linguistic phenomenon, we look at foundational works on neology, neologisms, and related word formation kinds. Second, the structure and semantics of recently coined terms relating to food are the main subjects of study. Additionally, we focus on blending as the most common word-formation type that neologisms in the field of cuisine and related areas are created from. Furthermore, lexical blends of various kinds and their high productivity are examined. In conclusion, we offer recommendations and findings for more linguistic research.

N-gram Language Model for Chinese Function-word-centered Patterns

N-gram language modelling, a proven and effective method in NLP, is widely used to calculate the probability of a sentence in natural language. Language pattern is a linguistic level between word/character and sentence, which exists in pattern grammar. In this research, the approach of language model and language pattern are combined for the first time, and language patterns are studied by use of the N-gram model. Chinese function-word-centered patterns are extracted from the LCMC corpus, and aligned into pattern chains. The language model is trained from these chains to investigate the properties and distribution of Chinese function words, the interaction of content words and function words, and the interaction between patterns. The results indicate that there are approximately 10,000 function-word-centered patterns in the texts, which are distributed exponentially. This research summarizes the most common function-word-centered patterns and content-word-centered patterns, and discusses the interactions of patterns based on corpus data. The bigram language model of these patterns reflects the restrictions of function words. In addition, the research adopts an innovative method to visualize the interactions between patterns. This research fills the research gap between word/character and sentence and reveals basic Chinese pattern categories and the interactions between patterns, which makes a significant contribution to Chinese linguistic research, and improves the efficiency of NLP.

THE STRATEGIES OF ARGUMENTATION IN POLITICAL SPEECHES

Background. Political discourse is the most value-oriented of other types of discourse. The most compelling political arguments during the presidential campaigns include four key criteria: democracy, moral persuasion, social questions and ideological problems. The current political discourse presents characterizations of events from the standpoint of individual values, party values, and personal interests. In this case, the concept of political/ideological characterizations is associated with a system of values, which determine the position of the subject of speech. Nowadays, argumentation is studied by a special method – the theory of argumentation, but at the same time it becomes an interest for linguistic research, because argumentation exists only in one of the forms of speeches.
 The purpose. Is to characterize the specific linguo-stylistic features of political speeches, identify the argumentation tools in the politicians’ speeches and analyze the ways and peculiarities of their translation, which help translators to preserve the completeness of the content and transmit the argumentation tools into the translation of political texts from English into Ukrainian.
 Methods. The following linguistic research methods were used in our study: descriptive method to describe the characteristics of argumentation tools and their equivalents, which were studied and comparative method to make comparisons between argumentation tools in source and target languages. 
 Results. The functional specificity of political discourse in relation to other types of discourse is manifested in its basic instrumental function (the struggle for power). At the same time, political discourse, along with religious and advertising, is included in the group of discourses for which the regulatory function is leading, since it emphasizes the role of language in regulating the behavior of the. The main function of political discourse is to use it as an instrument of political power. Political communication performs the function of an intermediary link, often replacing physical violence itself and makes possible changes in society towards ordering, paves the way for compromises, making facts and arguments well-known for public. Various lexico-stylistic devices, figures and tropes emphasize the language of a political leader and have a direct impact on the image of politicians. It turned out that the main ones are: extensive usage of colloquial and slang vocabulary and composite words. We discovered the following stylistic figures: antithesis, inversion, ellipsis, parceling, repetitions and rhetorical questions. The most frequently used among them were repetitions, rhetorical questions and parceling. 
 Discussion. The dominant aspect of the political discourse is the concept of value, which must be reproduced in the translated political text, taking into account the value hierarchy of different cultures. Translation includes several stages: first translator should understand and clearly explore what he/she translates, analyze (if the original text causes difficulties), and after that choose appropriate means of expression in the target language.The investigation of different lexico-stylistic devices, types of preservation of argumentation in the translation of political speeches of American politicians is not exhaustive and requires further study by structural, grammatical and morphological analysis.

Issues with pedagogical implications in applied linguistics research: A mixed-methods systematic evaluation

Applied linguists often aim to conduct research with implications for practitioners (widely construed), but only recently has a research agenda emerged which empirically investigates whether this aim is being regularly met (see Sato, 2023). While multiple survey studies (e.g., Marsden & Kasprowicz, 2017; Sato et al., 2021) have made important contributions to this literature, no study has systematically examined how researchers offer implications to intended practitioner audiences. To explore this topic, we conducted a systematic analysis of 118 empirical studies published in TESOL Quarterly. We developed highly reliable scales (avg. IRR = 0.88) to assess the quantity, salience, and quality of pedagogical implications (PIs). Qualitative genre analysis further allowed us to synthesize the features of highly informative PIs. Based on these findings, we offer concrete recommendations for maximizing PI quality for researchers, editors, and reviewers.

Rethinking ethics in AI policy: a method for synthesising Graham’s critical discourse analysis approaches and the philosophical study of valuation

ABSTRACT Here I use aspects of Phil Graham’s discourse analytical work to examine forms of e/valuations and critically analyse the formulation of truths in the constitution of Artificial Intelligence (hereafter, AI). This paper focuses on two 2019 documents: Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI (AI HLEG, 2019a) and Policy and investment recommendations for trustworthy AI (AI HLEG, 2019b). My aim here is to provide a timely contribution to contemporary philosophical–methodological innovations in documenting the constellation of values that are prefigured in human-centric constructions of AI. The analysis is informed primarily by principles from Graham’s distinctive approach to critical discourse analysis (CDA), which I take to be the philosophical study of valuation. In that approach, political economy is taken as a composite formulation of values whereby neo-liberalism is discursively entwined and progressed through a system of principles of e/valuation. This paper presents a roadmap to demonstrate the usefulness of a philosophically grounded interdisciplinary piece of linguistic research through which evaluative semantic categories can be usefully synthesised with CDA to systematically expose the assumptions which underpin current truth claims and values – in this case, about and around the ethics of AI.

Fight against hair loss together: exploring self-disclosure and social support in an online hair loss support community

Purpose Hair loss is often overlooked but psychologically challenging. However, the emergence of online health communities provides opportunities for hair loss patients to seek social support through self-disclosure. Nevertheless, not all disclosures receive the desired support. This research explores what patients disclose within the community and how their health narrative (content, form and linguistic style) regarding self-disclosure influences the social support they receive.Design/methodology/approachThis study investigated a 13-year-old online support group for Chinese hair loss patients with nearly 240,000 members. Using structural topic modeling, Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count, and a negative binomial model, the research analyzed the content of self-disclosure and the interrelationships between social support and three narrative dimensions of self-disclosure.FindingsSelf-disclosures are classified into 14 topics, grouped under analytical, informative and emotional categories. Emotion-related self-disclosures, whether in content or effective word use, receive deeper social support. Longer and image-rich posts attract more support in quantity, but not necessarily in quality, while cognitive words have a limited impact.Originality/valueThis study addresses the previously overlooked population of hair loss patients within online health communities. It employs a more comprehensive health narrative framework to explore the relationship between self-disclosure and social support, utilizing unsupervised structural topic modeling methods to mine text. The research offers practical implications for how patients seek support and for healthcare professionals in developing doctor-patient communication strategies.

Use of the Language Power in Law Enforcement: A Forensic Linguistic Review

This article aims to increase knowledge and insight into the language of power in law enforcement. Media is a means of communication to convey a message or opinion to a large audience. The language commonly used in the media often looks a little impolite or even tends to be rude. It seems that people pay less attention to the language used, hence they are not aware that their words or writing may be demanded by other readers. In this research, a qualitative descriptive method is used semantically, because the writer focuses on researching the meanings of the language used. In this case, what is meant by focusing on the meaning of research is that this research will interpret the data one by one to get the results of the research. Research data is limited to one source, namely the Novel (Dari Balik Lima Jeruji). This research is forensic linguistic research and was analyzed combining two ways, namely linguistically and legally. Linguistic analysis in this study is only limited semantically, while legal analysis uses the law. The results of this study show that there is an abuse of the language of power by law enforcement officials in upholding the law.
 Keywords: media, linguistic, forensic, dispensation of justice

Analyzing the Derivational Verb of Indonesian Based on the Derivational Morphology

This research delved deep into the complex and intricate world of derivational verbs in the Indonesian language, with a meticulous analysis of their structure and formation using the lens of derivational morphology. The study scrutinized the systematic rules governing the creation of verbs in Indonesian, exploring the prefixes, suffixes, and root words that significantly shaped their meaning and function. Through advanced linguistic methodologies and extensive data collection, this research aimed to unveil the underlying patterns and principles governing the formation of derivational verbs in Indonesian. The study delved into the intricate web of Indonesian derivational verbs, examining how certain affixes or combinations of affixes could change the meaning of the root word and create an entirely new word. The findings showed that (1) Indonesian verb derivation used a wide range of affixes; these affixes came in various forms, including prefixes like {me(N)-}, {ber-}, {ter-}, and suffixes like {-kan}, {-i}; (2) the use of different affixes with root words resulted in significant semantic shifts, and (3) the significance of affixation patterns and semantic shifts in Indonesian verb derivation was highlighted, which could be used to develop a structured theoretical framework for future linguistic inquiries. The findings of this research offered valuable insights into the language's intricate derivational system, shedding light on the nuanced processes that contributed to the rich tapestry of Indonesian vocabulary. It contributed to a better understanding of the language's syntax, grammar, and partial linguistic structure.

"Because he was disgusting": transforming relations through positioning in messenger-supported group psychotherapy.

This article deals with positioning in messenger-supported group psychotherapy in terms of transforming relations. The aim of the messenger-supported therapy format is to work through conflicts that have arisen with people via messenger services. This is achieved in different phases of conversation, such as describing the situation, analysing one's own behaviour and defining wishes, by collaboratively drafting a message to the person from the conflict. The data basis is a corpus of 14 video-recorded group psychotherapy sessions. Methodologically, the study is guided by interactional linguistics, a linguistic research field that focuses on interpersonal interaction. Using a case study, I show how the interactants work through a conflict through positioning, constitute group identity and relationships, and thus also transform their stance concerning the issue. Moreover, positioning serves the collaborative formulation of a message and thus also the change of the relationship to the person from the messenger communication. Relationship management in eSA group psychotherapy can be observed on different levels: (1) among the interactants in the room, (2) with the persons from the chat messages, and (3) between the patient(s) and the therapist.

Using Big Data Approach to Create a Treebank of Informal and Formal Indonesian

This research presents a comprehensive Big Data Approach that was utilized to create a Treebank of Informal and Formal Indonesian (TINTA). The study focuses on the dynamic spectrum of language usage in Indonesia. It incorporates extensive data collection, preprocessing, and annotation strategies to construct a dual-tiered corpus encompassing formal and informal linguistic expressions. Through leveraging advanced computational techniques, the creation of TINTA aims to capture the nuanced variations in Indonesian language structures across diverse contexts. This annotated treebank provides a valuable resource for advancing Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications and linguistic research endeavors by facilitating more profound insights into the grammatical intricacies and semantic nuances prevalent in informal and formal Indonesian language.

A closer look into the ‘black box’ of coaching – linguistic research into the local effectiveness of coaching with the help of conversation analysis

ABSTRACT This paper, located in the paradigm of Linguistic Coaching Process Research, theoretically introduces Conversation Analysis (CA) as a means to explore the ‘black box’ of coaching, i.e., the concrete conversation, and to address pressing research gaps in this field. CA, developed to describe, analyse, and understand practices and patterns of talk-in-interaction, presents a rigorous, systematic, and transparent qualitative method to document and research the sequentially organised conversational structure of coaching as well as the discursive practices of coach and client. The analytical power of CA lies in identifying change-inducing practices and in detailing how these contribute to the local effectiveness of coaching. A case in point are questioning practices, whose transformative power as local agents of change emerges in their sequential set-up as ‘coaches’ question – clients’ response – coaches’ reaction in third position’. In an exemplary analysis using CA, we illustrate the (un-)successful processing of questions in coaching. The two data extracts stem from the ongoing project Questioning Sequences in Coaching. While the paper aims to shed predominantly theoretical light on how to linguistically unpack the ‘black box’ of coaching, it also aims to sensitise practitioners to consider interventions, e.g., questions, as embedded in the locally transpiring, turn-by-turn interaction with their clients.

Status of prosody in the practices of speech-language pathologists in France: A survey on theoretical and clinical dimensions

PurposeMany populations in the scope of speech and language pathologists (SLPs) are at risk of prosodic disorders that can impact communicative ability. While a few studies have examined the importance of prosody in the clinical practice of English-speaking SLPs, there is a lack of similar research in non-English-speaking countries. The current study aimed to establish an overview of the situation in France and to determine factors that might be associated with assessing and treating prosody. MethodWe collected data about the theoretical and clinical dimensions related to prosody from SLPs in France using an online survey. ResultsOne hundred and twenty-eight valid responses were analyzed. Results suggest that both emotional and linguistic prosodies are examined by SLPs. Some aspects of prosody seem to be mastered better than others. While they are aware of the major prosodic difficulties in various pathologies and their negative impact, most SLPs in France rarely or never assess prosody. They feel more uncomfortable with it than with other speech-language domains and often do not consider it as a therapeutic target. Importantly, the perception of prosody as a therapeutic tool is associated with the frequency of assessing and addressing prosodic impairment. ConclusionsFurther studies should focus on identifying the factors that could improve practices and developing comprehensive assessment tools and evidence-based intervention methods in French. Providing better training in prosody and setting up more collaborations between SLPs and researchers in linguistics and psycholinguistics would be keys in developing this field.

Zu kreativen Ausdrucksformen im deutschsprachigen öffentlichen Raum

“Linguistic landscape research is a relatively young sociolinguistic subdiscipline”, stated Peter Backhaus in 2007. The research field of Linguistic Landscape, also referred to as LL, deals with the language visible in public space. The aim of the article is to prove this on the basis of the collected corpus that the city is not only a place of oral communication, but also a space where people communicate by means of the written word. Moreover, the texts present in public space are a confirmation of the creativity of the users of the German language, which is illustrated by the corpus obtained with the help of the Linguistic Landscape research. This creativity is reflected in the formation of linguistic forms, which are formed using the familiar rules of German word formation. These word formations are striking, surprising or thought-provoking due to their peculiarity, thus arousing the interest of the readers/viewers. They are linguistic neologisms and at the same time they prove that there is a need in society for increasingly striking communication patterns, whereby words/word-forming morphemes are combined in unusual, hitherto unexplored ways. As a result, the information communicated undoubtedly attracts more attention from the recipients.

Bridging Boundaries Between Life and Sport: Exploring Sports Coaches’ Micro Role Transitions

Coach education notes the importance of effective transitions between life and sport, yet research evidence supporting coaches to make such transitions is lacking. The present study used a mixed-methods design to explore 41 highly qualified coaches’ perceptions of how responsibilities in life beyond sport spill over to coaching practice. Additionally, we examined coaches’ transitions between roles in life and sport and the implications for their health and coaching practice. Coaches completed questionnaires measuring perceived stress and emotion regulation, and a writing task about how roles outside of sport impacted their coaching practice. Linguistic analyses using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software revealed that coaches with lower levels of perceived stress expressed more positive emotions when writing about the influence of life commitments on their coaching practice. The findings also suggest that coaches’ perceptions of the coaching process can be both positively and negatively influenced by life commitments spilling over into sport. Further, coaches reported challenges with the process of undertaking micro role transitions and highlighted implications for their mental health, coaching effectiveness, and relationships in both sport and life. Integrating organizational and sport psychology research, we offer guidance to optimize coaches’ transitions between roles to promote health and optimal performance.

The impact of the development of water transport routes on linguistic dynamics

The article has provided an analysis of the problem of parts of speech in modern linguistics, addressing the linguistic criteria for identifying parts of speech, the composition of parts of speech in specific linguistic types, and the grammatical categories inherent to particular parts of speech within specific linguistic types, and emphasizes the relevance and importance of their issues in the current field of linguistic research. The mention of prominent scientists and their contributions to the field adds historical context and demonstrates the development of the study of parts of speech over time. Recognizing the methodological challenge with describing faced in studying parts of speech, noting the three main principles used in linguistics: semantic, morphological, and syntactic. It is concluded that it is impossible to apply all these principles simultaneously and sets the stage for further exploring the intricacies of parts of speech in linguistic research.

Lexical Nativization: Filipinized Hispanic Words in Select Hiligaynon Visayan Written Discourse

This linguistic research, Lexical Nativization: Filipinized Hispanic Words in Select Hiligaynon Visayan Written Discourse investigates and determines the phenomenon of lexical nativization in terms of morphology and phonology, in the Philippine languages, specifically Hiligaynon Visayan, from Hispanic words. To further find out the linguistic borrowing phenomenon in Philippine languages which nativized the borrowed Hispanic words, two magazine articles are focused as model textuality for lexical analysis: “Sa Aton Puluy-an: Magsupot sang Kinitaan”, and “Mga Sugilanon ni Mal-am Huana: Si Propesor Bukol,” which are extracted from Hiligaynon Magazine of Western Visayas, and uses Hiligaynon Visayan as their linguistic medium. Fifty-eight (58) Hiligaynon Visayan words are analyzed following Pesirla’s (2019) classification of words: nouns, verbs, and modifiers, utilizing separate descriptive matrices for each. The result of the study reveals that majority of the Hispanic borrowed words in Hiligaynon Visayan are nouns, followed by verbs, and modifiers. It is found out that these words are acculturated through nativization of their orthography that corresponds to nativized phonology. Lexical nativization is further displayed through the adding of native affixes which are dominant in Hiligaynon Visayan verbs. The result of the study may serve as a springboard for further researches involving bigger corpora in both spoken and written discourses in the Hiligaynon Visayan and other Philippine languages, as a resource material to language teachers and language students, and as a reference by the native speakers.

Actualization of linguistic markers in political Internet discourse, and its peculiarities in the context of artificial neural network operation, and hate speech detection

The article argues that the actualization of linguistic markers (lexical, grammatical, pragmatic, semantic) in the texts of political Internet discourse is crucial for understanding the context (social, emotional, modal, etc.) in them. It is emphasized that the use of innovative tools (in particular, artificial neural networks) is in line with the trends towards the integration of the mathematical paradigm into the humanities, which is manifested in the latter’s tendency to the humanities digital sciences, affective computing, etc. It is noted that the use of the outlined innovative tools creates the need to take into account an integrated approach to such research, which is manifested in the integration of the methodology of other (primarily related) sciences, which, in turn, will allow to take into account contextual determination, cultural features (gaps, realities, etc.), as well as to use the full potential of artificial neural networks in modern linguistic research. The author emphasizes the need to further develop the originality of the use of the latter in such studies: developing datasets, building a training algorithm, testing and retraining (if necessary), as well as integrating different layers into their structures and optimizing such a structure specifically for linguistic research (which combinations are productive and why, for what purpose, etc.) The author emphasizes the originality of the use of innovative tools (deep learning, machine learning, artificial neural networks) to deal with hate speech, misinformation, disinformation, and propaganda, which can take the form of sarcasm, irony, and absurdity in political Internet discourse, which requires further research and development of a new methodology to accurately identify such data and produce an inclusive and safe Internet environment.

Official-business communication in modern church discourse

In the article, the author examines an important aspect of linguistic and cultural dynamics, namely, the functioning of names, genres (types) of official and business communication in the church discourse, which testifies to the processes of interaction between linguistic and non-linguistic factors. The specifics of genre names used in documents of official and business communication of church discourse are analyzed. Significant emphasis is placed on the interaction of cultural, social, and linguistic factors in shaping the terminological field of religious discourse. Attention is focused on understanding the concept of «discourse» and its role in shaping the modern cognitive paradigm of the humanities. The interpretation of religious discourse in philosophical, religious studies, sociological, or linguistic research is explored. Specifics of using professional vocabulary and terms are indicated. The names of religious documents are presented, which form the appropriate terminological system of official and business communication of religious discourse and are a part of religious discourse in general. Signs of official and business communication in religious discourse are presented. The list of documents in which official and business communication is implemented in religious discourse in accordance with the church hierarchy is provided: starting from documents issued by the head of the church — the Metropolitan, ending with documents of the diocesan administrations and religious community (parish). The main types of official and business discourse are identified. It is noted that official and business communication in religious discourse covers documented acts of church activities between organizations. Keywords: genres (types) of documents, official business communication, church discourse, linguistic and cultural dynamics.

A critical discourse analysis of Joe Biden's justificatory speeches about the US the troops' withdrawal from Afghanistan

This paper conducts a critical discourse analysis of justification in the speeches of the American president of the United States of America, Joe Biden, about the US troops' withdrawal from Afghanistan. It aims to analyze the manipulative language that the American president uses in order to justify the decision to withdraw in 2021. The paper tries to bridge a gap in the linguistic research concerning critically investigating the concept of 'justification' in Biden's speeches. The analysis is done by answering the following questions: (1) What manipulative language strategies does the US president employ in his speech in order to justify his decision to withdraw? (2) What speech acts and rhetorical strategies does the president employ to persuade his audience to accept and support his decision to withdraw? The paper adopts van Dijk's (2006c) 'Discourse and Manipulation' as a model for analyzing the selected data. The paper concluded that the American president uses a particular effective and manipulative language in order to justify the decision to withdraw, and ideologically, the American president, depending on his status and power, tries to use particular speech acts and rhetorical strategies to impose his ideologies to get his decision justified.