Linguistic Problems Research Articles

The Main Problems of Cognitive Linguistics

The article highlights the main problems of cognitive linguistics, its goals, object and subject of research, theoretical and methodological principles, based on the analysis of scientific works of famous scientists who have made a significant contribution to the development of cognitive science. The theoretical and methodological basis of cognitive linguistics is based on such influential theories as frame semantics, conceptual semantics, prototype theory, the theory of relevance, the theory of cognitive models and cognitive metaphor, the theory of mental spaces. The main principles of cognitive linguistics are anthropocentrism, interdisciplinarity and recognition of the cognitive and communicative functions of the language as the main ones. The main problems of cognitive linguistics are the problems of knowledge structures’ representation, the verbalization of concepts and their typology, the cognitive-discursive approach to the analysis of language units and text, the method of cognitive modeling, etc.

Loss of Dialect in English-Arabic Translation of Literary Texts: A critical discourse analysis

This paper addresses the issue of translatability of dialect in the translation of literary texts. It tackles dialect as a means of depicting the identity of the characters in literature. And it sheds light on the relationship between identity and language because using dialect is manifested and related significantly to the social stand of the characters in literary works. The translator of the text under study faces the problem of the existence of a linguistic variety in the original text, which depicts the close connection between the addressee, the means and the context in which it is employed. Hence, the difficulty in translating dialects in literary works is a linguistic problem, as well as a pragmatic and semiotic one, that is the presence of dialect in the text provides meanings and connotations far further than the linguistic level. That is why, in translating and tackling this variety of language, used by the author as a means of characterization or as a social class marker, this variety was standardized and flattened by the translator. The researcher concludes that the presence of dialects in Wuthering Heights adds communicative, stratificational, cultural, and semiotic value to the text. As far as translation is concerned, this forms extra challenges for the translator.

Коммуникативный аспект местоименной вербализации пространственного дейксиса в татарском и русском языках

Introduction. One of the important problems of contemporary linguistics is the incomplete correspondence between some linguistic categories and actual conditions of language use, which makes it difficult to apply scientific concepts in pragmatic terms. In this regard, some categories of classical linguistics require further clarification in the light of new scientific achievements. Goals. So, the article aims at analyzing deictic microsystems of languages different in origin and grammatical type through synergistic research approaches with due account of achievements of classical linguistics and data on the new communication theory. Materials and methods. The work employs comprehensive methodology: comparison of the Russian and Tatar deictic verbal means is accompanied by cross-situational/component analysis applicable in communication theory. The combination of new and traditional methods makes it possible, firstly, to optimize the traditional time-tested methods of comparing languages of different origins, and, secondly, to correct results of the comparative study in a communicative aspect. The study focuses on materials of the Tatar and Russian languages, since the latter coexist in one region and closely interact via Russian-Tatar bilingualism. Results. The use of comprehensive communicative/linguistic techniques yields a described universal action (deictic) category — implementing spatial coordination of participants and speech objects — for languages of different types. The study identifies spatial communicative indicators common to languages, features of action processes and means of their expression. Particular attention is paid to differences in the implementation of spatial deixis in the languages compared. Conclusions. Grammatically and communicatively, deixis is central to Russian and Tatar pronominal systems. Regular deictic means include key types of pronouns, such as personal, possessive, personal-demonstrative, and demonstrative ones. Functional qualities of all other pronouns and non-pronominal deictics are determined through relations with these central types.

METHODS OF TRANSLITERATION OF CHINESE ONOMASTIC NAMES IN KAZAKH ALPHABET WITH LATIN GRAPHICS

Translation of onomastic names from one language into another or their correct spelling is one of the most important problems of linguistics and translation. This is due to the fact that onomastic names are not only linguistic units, phenomena, but also non-linguistic factors (ideological, historical, cultural, geographic, social, linguistic relations), which play a very important role in the development of relations between states and peoples. The Kazakh and Chinese languages, both genetically and typologically, belong to different language groups: one belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language group, the other to the Altai language group; typologically, one refers to isolating languages, the other to agglutinative ones. Moreover, there are significant differences in the spelling of both languages: one uses a semantic syllable and the other uses phonetic notation. The "Palladium transcription system" based on the current phonetic rules of the Russian language does not correspond to the phonetic rules of the Kazakh language. The study shows the ways and rules of transliteration of Chinese onomastic names into the Kazakh alphabet with Latin graphics.

An Analysis of Cultural And Linguistic Problems During Translating from English to Arabic

An Analysis of Cultural And Linguistic Problems During Translating from English to Arabic

EFL Young Learners’ Perceptions About the Benefits and Challenges of Doing Individual Audio Recording Tasks in Their Oral Fluency

This study was conducted to investigate the EFL young learners’ perceptions about the benefits of individual audio recording tasks in their oral fluency and find out their challenges on how to do individual audio recording tasks. Twenty young learners coming from an English center in Vinh Long province took part in the research. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected by using a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The findings implicate that young learners highly perceived the benefits of doing individual audio recording tasks in improving their oral fluency, attitude and motivation. However, they encountered some challenges while doing individual audio recording tasks as regards linguistic problems and personal background. Keywords: Audio recording tasks, oral fluency, benefits and challenges of audio recording tasks DOI: 10.7176/JEP/13-30-07 Publication date: October 31 st 2022

Temporal and Non-temporal Characteristics of the Category of Aspectuality of the Russian Verb in the Context of the Chinese Language

The article is devoted to the study of the specifics of the category of aspectuality in the Russian language in the context of the implementation of its (category) temporal and non-temporal characteristics, considered in the focus of the Chinese language. The purpose of the work was to identify the features of the expression of temporal and non-temporal characteristics of the category of aspectuality of the Russian verb in the context of the Chinese language. The object of the study is Russian verbs that characterize the aspectual system of the language under consideration, in the context of the Chinese system of aspectuality. The subject of the study is the specificity of the temporal and non-temporal characteristics of the category of aspectuality in the framework of its expression and implementation in Russian in the context of Chinese. The following methods were used during the study: analysis (component, comparative, semantic-cognitive), synthesis, generalization, comparison, dialectical method, descriptive method, classification method, functional method, etc. The main conclusions of the study are : temporal and non-temporal components of the category of aspectuality are represented in Russian to a greater extent by verbs, to a lesser extent by predicatives and auxiliary non-verbal means; in Chinese they are represented by lexical means (morphological signs of aspectuality are not pronounced). The author's special contribution to the study of the topic is to identify the specifics of the expression and implementation of temporal and non-temporal characteristics of the category of aspectuality in Russian in the context of Chinese. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time (within the framework of the problems of modern linguistics) a comprehensive analysis of the specifics of the expression and implementation of temporal and non-temporal characteristics of the category of aspectuality of the Russian verb in the context of the Chinese language was carried out.

Упрощенный стандарт «языка» в работе И. Сталина «Марксизм и вопросы языкознания»: из прошлого в настоящее и далее

In a number of newspaper publications by I. Stalin (summer 1950), combined in the form of a separate work “Marxism and problems of linguistics”, the interpretation of the main issues of the theory of the verbal process (“language”) is generally consistent with traditional (including modern quantitatively predominant) linguistic views, among which the main thing is the subject-instrumental perception of "linguistic unity" and attributing to it a semantic function, or the function of meaning formation. This article outlines aspects of criticism of the Stalinist and, in general, linguistic understanding of "language" from the point of view of the communicative model. The Marxist-linguistic consensus emerges from a simplistic view of the word-containing semiotic process. Stalin’s views are presented in the article as an illustration of any vulgarizing approach to sign-containing influence. A simplified (linguistic) model of a word-containing semiotic process is the result of excessive attention to the verbal substrate (“words”), an attempt to present verbal units as self-organized semantic-formal modules responsible for everything that happens in the field of communicative meaning formation. The ineffectiveness of the theoretical verbal construct "language" (and "speech") lies in the imposition of its own action on verbal "bodies", while the generation of meaning in natural word-containing communication is entirely carried out by the complex (polymodal, multichannel) personal influence of the semiotic actor.

PROBLEMS FACED BY EFL STUDENTS IN CARRYING OUT ONLINE PRESENTATION

This study aims at finding out the problems and the factors causing the problems faced by the students of English Education Department in carrying out online presentations. The subject of this research were 6 students of English Education Department of UIN Alauddin Makassar who enrolled in Speaking for Academic Purpose course. The samples were selected purposively. This study uses qualitative descriptive and the data were taken from observations through the Google Meet application and interview. The findings showed that the students had linguistic and non-linguistic problems. The linguistic problems faced are lack of vocabulary, lack of grammar and poor pronunciation; while, the non-linguistic problems are fear of making mistakes, feelings of shame, lack of self-confidence, network problems and disturbances that occur around students' homes.

Сталин и «курско-орловский диалект»: заметки на полях дискуссии

The article explores a link between the “discussion on the problems of theoretical linguistics” in 1952, which culminated with the demise of Nikolai Marr's teaching upon the publication of Stalin's piece on the subject, and the formation of the Union of Soviet writers under Maxim Gorky's chairmanship in 1934, in which Stalin took a very active albeit largely behind-the-scene part. In both cases, the tenor of the abrupt ideological and institutional reorganization of literary and academic life lay in the rejection of heteroglossia and conflicting plurality of voices as the mode of linguistic and literary practice, a principle that had dominated the early Soviet avant-garde literature and the “new teaching about language” by Marr and his followers. The Union of Soviet writers rejected stylistic experiments of the 1920s in favor of the imagined normative purity of “Russian literary language.” The idealized image of the gentry estates in the Kursk and Orel region (podmoskovnye usadby) as the cradle of national literature and “pure” literary language of Pushkin, Tolstoy, and Turgenev, was eloquently expressed by Bunin in emigration. Embraced by Gorky and supported by Stalin, this idea was established as the strategic guideline for Soviet writers. It apparently also stood at the root of Stalin's fantastic assertion, eighteenth years later, of the dialect of the “Kursk-Orel district” as the place of the origin of the Russian national language.

LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF INNOVATIVE PHRASES IN THE ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS SPHERES

It was determined that for the sphere of economy and business, despite the presence of multidirectional phraseology that characterizes economic processes and phenomena, the word “economy”, “economics” remains the most widely used. Linguistic and cultural problems of phraseology in the field of economy and business are addressed to the solution of several issues. The first question concerns the technical side, which consists in clarifying the terminological apparatus of the study. The second refers to the substantive part, which concerns the essence of terminological concepts. In the article, the author singles out the national specifics for the sphere of economy and business (Black Friday, musical-chair county, Fifth Amendment capitalist) revealed when comparing phrases of different languages and determined by two factors: objective and subjective. Cultural specificity for the sphere of economy and business (Christmas creep, Mongolian hordes, proletarian drift) implies the correspondence of the language unit to the element of mentality or spiritual culture of society, its history, beliefs, traditions and natural living conditions. The linguistic and cultural study of phrases should be focused on understanding their national specificity, which is realized in the peculiarities of the interaction of a given language and a given culture. Linguistic and cultural universals in the sphere of economy and business include analogies formed in the American ethno-cultural environment and tested by time: glass ceiling, glass wall, golden bungee, golden handcuffs, golden ghetto, lipstick effect, lipstick indicator, silicon-chip capitalism, Silicon Mountain. It is shown that the mastering of the surrounding reality is produced in a specific way, peculiar to this national and cultural community, which cannot but be reflected in the phrasemes of one or another language. The sphere of economy and business is no exception, in which idioms are formed under the influence of such factors as general human thinking and peculiarities of mastering the surrounding reality. All of the above testifies in favor of the fact that the presence of cultural-linguistic specificity in no way cancels the effects of cultural-linguistic universals. Linguistic facts represent a rich material that indicates the heterogeneous nature of the interaction of universal and specific in the sphere of economy and business.

Evolutionary processes of common Turkic lexemes

Language is a historical category, so it is constantly evolving and undergoing changes. A word and its meaning as the main part of the language expand, narrow, the meaning undergoes changes or completely goes out of use of the language along with the development of society. This is a linguistic pattern, so change in the meaning of a word is one of the most actual problems of linguistics, which requires a constant study. Studying the meaning of a word, we get information from the language, the history, culture, life of people who speak this language. The article analyzes and comprehensively studies changes in the meanings of wordscommon to the Turkic languages. Linguistic analysis of word meanings is performed by etymological, historical and comparative methods. Giving specific language data from the Turkic languages, it was told about the similarities in the meanings of common words and features which appeared over time. In addition, information about the culture, history, knowledge and existence of people of Turkic origin is used to reveal the meanings of words. The research analyzes the opinions of domestic and foreign scientists on this issue. The authors share their conclusions, which do not always coincide with existing judgments about the meaning of individual words. Currently words which have unclear meaning, disconnected from the basic meaning, and even lost their meaning are analyzed using data from oral folk art, works related to medieval language monuments. The information presented in the article can be widely used in research related to the history of the Kazakh literary language, etymology of words.

Обучение китайских студентов русским фразеологизмам с глаголами движения как компоненту курса русского языка как иностранного

The aim of the study is to provide effective tasks for teaching phraseological units with verbs of motion to the Chinese students based on the identified problematic linguistic areas. The paper attempts to identify linguistic problems that the Chinese students have in the process of studying phraseological units with verbs of motion by comparing a number of phraseological units of both languages, checking the degree of knowledge of selected phraseological units among the Chinese students who graduated from the preparatory faculty. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the presentation of improved tasks for the study of phraseological units with verbs of motion in the Chinese audience, based on the method of relying on the native language. As a result of the study, methodological recommendations were formulated, thanks to which the Russian as a foreign language teacher will be able to solve the linguistic problems associated with teaching phraseological units with verbs of motion to the Chinese students.

LEXICAL FEATURES OF BRITISH SLANG AND DESCRIPTION OF ITS WORD FORMATION

Clarification of all aspects of the social differentiation of language is one of the urgent problems of modern linguistics. An in-depth study of this problem is especially important in terms of clearly showing the direction of language development and its causes, revealing the relationship between people's living conditions and language options. British slang needs to be studied in terms of studying the specifics of linguistic, cultural and social groups. Opinions on the classification, analysis, lexical and semantic features of slang in linguistic researches are different. The research topic is approached from the point of view of lexical-semantic linguistics and lexical factors influencing its development are noted. The main goal of the article is to identify the lexical features of modern British slang and for this purpose, examples from English literature, dictionaries, and articles in periodicals were selected. The article can be useful in the in the teaching of lexicology courses and in the preparation of lectures on lexicography. The lexical features and word formation of slang were researched with the use of general scientific methods, descriptive, linguistic analysis, and historical-comparative research methods in the article. Keywords: Slang, semantics, stereotype, informal layer, marginal, grammatical canons.

PHONETIC VARIANTS OF LOANWORDS

Unification of different spelling of words is one of the most important problem in Kazakh linguistics. Especially noticeable is the number of words that occur in different spelling variants, in loanwords from Arabic and Persian origin. The heterogeneity and diversity of the spelling of borrowed words in the practice of writing remains an unsolved problem among linguists. In this regard, the purpose of our study is to identify the reasons for the use of Arabic, Persian words that are written in different versions of the same meaning, and an attempt to designate the main variant when switching to a new Latin alphabet. It is known that different spellings of words often occur between modern literary language and dialects. Regardless of the types of phonetic phenomena found in the dialects of our language, in general they are intertwined with the phonetic development of the Turkic languages. Therefore, the article analyzes the processes of mastering, starting from ancient and medieval Turkic written monuments and the features of the transition to modern Turkic languages. In order to determine the main variant, linguistic and statistical studies of phonetic variants of b/p, p/f are carried out on the basis of the «Large Explanatory Dictionary of the Kazakh literary language». The results of the study can serve in the unification of spelling norms of borrowed words, as well as the necessary linguistic information in the development of various dictionaries.

Investigating the Problems in Speaking English as a Second Language: A Study of Sindh University Undergraduate Students

The present study aimed to investigate the problems in speaking English as a second language in the Institute of English language and literature at the University of Sindh Jamshoro. The research paradigm was qualitative, and the tool for this study was an open-ended questionnaire that was distributed among the 40 students of IELL, including both male and female students who participated in this work and had their previous education from both private and public academic sectors. The results revealed the problems occurred to the students while speaking. This research explains the problems faced by the students of IELL by dividing them into three categories. The first category is linguistic problems, including vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar. The second category is psychological and external problems, including low motivation, anxiety, negative attitude towards the target language, and no environment for second language English. The last category is teaching methods and materials problems, including untrained teachers, traditional teaching methods, and syllabus problems. These problems are common in the ESL context due to the faulty education system. The last part of the study recommends some steps to be taken by the students, schools, and future researchers regarding speaking skills improvements.

Features of the transfer of quasi-realies of F. Herbert's science fiction novel “Dune” into Russian and French

An integral feature of science fiction literature is the realities of the fictional world by the author or the so-called quasi-realities. The transfer of realities from one language to another is still an urgent problem of linguistics and causes difficulties for both beginners and professional translators. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze ways to convey the realities of F. Herbert's novel “Dune” in translations into Russian and French. The choice of the actual research material – F. Herbert's novel “Dune” – was not made by chance. It is explained by the significant influence exerted by this work on the entire industry of world science fiction, the presence in it of all the classical elements inherent in this literary genre, as well as the undying interest in the Dune universe. In the course of the work, the following methods were used as the main ones: comparative analysis, the method of continuous sampling, methods of classification, interpretation and linguistic commentary. The article classifies the author's terminology of the novel and identifies the main groups of quasi-realities. These lexical units became the object of comparative analysis of the original text and its translations, which allowed to identify translation difficulties and ways to overcome them. Of particular interest for the study was not only in comparing the original with each translation separately, but also in comparing these translations with each other. As a result, it was found that when transferring the author's anthroponyms, most toponyms and ethnonyms in Russian translation, lexical transformations of transcription and transliteration were used, whereas in French their original forms were preserved. When transferring quasi-grammatical names in both languages compared, semantic translation, morphemic translation, calcification, creation of similar neologisms and, in rare cases, transcription/transliteration (in the Russian version) and preservation of the original form (in French) were used.

DIFFICULTIES AND FACTORS OF LOW ACHIEVERS IN SPEAKING

This study aimed to know the difficulties and the factors causing faced by the low achievers in speaking. The research used a qualitative method by doing observation and interview. The researchers used the purposive sampling technique. This research had 21 participants out of 97 students from the third semester who were taking Public Speaking subject in English Education Department of Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto. The data collection was done by using observation and semi-structured interviews. The questions consisted of 11 items. In a conclusion, the problems in speaking refer to linguistic problems (pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, performance variables, and fluency), and non-linguistic problems (inhibition, nothing to say, low or uneven participation, and mother tongue use). The factors causing problems in speaking refer to non-psychological factors (lack of vocabulary, inadequate strategic competence, and teaching strategies), and psychological factors (fear of mistakes, shyness, anxiety, lack of confidence, and lack of motivation).

Vers quel modèle de traduction-terminologie en langues nationales à l’aune d’une éducation bi- plurilingue au Cameroun ?

Towards what model of translation-terminology in national languages in the light of bi-plurilingual education in Cameroon?
 Cameroon, a country characterised by obvious linguistic diversity, recognises the importance of education that is rooted in the culture of the pupils and develops professional or self-employment skills through bi-lingual education. However, the national languages of Cameroon do not have sufficiently elaborate metalanguages to fully convey all the knowledge related to school subjects such as grammar, arithmetic, geometry, etc. They therefore need to be developed and adapted to the needs of the students. They need to be equipped with adequate terminologies to meet the challenge of bi-plurilingual teaching (official languages and national languages), because the production of bi-plurilingual (Cameroonian languages and official languages: French and English) teaching manuals and metalinguistic tools (lexicons, dictionaries, etc.), among others, implies an intense activity of translation-terminology to express certain teaching contents. However, no standard theoretical-practical model has been adopted for translation- terminology involving these languages. This activity thus seems to be left to improvisation. Focusing on recent work in two terminology committees in Cameroon (the ELAN- Afrique committee and the one set up by the IFADEM-RETHE team in Cameroon in 2016), this article outlines some of the salient linguistic problems encountered in translation-terminology activities related to the elaboration of lexicons in national languages, in the perspective of bi-lingual education. These include problems relating to the order of priority in the choice of naming procedures, compliance with the rules of adaptation of borrowings, the length of lexicalised expressions, and the rate of translation of terms. With regard to the choice of naming procedures, certain notions were difficult to agree on and were sometimes the source of lengthy debates within the translation-terminology groups. For example, in view of the high level of abstraction of certain concepts, some members of the terminology committees proposed borrowing as a first recourse, while others, with a purist tendency, considered that procedures employing the internal resources of the target language should be preferred to borrowing, without taking into account the length of the lexemes that would be derived from them. As far as compliance with the rules of adaptation of borrowings is concerned, several terms are not morpho-phonologically adapted, contrary to what is recommended by the cultural approaches. Moreover, several graphemes and consonantal sequences not attested in the alphabet or in the morphophonology of certain languages have been disgracefully taken into account in lexicons. Furthermore, as regards the length of lexicalised expressions, several terms have been translated into excessively long syntagms, or even sentences, whereas several procedures could have allowed their lexicalisation in compliance with the principle of brevity dear to terminology. Finally, some terms, due to their high level of abstraction or technicality, remained untranslated. In addition, the study proposes some theoretical-practical issues in the perspective of a model of translation-terminology of school contents from the official languages into the national languages of Cameroon, by laying the groundwork for an extensive socio-cultural terminological approach that would not only preserve the identity needs of each local community (hence the socio-cultural component of the model), but would also take into account the linguistic and cultural diversity of Cameroon characterised by the other idioms that evolve in this territory with the cultures they convey (hence the extensive character of the model). It is a non-essentialist model in its socio-cultural dimension, which promotes the multidialectal and multilingual character of the territory in translation-terminology activities by encouraging and highlighting the lexical variations that could arise from the different linguistic variants within a single language, as well as the calques and borrowings between Cameroonian languages; this with a view to increasing the possibilities of terminological development.

ЛІНГВІСТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ЮРИДИЧНОЇ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ СУЧАСНОГО ЗАКОНОДАВСТВА

The article examines the linguistic aspects of legal terminology of modern legislation. The concepts, main features and functions of legal terms are defined. The peculiarities of the functioning of legislative terms are revealed. The meaning of definitions in legislative acts is analyzed. It is established that definiteness is one of the main features and characteristics of a legal term. Legislative definitions must be unambiguous, clear, concise, logically and linguistically correct, general and cover the most essential characteristics of the subject or phenomenon. Linguistic problems related to the use of legal terminology in the texts of normative legal acts are singled out. Emphasis is placed on the adaptation of modern national legislation to EU law. Among the main linguistic issues of legal terminology are the problems of legal translation of legislative terms; unmotivated use of foreign borrowings in the translation of EU legislation; inconsistency of legal terms with the norms of the Ukrainian literary language, unmotivated ways of word formation, lack of uniformity of terms used in the original and translation of one of the EU legislative acts, homonymy and polysemy of terms and their ambiguous application in Ukrainian and EU legislation. It is emphasized that the adequacy of the translation of legal terminology is extremely important for the legal function of the regulatory function. The rules of use of foreign terms in normative-legal acts are offered. The peculiarities of the role of legal terminology in the functioning of law are revealed. It is concluded that the unification, systematization and streamlining of legal terminology will facilitate the process of integration of domestic legislation into the European legal system.