Linfen City Research Articles

An Improved MGM (1, n) Model for Predicting Urban Electricity Consumption

The MGM (1, n) model has the characteristics of less data required, simple modeling, and high prediction accuracy. It has been successfully applied to short-term forecasting across various economic, social, and technological domains, yielding promising outcomes. There is insufficient attention paid to the interpolation coefficient of the model. The interpolation coefficients determine the extent of model fitting, which, in turn, impacts its prediction accuracy. This study made some improvements to the interpolation coefficients and proposed an improved MGM (1, n) model. IMGM (1, n) model and MGM (1, n) model were employed to compare the performance of the improved MGM (1, n) model. Upon a series of comparisons and analyses, it was concluded that the improved MGM (1, n) model has higher fitting and prediction accuracy than the other two forecasting methods. The method was used to forecast the short-term electricity consumption of Linfen City. The findings revealed that by 2030, the electricity demand in Linfen City is projected to be 563.7 billion kWh.

Research on the Development Path of Rural Industry Revitalization by Non-Legacy of Folklore: Taking Chaoshan Meeting of p county in Linfen City as an Example

with the development of digital economy, the protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage has become an important issue to be solved. As an important part of Chinese traditional culture, non-heritage of folk-custom carries rich historical and cultural connotation and national spirit. However, with the changes of the times and the widening gap between urban and rural development, many non-heritage projects of folk-custom are facing the crisis of loss. As a folk celebration with profound historical and cultural background, Chaoshan meeting in p county of Linfen City, Shanxi province carries rich local cultural connotation. This paper aims to analyze the present situation of Chaoshan society in Linfen city, Shanxi Province, and discuss the development dilemma of micro-, middle-and macro-levels, and put forward a targeted development path to promote the revitalization of rural industries and inheritance of non-heritage protection work in-depth development.

Optimizing Recharge Area Delineation for Small- to Medium-Sized Groundwater Systems through Coupling Methods and Numerical Modeling: A Case Study of Linfen City, China

In previous investigations, the demarcation of capture zones within a specific research area predominantly relied on a singular method, leading to pronounced limitations and uncertainties. To address this challenge, an extensive field survey was conducted, focusing on the systematic classification of water sources in the Linfen City region. Building upon this classification, an intricate fusion of a hydrogeological analysis and formulaic methodology was employed. This integrated approach, coupled with independent numerical simulation methods, was applied to delineate recharge areas for both alluvial fan pore water in piedmont regions and exposed karst water in small- to medium-sized water sources. Simultaneously, precise spatial interpolation was carried out on water quality monitoring data from supply wells within the water source area for the year 2020. This meticulous analysis facilitated the determination of the spatial distribution characteristics of hydrochemical elements. To assess the water quality within the capture zone, the class III groundwater quality standards of China were employed as a pivotal tool for validating the results of the delineation of water source recharge areas. In the final analysis, a comparative study between the integrated coupling method and numerical simulation outcomes revealed the successful delineation of the boundaries for the water supply areas of Tumen and Caojiapo in Linfen City, covering areas of 5.5 km2 and 22.29 km2, respectively. Simultaneously, the combination of the three methods accurately outlined the boundary of the Hexi water supply area, encompassing an area of 2.5224 km2. These results vividly illustrate that the amalgamation of various methodologies proves more beneficial for the precise delineation of capture zones, particularly in diverse types and scales of groundwater sources. The synergy exhibited by these three methods underscores their collective efficacy, providing a more comprehensive and intuitive delineation of the recharge areas for small- to medium-sized water sources. Consequently, these findings significantly enhance the practical application value of the study and hold promise in making substantial contributions to local groundwater security and management initiatives.

High organic sulfur coal derived carbon-based sorbent for Hg0 capture from coal-fired flue gas

To develop the high value utilization of high organic sulfur coal instead of combustion as well as save the cost of mercury pollution control, we attempted to transmute the inherent sulfur of high organic sulfur coal, in the case of LF coal (which is from Linfen city, China), to active sulfur species for mercury capture by doping metal oxides, and CuO performed best among various metal oxides. The sorbent (or activated sample) prepared from LF coal with doping CuO is labelled LF+Cu-A, around which a series of experiments were conducted. Firstly, the effects of operational conditions, including GHSV (gas hourly space velocity), temperature and flue components, on the mercury capture performance of LF+Cu-A were thoroughly investigated, and results showed that LF+Cu-A had an excellent mercury capture performance. The average mercury capture efficiency is 97.8 % during a two-hour test under N2+O2+H2O+SO2+NO atmosphere with GHSV of 240000 h−1 and temperature of 120 °C. Secondly, the experimental data were fitted by four kinetic models, and it is found that the mercury adsorption process under low temperatures (60, 90, 120 °C) and high temperature (150 °C) are in the best agreement with the pseudo-first-order model and the intra-particle diffusion model respectively. Last, the mercury capture mechanisms of LF+Cu-A were revealed by Hg-TPD (Hg-temperature programed desorption) experiment, Raman analysis and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectrometer) spectra, and it is indicated that the multiple sulfur species and Cu2+ play roles in the mercury capture process, during which elemental mercury are oxidized to HgS and fixed on the surface of LF+Cu-A.

Characteristics of Spatial and Temporal Variations of Ozone in Linfen City and Analysis of Influencing Factors

Characteristics of Spatial and Temporal Variations of Ozone in Linfen City and Analysis of Influencing Factors

Integrated approach for ecological restoration and ecological spatial network optimization with multiple ecosystem functions in mining areas

The transformation of the landscape structure in mining cities is influenced by a combination of various factors, resulting in a decline in the ecological quality of the landscape and an increased vulnerability of the ecological environment. The quality of landscape ecology directly impacts the flow and transmission of ecosystem functions, underscoring the need for careful consideration in the establishment of landscape ecological networks. In this study, an analysis was conducted using land-use data from 2005 to 2020 in Linfen City, Shanxi Province, China. A network optimization strategy was established, focusing on the capacity for ecosystem self-restoration and the connectivity of ecological patches. Additionally, the spatiotemporal characteristics of landscape ecological risk between 2005 and 2020 were examined. Taking into account the influence of the ecological value of the landscape on the resilience of the ecosystem, the Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) model was employed to construct the landscape ecological network. The structural characteristics of the landscape ecological network were explored using complex network methods. In addition, an optimization strategy based on ecosystem functionality and connectivity (EC) was adopted, and by comparing the connectivity and robustness of the network before and after the optimization, it was found that the method enhanced the smoothness of energy transfer and interconnectivity among nodes of the network, and significantly enhanced the stability of the ecological network. Within the study area, local levels of risk increased due to coal mining and urban expansion. (The maximum value in 2005 was 335.) However, overall risk levels improved with the progress of land reclamation efforts. (The maximum value in 2020 was 325.) Higher risks were observed in the vicinity of urban construction and mining areas, while forested and grassland areas exhibited relatively lower risks. The changes in risk within the study area were primarily influenced by factors such as mining activities, urban expansion, government policies, changes in land use types, and village relocation. The findings of this study provide theoretical support for the optimization of the landscape structure in mining cities, the construction of systems of ecological security as well as the restoration of ecosystems.

Investigation of the chronic respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function of adult residents in Hongtong County, Shanxi Province

Objective: To investigate the chronic respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function of adult residents in 3 towns of Hongtong County, Shanxi Province, and to explore their risk factors. Methods: The investigation of chronic respiratory symptoms and lung function status of adult residents in Hongdong County is based on the regional population of the entire county in Hongdong County. The project was initiated by the Science and Technology Department of Linfen City and coordinated by the Hongdong County Government. The investigation will be conducted in 3 townships in Hongdong County, Linfen City, Shanxi Province from April to November 2021: Demographic characteristics, respiratory symptoms, smoking dust exposure and other personal history were collected through questionnaires. Physical examination, routine blood tests and lung function tests were also performed on each individual. SPSS 22.0 software was used to conduct t test, χ2 test, ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test for statistical analysis of the collected information. Results: 10 945 subjects aged 18-102 years were included in the analysis, of whom 3 754 (34.3%) were male, 1 222 (11.2%) had a history of dust exposure, 7 164 (65.5%) had used straw and firewood as cooking fuel, and 3 296 (30.1%) had a history of smoking. Among the participants, 394 (3.6%), 339 (3.1%), and 1 543 (14.1%) had respiratory symptoms such as chronic cough, sputum, and dyspnea. Statistics showed that the population with chronic respiratory symptoms was more elderly and had a smoking history, and the incidence of chronic respiratory symptoms was higher in those who smoked more than 40 packs a year (all P<0.05). Men with a history of dust exposure were more likely to suffer from chronic cough and expectoration, while emaciation and biofuel use for more than 40 years were more likely to suffer from chronic expectoration and dyspnea (all P<0.05). The median values of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC in 1 second were 2.19 L/s, 3.24 L and 69.16%, respectively. Among them, the lung function of 5 801 (53.0%) respondents was lower than the expected value. The median FEV1/FVC decreased with the increase of age. The FEV1/FVC of people over 40 years old with smoking history was lower, the dust exposure history of people with decreased lung function was more than that of people with normal lung function, and the incidence of chronic expectoration and dyspnea was higher in people with decreased lung function (all P<0.05). The absolute value and ratio of eosinophils in patients with decreased ventilation function over 60 years old were significantly higher than those with normal ventilation function, but the level of body mass index (BMI) was lower (all P<0.05). Conclusion: In Hongdong County, Shanxi Province, grassroots residents have poor medical awareness, low lung function examination rate, chronic respiratory symptoms and lung function decline are associated with more risk factors. Primary medical institutions need to formulate prevention strategies and carry out lung function detection according to the actual situation, focusing on monitoring and follow-up of high-risk groups to achieve early and timely prevention, diagnosis and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Understanding Citizens’ Perceptions and Attitudes toward Energy Restructuring under China’s NDC for Quality of Life: A Case of Linfen City

China updated its NDC in 2020, pledging to achieve carbon peaking before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. To achieve these targets, China must revise its energy mix planning to increase energy security and meet the demand for low-carbon energy production to combat climate change. Linfen is one of the most important economic cities in Shanxi Province, which is one of China's most important coal-producing regions and is plagued by high pollution and high energy consumption. Linfen was chosen as the city of interest for this study due to being a coal hub and one of the most polluted cities in the nation. To ensure effective policy implementation, it is essential to investigate citizens understanding and integrate their perceptions into policy formulation. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the perceptions and attitudes of Linfen citizens regarding China's National Determined Contributions (NDCs) on energy transformation for enhancing quality of life. The questionnaire, containing 27 questions, was distributed online, and received 402 valid responses. The finding revealed that 72.14% of respondents indicated that people were concerned about climate change, and more than 80% agreed with the China NDC's target of increasing the use of renewable energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve carbon neutrality. They also revealed that developing renewable energy projects based on China's NDCs could improve their quality of life while also boosting the city's economic and social benefits. Nevertheless, it was observed that 10.34% of the participants showed a limited knowledge of the local environmental regulations and China's NDCs. To achieve the government's goals of carbon neutrality by 2030, it is essential to increase the awareness, engagement, and education of Chinese citizens. This will facilitate successful carbon neutrality efforts and necessitate the implementation of public outreach programs that foster communication among diverse stakeholder groups at the local level.

An assessment of O3-related health risks and economic losses in typical regions of China.

As one of the key areas for air pollution prevention and control in China, the Fenwei Plain is experiencing serious near-surface O3 pollution, which is a key issue that needs to be solved urgently. Based on pollutant concentration monitoring data and meteorological and health data over the same period, this study analyzed the temporal and spatial characteristics, the relationships with meteorological factors of O3 pollution, and the health effects and economic losses caused by exposure to O3 pollution using environmental health risk and environmental value assessment methods in 11 cities on the Fenwei Plain in China from 2014 to 2020. The results showed that O3 pollution has become increasingly serious on the Fenwei Plain in recent years. The annual average concentration of O3_8h_max showed an overall upwards trend, with an increase of 32.39% in 2020 compared to 2014. The mean concentrations observed in summer were the highest, followed by spring and autumn, and the lowest was in winter. The O3 concentration had a significant positive correlation with air temperature and sunshine hours. The evaluation results of the impact of air pollution on population health showed that the number of premature deaths caused by O3 pollution fluctuated and increased during 2014-2020. In 2020, the numbers of total, cardiovascular and respiratory deaths attributable to O3 pollution on the Fenwei Plain were 6,867 (95% CI: 3,739-9,965), 3,652 (95% CI: 1,363-5,905), and 1,257 (95% CI: 747-2,365), respectively, and the total number of premature deaths related to O3 exposure increased by 48.05% compared with 2014. The health and economic losses attributed to O3 pollution on the Fenwei Plain during the study period were 44.22 (95% CI: 22.17-69.18), 47.16 (95% CI: 23.64-73.77), 68.28 (95% CI: 34.27-106.31), 114.44 (95% CI: 57.42-177.76), 110.85 (95% CI: 55.45-172.52), 116.41 (95% CI: 58.24-180.74), and 116.81 (95% CI: 58.00-180.88) billion yuan, respectively. In Linfen City, the increasing rate of the number of premature deaths reached 283.39% because the O3 concentration increased greatly. Due to high O3 concentrations and obvious population growth in Xi'an, the problems of premature death and health and economic losses attributed to O3 concentrations exceeding the standard value are prominent.

Impacts of short-term air pollution exposure on appendicitis admissions: Evidence from one of the most polluted cities in mainland China.

Emerging evidence indicates that air pollutants contribute to the development and progression of gastrointestinal diseases. However, there is scarce evidence of an association with appendicitis in mainland China. In this study, Linfen city, one of the most polluted cities in mainland China, was selected as the study site to explore whether air pollutants could affect appendicitis admissions and to identify susceptible populations. Daily data on appendicitis admissions and three principal air pollutants, including inhalable particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were collected in Linfen, China. The impacts of air pollutants on appendicitis were studied by using a generalized additive model (GAM) combined with the quasi-Poisson function. Stratified analyses were also performed by sex, age, and season. We observed a positive association between air pollution and appendicitis admissions. For a 10 μg/m3 increase in pollutants at lag01, the corresponding relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were 1.0179 (1.0129-1.0230) for PM10, 1.0236 (1.0184-1.0288) for SO2, and 1.0979 (1.0704-1.1262) for NO2. Males and people aged 21-39 years were more susceptible to air pollutants. Regarding seasons, the effects seemed to be stronger during the cold season, but there was no statistically significant difference between the seasonal groups. Our findings indicated that short-term air pollution exposure was significantly correlated with appendicitis admissions, and active air pollution interventions should be implemented to reduce appendicitis hospitalizations, especially for males and people aged 21-39 years.

Situational Analysis of Influencing Factors of the Psychological Resilience of Junior Nurses at a Tertiary Hospital in Linfen City, Shanxi Province, China

The objective of this study was to analyse the status quo of the psychological resilience of junior nurses and its influencing factors, so as to provide psychological guidance for junior nurses to enable them to serve clinics better. For the study sample, 152 junior nurses from a tertiary hospital in Linfen City, Shanxi Province, China, were selected by convenience sampling. The junior nurses were investigated by using a general information questionnaire, the Mental Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and a simple coping style scale. The results showed that the overall level of psychological resilience of junior nurses was 58.73 ± 11.07, which was lower than the norm in China. Among the measures of three dimensions of resilience, the score of tenacity was 29.64 ± 6.12; the score of self-improvement was 21.07 ± 5.56; and the score of optimism was 9.32 ± 3.48. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis showed that age, educational level and coping style were the significant influencing factors of psychological resilience. In conclusion, the level of psychological resilience of the junior nurses in the study was low. Thus, hospital managers should provide a supportive clinical learning environment for the younger nurses. At the same time, they should strengthen the positive coping mechanism of junior nurses, guiding them to use the positive side of psychological resilience.

Problems and countermeasures of strategic management of small and medium-sized enterprises

The sudden outbreak has brought a huge impact on the economic development, and small and medium-sized enterprises are also affected by it. Small and medium-sized enterprises have made great contributions to solving social employment and other problems, but in the current market background, these severe problems are obstructing the comprehensive development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and need to make some changes to promote the sustainable development of small and medium-sized enterprises. This paper analyzes the present situation and existing problems of strategic management of Taisen Food Co., LTD., Linfen City, Shanxi Province, analyzes the problems existing in strategic management of Taisen Food Co., LTD., and puts forward the countermeasures to solve these problems.

Pollution characteristics and sources of carbonyl compounds in a typical city of Fenwei Plain, Linfen, in summer

Field measurements of atmospheric carbonyl compounds (carbonyls) and essential precursors of O3 were carried out in the urban area of Linfen City (Linfen) where serious O3 pollution has occurred in recent years due to its unique terrain. Carbonyls were sampled using an automatic carbonyl sampler in August 2019 to determine their pollution characteristics and sources. An average concentration of ten carbonyls was 27 ± 5.7 μg m−3 detected using an HPLC-UV system. The concentrations of most detected carbonyls in August were significantly higher than those in the winter months in China. Acetone, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the most abundant species, accounting for 73% of all detected carbonyls. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and methacrolein (MACR) were the most significant contributors to OH• reactivity and ozone generation, indicating that these three carbonyls were the key species influencing the production of O3. The concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and MACR showed similar diurnal variations on most days, with high values during the daytime reaching a peak at 10:00. However, the concentrations of the latter two species varied less than that of formaldehyde during the day. The acetone concentration generally increased continuously from morning to night, with the maximum value around 22:00. The C1/C2 ratio in summer was higher than that in winter. These results indicated that the carbonyls in Linfen were not only affected by anthropogenic sources such as vehicle exhaust but also by secondary photochemical production. The results of formaldehyde source apportionment showed that the contributions of background, primary, and secondary sources to the observed formaldehyde concentration were 27.6%, 36.6%, and 35.8%, respectively. Additionally, this study revealed for the first time that the vertical transport of air masses containing high concentrations of O3 and NO3 radicals above the boundary layer could increase the secondary generation of formaldehyde at night in summer.

Agglomeration and migration of population in resource-based cities: evidence from DMSP/OLS and NPP/VIIRS night-time lights

ABSTRACT The population loss in mining areas intensifies the imbalance of the development of resource-based cities (RBCs). How to use night-time light to describe the spatial-temporal evolution pattern of population and compare the agglomeration and migration characteristics of population in coal mine concentration area (CMCA) and cities has become an important issue for sustainable development of RBCs. By fitting the DMSP/OLS and NPP/VIIRS night-time lights, this paper completed the simulation of population distribution of Linfen City in 2003/2008/2013/2018 by constructing the population spatialization model, and measured the urban population agglomeration and migration by using the geographical concentration index of population (GCP) and relative population migration index (RPM). The results show that the population agglomeration and migration of CMCA and cities are not synchronized. The GCP of the whole city shows an upward trend, while the GCP of CMCA shows a trend of substantial decrease first and then increase. From 2013 to 2018, the RPM of CMCA rebounded and reached 0.0307, reflecting the alleviation of population loss in CMCA. It is suggested that night-time lights should be used in the dynamic change assessment of population in RBCs, and measures such as coordinated development, acceleration of industrial transformation and promotion of urbanization should be taken to realize the reasonable distribution of population in RBCs.

Stabilized Time Transfer via a 1000-km Optical Fiber Link Using High-Precision Delay Compensation System

Variations in optical fiber length and refractive index are induced by environmental perturbation, resulting in an additional dynamic propagation delay in fiber-based time synchronization systems, which deteriorate their transfer stability. This disadvantage can be significantly reduced by transmitting the time signal in both directions through fiber and constructing a feedback loop to compensate the propagation delay at the remote end of the link. This paper proposes an analog-digital hybrid proportional integral derivative (PID) control compensation system based on the time-frequency phase-locked loop (TF-PLL). The system is designed to keep the merits of wide servo bandwidth, servo accuracy, and a large dynamic delay compensation range up to 1 s, which is much greater than that reported in previous studies. For proving the validity of this proposed scheme, a self-developed optical fiber time synchronization equipment based on the delay compensation system is applied. The delay compensation system is used on a 1100-km long laboratory optical fiber, and the results show that the time synchronization stability in terms of time deviation (TDEV) is less than 5.92 ps/1 s and 2.56 ps/10,000 s. After successful laboratory evaluation, the proposed system is installed on a real 988.48-km line between the Xi’an Lintong branch of the National Time Service Center (NTSC) and Linfen City, Shanxi Province, realizing the time synchronization of 10 stations along the optical fiber link. The experimental results in the 988.48-km link illustrate that the measured time difference with a peak-to-peak value of 176 ps, the standard deviation of 19.3 ps, and a TDEV of less than 10.49 ps/1 s and 2.31 ps/40,000 s is achieved. The high-precision time delay compensation system proposed in this paper is simple, reliable, and accurate; has a wide range of compensation; and opens up a feasible scheme for providing synchronized time signals to multiple users over the long-distance field optical fiber networks.

Vehicle Path Recognition Approach Based on Incomplete Automatic Vehicle Identification

Vehicle path recognition is one of the key methods used in urban traffic research, such as traffic flow characteristics analysis. Automatic vehicle identification (AVI) is often used for vehicle path recognition and is suitable for mixed traffic flow with connected automated vehicles (CAVs). However, there still remain issues in overcoming the difficulty of vehicle path identification caused by the discontinuity of AVI data and solving the problem of low precision of AVI application. To model the vehicle path, this paper selects the AVI system of Yicheng Town, Linfen City, Shanxi Province, as a test bed. The travel modes of private cars and taxis are discussed, and the quantified indicators of the model are determined. By combining the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with the entropy weight method (EWM) to get the weights of the indicators, the path recognition model under incomplete AVI data is proposed. Finally, based on the path recognition model proposed in this paper, case studies are carried out for the private car and taxi path recognition, respectively. The validity of the path identification through practical studies and the effect of the number of missing nodes of AVI equipment on the accuracy of the model are discussed. The results show that the recognition of the travel path using the proposed model is consistent with the actual travel path. The accuracy of the proposed model is more than 60% when the number of missing nodes is less than 7 in total 31 nodes. Considering the decision models for private cars and taxis, respectively, the proposed model provides a method for vehicle path recognition based on incomplete AVI data.

Study on the Compressive Properties and Factors of Recycled Mixture with High Content of Iron Tailings Sand

This paper focuses on the disposal of iron tailings sand (ITS) and recycled aggregate of inorganic (RAI) and proposed the “ITS plus RAI” solid waste treatment methods, which uses ITS and RAI as a new base course material to replace new aggregates by 100% to apply in the pavement renovation project of national and provincial roads in Linfen city, Shanxi Province. In this paper, the compressive strength characteristic of recycled mixture with different ratios is studied for the dual waste treatment methods, and the influence factors are analyzed by multiple regression analysis. Results show that the strength of the recycled mixture composed of a high content of ITS (the mass ratio to RAI exceeds 60 : 40) ups to 7 MPa, which can meet the pavement requirements of 7d unconfined compressive strength of inorganic stabilized base material under various traffic load conditions. The factors affecting the strength of recycled materials include the content of various components, while the particle size of iron tailings sand is the most significant influence factor. Therefore, the proportion of iron tailings sand in the recycled mixture can be further improved by screening coarse iron tailings sand so as to maximize the content of iron tailings sand, which will lead to an excellent engineering value.

Distribution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Metal Elements in Groundwater of Longzici Spring Area

Longzici Spring is an important water source for industry, agriculture, and urban life in Linfen City. With the improvements in public environmental health awareness, it is particularly necessary to study the health risk of posed by metal elements in groundwater. In this study, 43 groundwater samples from Longzici Spring area were analyzed for ten metal elements (As, Cd, Hg, Al, Pb, Co, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Ni). The distribution and health risk of these metal elements in the groundwater were studied using multivariate statistical analysis and a health risk assessment model. The results show that metal elements can be ranked, from high to low, by their average concentrations in groundwater in the following order: Fe, Al, Mn, Ni, As, Cu, Co, Pb, Hg, and Cd. The concentration of Al, Mn, Fe, and As exceed the limit for class Ⅲ water, as defined in the quality standard for groundwater (GB/T 14848-2017). Different types of groundwater in the spring area showed different metal contents. The quality of karst spring water was good, reaching the standard for drinking water, while mine drainage water exceeded the standard for drinking water, with the highest metal concentration (60%) and the worst water quality. Multivariate statistical results show that Pb, Ni, Co, Cd, Mn, and Cu concentrations were mainly affected by the geochemical background, while Al, Fe, Hg, and As concentrations were closely related to human mining activities under the unique geological background of Shanxi Province. The health risk assessment showed that the different types of groundwater could be ranked by the annual total health risks, posed by metal elements to adults and children through drinking water and skin infiltration, as follows: karst well > non-karst spring > non-karst well > karst spring. The health risks mainly came from drinking water, while health risks through skin infiltration would not cause obvious harm to the human body. The metal element causing the greatest health risk in spring groundwater was As, which should therefore be controlled in the utilization of water resources, especially in children's drinking water.

Comparison of Usage and Influencing Factors between Governmental Public Bicycles and Dockless Bicycles in Linfen City, China

Automobile traffic has shifted the use of bicycles in many developed regions to being mainly for sport, recreation and commuting. Due to the desire to mitigate the impacts of climate change and alleviate traffic jams, bicycle sharing is booming in China. Governmental public bicycles and dockless bicycles are the main types of bicycle sharing in China, each with different types of management and pricing. Field research has found that many bicycle sharing networks are idle and wasteful, and thus we investigated which type is more popular and suitable for Chinese cities. This research comparatively analyzes the application of governmental public bicycles and dockless bicycles, mainly focusing on the cycling destination, cycling frequency, and cycling factors, taking Linfen City as an example. The results show that: (1) The purpose is different between governmental public bicycles and dockless bicycles. On the one hand, the aim of riding a governmental public bicycle to work represents the largest proportion at about 29%, mainly because of the fixed route of travel, and the fact that the fixed placement of governmental public bicycles makes them more available compared to the random arbitrariness of dockless bicycles. On the other hand, the aim of riding a dockless bicycle for entertainment accounts for the largest proportion, at about 34%, mainly due to the ease of borrowing and returning a bike, and mobile payment. (2) In terms of frequency, the public’s choice of riding a dockless bicycle or a governmental public bicycle has no essential difference, given that there are only two options for citizens in Linfen. (3) The response to the two kinds of bicycle sharing is different; the governmental public bicycle has the advantage of lower cost, but the dockless bicycle has more advantages in the procedure of borrowing and returning the bicycle.

Statistical characteristics and risk zoning of different duration heavy rainfall in Shanxi

Based on different duration heavy rainfall data and the associated disaster situation, geographic information, socio-economic characteristics, river network density, and geological hazard-prone zoning of 109 stations in Shanxi Province in the past 38 years, a statistical analysis of different duration heavy rainfall events in Shanxi Province was carried out. In addition, a comprehensive risk zoning was performed using hierarchy analysis and weighted comprehensive evaluation methods. The results show that: (1) the spatial distribution of the extreme value indicates the following: the mountain area is larger than that of the basin, and the south is greater than the north and has a shorter time-effect and a stronger local distribution of the extreme value. Yuanqu County (YuanQ) has the highest concentration area of all different duration heavy rainfall events within 12 h. (2) Within 12 h., the occurrence frequency of different duration heavy rainfall has the spatial distribution characteristics of being higher in the south and lower in the north, higher in the mountain area than in the basin area, higher in the eastern mountain area than in the western mountain area, and obviously concentrated in the southeast. YuanQ is a high incidence area of short-duration heavy rainfall over 1 h. and 3 h., and Jincheng City (JinC) is a high incidence area of heavy rainfall over 6 h and 12 h.. (3) Severe precipitation with different durations occurs in July–August every year, and the frequency of hourly heavy rainfall is the highest. (4) The intra-day distributions of heavy rainfall over a period of 1 h., 3 h., and 12 h. are single-peak curves, with peaks at 18:00, 19:00 and 09:00, respectively; the intra-day distribution of heavy rainfall over 6 h. is a double peak curve, with peaks at 06:00 and 20:00. (5) The variation trend of the annual occurrence times of short-duration heavy precipitation is similar for 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h, and the growth rate is the highest in southeastern Shanxi Province. The variation trend of the occurrence times of heavy rainfall over 12-h. is different from that of 1-h., 3-h., and 6-h. short-duration heavy rainfall. The rate of growth is the largest in the eastern and western mountain areas of Shanxi Province. (6) The whole area of JinC, the east of Yuncheng City (YunC), and the southeast of Changzhi City (CZ) are the high-risk areas for all different duration heavy precipitation disaster-causing factors within 12 h. As the duration of heavy rainfall increases, the high-risk areas with respect to disaster factors in Linfen City (LF) and CZ increase. (7) JinC, YunC, and Liulin County (LL) are high-risk areas for the comprehensive risk of different duration heavy rainfall within 12 h, and LF and CZ districts increase the extent of high-risk areas with the increase in the duration of heavy precipitation.