Linear Script Research Articles

Tartessos and Atlantic Mediterranean Euro-Africa: Metals, Dolmens and Basque-Iberian origins

Tartessos culture is placed in a wide area in southern Portugal and Spain after archeological and documental studies. Its placement is concordant with that of West Euromediterranean ancient Megaliths, which were constructed at the Bronze Age (5000 year BC or before at Alcalar Dolmen (Portimao, Portugal), where Palelolithic arrows are found. These Megaliths construction and the people that built them up may be related to the metal richness of the core Tartessian Area: The Iberian Pyrite Belt which is rich in gold, silver, copper, iron, and others within this territory. Prehistoric documents place this area around Huelva, Cadiz (Spain) and South Portugal. Age of Tartessos may be older than established (centuries BC): Strabo said that Tartessians wrote 6000 years before. Indeed, we have found Megalithic Linear Scripts in a Megalith context (or not) in Tartessian area, Canary Islands and South Algerian Sahara, Mt Ahaggar area. These may represent a Megalithic Age writing which gave rise to IberianTartessian and other lineal signaries. Humboldt and all previous studies had established since 1st century AD that Basque language was old Iberian-Tartessian language. This has been hotly dismissed in the last 75 years by some Spanish scholars. However, the appearance (2023) of Irulegui Hand written in both Basque and Iberian has brought back the Basque-Iberism. Finally, relatedness with West and East Iberia is evident, because they use the same type of Ibrerian Tartessian writing and Levant Iberian statues (Lady of Cabeza-Lucero, Alicante, Spain) have almost the same Tartessian sculptured face schematic structure which has been recently found in Tartessos West Spain (Casas de Turuñuelo, Badajoz, Spain).

Re-evaluation of Contacts between Cyprus and Crete from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age

This article argues that it is possible to distinguish certain stages of development of the contact between Cyprus and Crete, from Early Bronze Age up to the LBA/EIA transition period. To thoroughly do that, areas in which the connections are most clearly expressed: written sources, pottery, copper trade and cult practice influences are discussed. Possible sea routes between two islands, direct and as a part of a major route between Aegean, Levant and Egypt are described. Discussed written sources include possible place-names connected with Cyprus/Alasia in linear scripts and usage of the so-called ‘Cypro-Minoan’writing. Examples of pots and sherds both Cypriot found in Crete and Cretan found in Cyprus are examined and possible copper trade (including lead isotope analysis) is considered. Further, alleged Minoan cult practice influences are thoroughly discussed. Finally all the above are chronologically reviewed and a course of development of contacts between Crete and Cyprus is proposed.

Od Braja do prvog srpskog bukvara za slepe

INTRODUCTION. Blindness is a multiple problem of a psychological-economic-social nature, viewed from different points through the centuries. Louis Braille is the creator of the letter that enabled blind people around the world to become literate and educated. THE LIFE and WORK of Louis BRAILLE. Blind from the age of three after an eye injury with an awl, Louis Braille (1809-1852) had the opportunity to learn about the possibilities of educating blind people early on. However, his talent, recognized in time and a desire to acquire new knowledge, will enable him to attend the "Royal Institute for Blind Youth" in Paris, where young Braille continues his education, creation, living, and later became a lecturer. A PRECURSOR to BRAILLE. Until the creation of the Braille script, a relief linear script was used to educate the blind. THE ORIGIN of BRAILLE. The meeting with the French captain Charles Barbie (1821), the introduction to the communication system for the needs of soldiers "night writing", was the starting point for the future Braille (1825), a dotted alphabet method for the blind, which the author adapted later for writing music and mathematical symbols (1837). The Braille alphabet was chosen as the official method of reading and writing intended for blind people only in 1878 at the World Congress in Paris, and later on adapted to more than two hundred languages and dialects. IN 1917, BRAILLE "SPOKE" IN CYRILLIC. The beginnings of the education of the blind in Serbia are related to 1917 and Bizerte, where, as part of the rehabilitation of the blind Serb soldiers with disabilities, for the first time in the "Printing House of Serbian Disabled People", the Braille "spoke" in Cyrillic. "my first joy" is the name of the first Serbian spelling book by Veljko Ramadanović (1874-1943), who at that time was the only one who knew pedagogical work with the blind, and was also their first teacher and future school principal. CONCLUSION. Louis Braille is one of the most inventive personalities in history, the creator of the letter that enabled blind people around the world to become literate and educated, as well as our brave Serbian army during the First World War.

An Evaluation Model for Auto-generated Cognitive Scripts

Autonomous intelligent agents have become a very important research area in Artificial Intelligence (AI). Socio-cultural situations are one challenging area in which autonomous intelligent agents can acquire new knowledge or modify existing one. Socio-cultural situations can be best represented in the form of cognitive scripts that can allow different techniques to be used to facilitate knowledge transfer between scripts. Conceptual blending has proven successful in enhancing the social dynamics of cognitive scripts, where information is transferred from similar contextual scripts to a target script resulting in a new blended script. To the extent of our knowledge, there is no computational model available to evaluate these newly generated cognitive scripts. This work aims to develop a computational model to evaluate cognitive scripts resulting from blending two or more linear cognitive scripts. The evaluation process involves: 1) using the GloVe similarity to check if the transferred events conceptually fit the target script; 2) using the semantic view of text coherence to decide on the optimal position(s) to place the transferred event(s) in the target script. Results show that the GloVe similarity can be applied successfully to preserve the contextual meaning of cognitive scripts. Additional results show that GloVe embedding gives higher accuracy over Universal Sentence Encoder (USE) and Smooth Inverse Frequency (SIF) embedding but this comes with a high computational cost. Future work will look into reducing the computational cost and enhancing the accuracy.

Literární prameny k řecké medicíně prehistorického a „temného“ období (do roku 600 př. Kr.)

The aim of this contribution is to present and discuss literary sources pertaining to the development of Greek medicine in the prehistoric period (the Bronze Age, mainly the second millennium BCE) and the so-called Dark Age (from 1050 BCE until 600 BCE). Very few literary sources on Greek medicine of this period survive. From the Bronze Age, there are several texts, surviving mainly on clay tablets, which were written in syllabic, linear scripts A and B. From the Dark Age, one can draw some amount of information about medical knowledge and healing from works of art (poetry), mainly from Homeric epics. And while this information is fragmentary, it does enable us to understand and reconstruct some details pertaining not only to the medical practices, therapeutic methods, and even physicians and their assistants, but also about religious ideas linked to health and healing at the time.

USING ACCURACY-BASED LEARNING CLASSIFIER SYSTEMS FOR ADAPTABLE STRATEGY GENERATION IN GAMES AND INTERACTIVE VIRTUAL SIMULATIONS

Historically, the artificial intelligence (AI) of interactive virtual simulations or games is usually driven by pre-defined static scripts. One of the disadvantages of such scripted opponents is that they can be deciphered and countered by an intelligent user. Thus, the user has the opportunity to find weaknesses and an easy solution against the virtual simulation, which diminishes the efficiency aspect of a training session or entertaining value drastically. While randomization can be used to mask the static behaviour of a scripted AI, it is possible to develop much richer solutions by applying Learning Classifier System (LCS) techniques to create agents with intelligent-like behaviors. Learning Classifier Systems are rule-based machine learning techniques that rely on a Genetic Algorithm to discover a knowledge map used to classify an input space into a set of actions.In this paper, we propose the use of an unsupervised machine learning technique called Accuracy-based Learning Classifier Systems (XCS) for adaptable strategy generation that can be used in virtual simulations or games. XCS use a Genetic Algorithm to evolve a knowledge base in the form of rules. The performance and adaptability of the strategies and tactics developed with the XCS is analyzed by facing these against scripted opponents on a real time strategy game. According to our experiments, the rulesets are able to adapt to a wide array of behaviors from its opponents, as opposed to a linear game script, which is limited in its ability to adapt to its environment.

Are onsets and codas important in processing letter position? A comparison of TL effects in English and Korean

When two consonants within an English word were transposed to create a nonword, difficulty in lexical decision responses to that nonword was revealed, most strongly when the coda of the first syllable was exchanged with the onset of the second (e.g., nakpin derived from napkin), but also when onsets were exchanged between syllables (e.g., kapnin) as well as codas (e.g., nankip). The latter findings are incompatible with current models of letter processing. Moreover, such transposed letter (TL) effects were shown to be considerably reduced in Hangul, the alphabetic script used in Korean. Because Hangul physically demarcates the onset and coda positions for every consonant, it is argued that it is ambiguity in assignment of a consonant to an onset or coda slot that leads to the TL effect in a linear script such as English. Such a conclusion implies that models of letter processing should incorporate the involvement of subsyllabic structure, something that is currently lacking.

An Abecedary of the Mid-Tenth Century B.C.E. from the Judaean Shephelah

Near the conclusion of the 2005 excavation season at Tel Zayit, Israel, the Zeitah Excavations recovered a large stone bearing an incised, two-line inscription. The special importance of the stone derives not only from its archaic alphabetic text (a 22-letter abecedary), but also from its well-defined archaeological context in a structure dating securely to the tenth century B.C.E. The borderland site of Tel Zayit lies in the lowlands district of Judah, and in the early Iron Age IIA period it maintained its principal affiliations with the highland culture to the east, in the direction of Jerusalem. After locating the site in its ancient physical setting, this article presents a detailed description of the archaeological context that yielded the inscribed stone, the comparative evidence for studying the inscription, and a palaeographical analysis of each letter of the abecedary itself. The Tel Zayit Abecedary represents the linear alphabetic script of central and southern Canaan at the beginning of the first millennium B.C.E., a transitional script that developed from the Phoenician tradition of the early Iron Age and anticipated the distinctive features of the mature Hebrew national script. The early appearance of literacy at Tel Zayit will play a pivotal role in the current discussion of the archaeology and history of Judah in the tenth century B.C.E.

A GUI application for creating macrofiles in GATE

GEANT4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) is a Monte Carlo simulation toolkit based on GEANT4 for PET and SPECT. GATE uses a high intuitive linear script language in a way that the code describing a system can be thought as a combination of separate objects, each one with certain parameters. The above structure of GATE's script language implies that by defining all the parameters involved in a certain implementation, the macrofiles can be created automatically, using appropriate software. The Gate Editor project, based on the above idea, aims the development of a homonym window application that exports GATE scripts based on easy to understand parameters given by the end user. Gate Editor is developed using the C++ program language in Linux environment. A WindowsXP version is also available. Object Oriented Programming allows the description of PET/SPECT system components with relative objects belonging to corresponding classes. Gate Editor is able to export macrofiles of low complicity (like the SPECT and PET benchmarks supplied with GATE). Objects such as collimator, crystal, detector blocks and sources can be described in the ‘real world’ and automatically constructed in ‘GATE world’. The relative position of these objects is adjusted as well, all under a user-friendly interface. The end user can create his own code without concerning for the exact syntax of GATE's script language. For more realistic and complicated implementations though, further development is required.

The Shape of the ʿAyin in the Ugaritic Script

THE study of Ugaritic epigraphy has developed in a peculiar way during the sixty years since the first Ugaritic tablets were discovered. While epigraphic considerations have always played a role in the scholarly discussions of the texts, it is surprising to note that epigraphic studies have largely been confined to the issues surrounding the relationship between the Ugaritic alphabet and the Proto-Canaanite linear script and that virtually no serious general studies of Ugaritic paleography have yet appeared. In fact, what little discussion that has been produced concerning paleography is usually found in the grammars or as brief notes in articles.' This apparent lack of interest in Ugaritic paleography is quite surprising in view of the significance of paleographic analysis in the study of the other (i.e., linear) alphabetic inscriptions of the Levant and (in a somewhat different manner) Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform inscriptions. It appears that the influences that have precipitated this situation have to do in large part with Ugaritic's middle position between the cuneiform and the alphabetic traditions, for although the epigraphic issues of the Ugaritic tablets are largely those that concern the linear alphabetic inscriptions as well, the tablets were published, not like linear inscriptions, but rather following the standard practices for the publication of Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform tablets. The way the Ugaritic texts were published has served to discourage the careful study of the paleography of Ugaritic. To see how this has occurred, one must look at the usual ways in which ancient Near Eastern texts have been published. Assyriological texts have traditionally been published with an emphasis on the drawn facsimile as the major locus of epigraphic information about the reading of the text and the script itself. Photographs of the tablets have usually been considered of limited or no value, since rarely are the photos fully (or even largely) legible. Because of this, photos have been published only in a few cases, and facsimiles are viewed as an appropriate substitute for a photo. To varying extents, the facsimiles are drawn using signs that have been somewhat standardized and artificialized; but normally enough paleographic information is incorporated into the drawings to indicate the type of script used on the tablet. Since the Sumerian and Akkadian script had a life of some three thousand years, during which the signs changed shapes dramatically, details of the development

The most ancient scripts of Iran: The current situation

Abstract Between the second half of the fourth millennium B.C. and the end of the third, three writing systems succeeded one another at Susa and on the Iranian Plateau. Around 3200 B.C. clay bullae and tablets attest the use of an exclusively numerical notation, at a time when relations between Susa and Mesopotamia were extremely close. From around 3100 until about 2700 B.C., proto‐Elamite writing, probably invented on the Plateau, was employed for economic purposes. At first ideographic, this script, as yet undeciphered, became increasingly syllabic, like the Linear Elamite of more than half a millennium later. At the end of the third millennium, at a time when the scribes of Susa had already adopted the Mesopotamian cuneiform characters, an Elamite invader, PUZUR‐Insusinak, imposed the linear script, derived from proto‐Elamite signs. Despite recent efforts, in particular those of W. Hinz and P. Meriggi, these linear inscriptions remain largely incomprehensible. Only the discovery of new inscriptions may...

Problems and Methods in the Decipherment of Linear A

In one form or another, the so-called Linear script of Class A was used in parts of Minoan Crete from the 20th to the middle of the 15th century B.C. It is closely related to two other Cretan scripts, with both of which it overlaps to some extent: an earlier (known as Hieroglyphic or, better, as Pictographic) and a later (known as the Linear script of class B). The precise nature of the interrelationship of these three scripts is not clear. They do not, apparently, descend from one another by a simple process of development. Rather, both Linear A and Linear B seem to have selected elements from a common source, which is either the Pictographic script itself or a system of writing allied to it. The closest similarity between the two classes of Linear script is evident in their external character, that is to say, in the shapes of individual signs: even so, only about half of the signs in the Linear A system have the same shape as those in Linear B. There is much less resemblance in internal character (the structure and function of the scripts). For example, although we find in Linear A many single signs (apparently ideographic or determinative in function) and also sign-groups (which, by reason of the small number employed in all and also by analogy with Linear B practice, are almost certainly phonetic), ideograms are very rarely juxtaposed with phonetic groups, as constantly happens in Linear B. Linear A offers only two certain examples of such juxtaposition, namely in HT 15:1 and 88:4, and even there the order is the reverse of that in Linear B, where the phonetic group regularly precedes the ideogram.

The Linear Scripts and the Tablets as Historical Documents: (A) Literacy in Minoan and Mycenean Lands and (B) The Linear B Tablets as Historical Documents. By Sterling Dow and John Chadwick. (Cambridge Ancient History: revised edition of Vol. II, Pt. 1. Chapter XIII). Cambridge: University Press, 1971. 9 × 6¼. 50p.

The Linear Scripts and the Tablets as Historical Documents: (A) Literacy in Minoan and Mycenean Lands and (B) The Linear B Tablets as Historical Documents. By Sterling Dow and John Chadwick. (<i>Cambridge Ancient History</i>: revised edition of Vol. II, Pt. 1. Chapter XIII). Cambridge: University Press, 1971. 9 × 6¼. 50p.

Numerical fractions in the Minoan Linear Script A

Numerical fractions in the Minoan Linear Script A

The Linear Scripts and the Tablets as Historical Documents

The Linear Scripts and the Tablets as Historical Documents

Cambridge ancient history. Vol. 2, ch. xiii. The linear scripts and the tablets as historical documents, (a) Literacy in Minoan and Mycenaean lands. By S. Dow. (b) The Linear B tablets as historical documents. By J. Chadwick. Cambridge: the University Press. 1971. Pp. 51. 11 text figures. 50p.

Cambridge ancient history. Vol. 2, ch. xiii. The linear scripts and the tablets as historical documents, (<i>a</i>) Literacy in Minoan and Mycenaean lands. By S. Dow. (<i>b</i>) The Linear B tablets as historical documents. By J. Chadwick. Cambridge: the University Press. 1971. Pp. 51. 11 text figures. 50p.

NUMERICAL FRACTIONS IN THE MINOAN LINEAR SCRIPT A - II. THE MEASUREMENT OF DRY COMMODITIES AND THEIR USE IN THE PAYMENT OF MINOAN LABOUR

Article NUMERICAL FRACTIONS IN THE MINOAN LINEAR SCRIPT A - II. THE MEASUREMENT OF DRY COMMODITIES AND THEIR USE IN THE PAYMENT OF MINOAN LABOUR was published on January 1, 1972 in the journal Kadmos (volume 11, issue 1).

The structure of the Minoan Linear Scripts

The structure of the Minoan Linear Scripts

The Linear Script of Birds

The Linear Script of Birds

SOME CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS TO BRICE'S: INSCRIPTIONS IN THE MINOAN LINEAR SCRIPT OF CLASS A

SOME CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS TO BRICE'S: INSCRIPTIONS IN THE MINOAN LINEAR SCRIPT OF CLASS A