Linear Mixed-effects Regression Analysis Research Articles (Page 1)

BackgroundWildlife farming and trade in Southeast Asia contribute to the growing threat of zoonotic diseases. Despite the diversity of species farmed and the varying levels of risk they may pose, biosecurity practices among wildlife farmers remain underexplored. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of wildlife farmers in Vietnam to inform targeted interventions for zoonotic risk reduction.MethodA mixed-methods study was conducted among 210 wildlife farmers who raised bats, bamboo rats, civets, and wild boars in Lao Cai and Dong Nai provinces, Vietnam, between October 2023 and March 2024. Quantitative data were collected via structured questionnaires, and qualitative insights were obtained through 30 key informant interviews and two focus group discussions. Linear mixed-effects regression and thematic analysis were applied to explore KAP scores and associated factors.ResultsWildlife farmers demonstrated relatively high knowledge (mean score: 10.1/13, 77.7%), positive attitudes (mean score: 41.3/50, 82.6%), and moderate preventive practices (mean score: 14.1/30, 47.0%). Farmers with college or above education had higher knowledge scores (Estimated marginal mean (EMM) = 11.8; 95% confidence interval (CI): 10.2–12.8) compared to those with no formal education (EMM = 7.8; 95% CI: 4.0–11.1). Farmers solely engaged in wildlife farming had lower attitude scores (EMM = 41.7; 95% CI: 37.8–45.0) than farmers who also worked as government employees (EMM = 46.1; 95% CI: 43.3–48.2). Farming bats (EMM = 8.5; 95% CI: 5.8–11.4) had lower practice scores compared to farming civets (EMM = 15.8; 95% CI: 13.0–18.6), and farmers consumed wild meat had lower practice score (EMM = 12.3; 95% CI: 9.5–15.2) than those did not (EMM = 14.5; 95% CI: 11.9–17.0). Qualitative findings revealed that many farmers normalised risky practices, prioritised convenience and personal experience over disease knowledge, and avoided reporting illnesses due to mistrust in veterinary authorities and fear of negative consequences.ConclusionThis study highlights low risk perception and gaps between knowledge and practices among wildlife farmers, underscoring the urgent need for One Health interventions that promote low-cost preventive measures, build trust with authorities, and deliver targeted health education for reducing zoonotic risks.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42522-025-00179-z.

One proposed MRI biomarker for Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of hyperintense signal in nigrosome-1, a subregion of the dorsolateral substantia nigra pars compacta. However, little is known about the functional correlates of nigrosome-1 appearance on susceptibility-weighted MRI. This exploratory study investigated whether the area of the nigrosome-1 hyperintense signal is associated with fine motor performance in healthy adults and people living with PD. The cross-sectional study involved 95 healthy adults (aged 21-79years) and 34 adults living with PD (aged 51-80years). Participants completed an MRI, object grip and lift task, grooved pegboard test, maximal pinch grip voluntary contraction, maximal finger tapping, and tremor assessments. Predictors of fine motor performance were investigated with multilevel mixed-effects linear regression analysis. Area of nigrosome-1 hyperintense signal significantly predicted contralateral grooved pegboard performance (p = 0.001) in the healthy group, and contralateral maximum rate of change in grip force (object grip and lift task; p = 0.040) and ipsilateral tremor amplitude in the 3.9-6.6Hz frequency range during a postural task (p = 0.050) in the PD group. Only one of these effects (grooved pegboard) survived correction for multiple comparisons. Expected between-group differences in area of nigrosome-1 hyperintense signal and fine motor performance were observed for participants aged 51-80years (p ≤ 0.05). These findings suggest that area of nigrosome-1 hyperintense signal is associated with performance of some fine motor tasks in healthy adults and adults living with PD. The results of the current study inform interpretation of nigrosome-1 MRI findings in clinical settings.

407 Background: Effective communication in the intensive care unit (ICU) is essential for high-quality care, yet residents often receive limited training in this area. This study introduces Patient-Centered Conferences (PCCs) integrating didactic teaching with direct patient interaction as an innovative approach to address this gap in medical education. Methods: As part of an ongoing randomized crossover study utilizing a mixed-methods approach, 28 internal medicine residents were invited to attend three PCCs between November 2024 and February 2025. Each 60-minute PCC included a case presentation on a patient who had been discharged from the ICU within the last 8 months, followed by a patient interaction component with the same patient, exploring their ICU and post-discharge experiences. Quantitative data from pre- and post-conference surveys were analyzed using unpaired t-tests for the first two PCCs and paired t-tests for the third PCC. Qualitative insights were drawn from six semi-structured resident interviews and 38 free-text survey responses. Changes in empathy were assessed using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE) and analyzed with a linear mixed effects regression model. Results: Qualitative analysis revealed themes of enhanced empathy, shared decision-making and patient-centered approaches, increased awareness of the ICU patient experience, and the value of learning through real patient stories. Quantitative outcomes are summarized in Table 1. A linear mixed effects regression analysis of JSPE scores, accounting for sequence, carryover, period, level of training, and gender, found no statistically significant difference in empathy levels between residents who attended PCCs and the control group (estimate: -0.96, 95% CI: -5.66 to 3.74, p = 0.66). Conclusions: Findings from our study suggest that PCCs are an effective tool for enhancing resident communication skills and understanding of patient experiences. Measured empathy levels did not significantly change however, likely due to the limited number of sessions. These findings highlight the potential for PCCs to meaningfully shift residents' perspectives on patient interaction beyond traditional medical education and can serve as a valuable addition to didactics curricula. Quantitative outcomes of pre- and post-conference surveys across four domains. Domain 1st and 2nd Conference (unpaired t test) 3rd Conference (paired t test) Pre-Mean Post-Mean (Δ) P-Value Pre-Mean Post-Mean (Δ) P-Value Confidence in communicating with ICU patients 3.64 4.13 (+0.50) 0.014 3.83 4.00 (+0.17) 0.166 Understanding psychological/ emotional challenges 3.57 4.08 (+0.50) 0.001 3.58 4.08 (+0.50) 0.026 Understanding post-discharge challenges 3.09 3.88 (+0.90) 0.001 3.33 4.08 (+0.75) <0.001 Preparedness for difficult family conversations 3.43 3.63 (+0.20) 0.458 3.42 4.25 (+0.83) 0.002

Prenatal and preschool micronutrient supplementation and behavioral outcomes in school-aged children in Nepal-a cohort study.

BackgroundExtreme heat events can deprive opportunities to go outside, potentially leading to physical inactivity. Multiple adaptation strategies are needed as heat stresses are heterogeneous by socio-demographic groups. This study examined whether proximity to blue spaces (river, sea, or lake) and cooling centers (library, community center, or shopping mall) can buffer the adverse impacts of extreme heat on walking steps.MethodsWe utilized a nationwide cohort dataset of smartphone application users in Japan, including daily step count records from April 26 to October 25, 2023. We also connected socio-demographic information from survey questionnaires (October or December 2022) and geospatial information such as daily temperature and residential proximity to blue spaces and cooling centers. We categorized the exposure to heat based on a daily maximum of Wet Bulb Globe Temperature: normal days (lower than 28 degrees Celsius), days with heat (28-31), and days with extreme heat (31 or higher). We conducted multilevel mixed-effect linear regression analyses to examine effect modification by proximity to blue spaces and cooling centers (living within 500m or not). We repeated the analyses stratifying by socio-demographic groups (gender, age, and income).ResultsAmong 16,691 participants overall, on days with extreme heat, living close to blue spaces was associated with 30 (95% CI: 6-54) more steps than living far from blue spaces. This pattern was evident in men, young adults, and middle or high-income groups. Proximity to cooling centers did not show effect modification overall. However, it was associated with higher steps for older adults on days with heat and lower steps for women and young adults on days with extreme heat compared to normal days.ConclusionsLiving close to blue spaces may buffer the adverse impacts of extreme heat on walking steps. Proximity to cooling centers may work similarly for older adults only.Key messages• Living close to blue spaces may buffer reduction in walking steps under extreme heat.• Cooling centers can be shelters against heat for older adults.

Depressive symptoms interact with CSF levels of p-tau in predicting cognitive performance in the early stages of Parkinson's disease.

Customized growth charts for twin vs singleton pregnancies and their ability to identify small for gestational age-associated risk of adverse perinatal outcome.

Background: Although adolescent births have declined globally, low- and middle-income countries like Peru continue to experience high rates of adolescent fertility. Adolescent parents and their children face elevated health and developmental risks. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a perinatal family-based intervention to support the infant-caregiver relationship among adolescent parents in Lima, Perú. Methods: Our study consisted of 54 pregnant adolescents who were randomised to an intervention or usual care. The intervention consisted of 10 telehealth visits beginning during the third trimester of pregnancy and continuing through six months postpartum. Depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and resilience were measured at the time of enrolment and again after completing the intervention. Data were assessed by Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and difference-in-differences models using mixed effects linear regression analyses. This was a pilot study not powered for significance. Results: Median depression and anxiety scores decreased for both intervention and usual care groups from pregnancy to six months postpartum; the median score for resilience increased for both groups. The difference-in-differences models predicted a decrease in depression and anxiety scores and an increase in resilience scores in the intervention group compared to the usual care group. Results demonstrated fewer symptoms of generalised depression and anxiety and higher resilience among those who received the intervention. Conclusion: These findings highlight the need for future studies to further characterise the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of telehealth interventions for adolescent parents and their families in low-resource settings and to compare telehealth with in-person intervention.

Blood Culture Positivity and Clinical Correlates of Bloodstream Infections in Post-cardiac Surgery Patients.

Patients with colorectal cancer undergoing chemotherapy often experience significant pain and fatigue. Limitations in understanding the complex phenotypes and biological mechanisms of these symptoms hinder effective interventions. This study aimed to identify the pain and fatigue patterns during one chemotherapy cycle and associated gene expression profiles. In a prospective longitudinal study, 34 patients with colorectal cancer from a major cancer center in the Northeastern US were recruited. Self-reported outcome measures of pain and fatigue and blood samples were collected at baseline, post-chemotherapy, and at the end of the chemotherapy cycle. RNA sequencing followed by differential expression analysis identified changes in gene expression. Linear mixed models examined associations between symptoms and possible biomarkers over time. The sample had a mean age of 58.4 years old, with 97% being white and non-Hispanic. Among participants, 44.1% had stage III cancer, and 26.5% were undergoing initial chemotherapy. Abdominal pain was the most frequently reported symptom. Fatigue levels significantly worsened post-chemotherapy (P = 0.011) and after recovery (P = 0.018). Critical pathways involved inflammatory response and myeloid cell development (FDR < 5%). Mixed-effect linear regression analysis revealed statistically significant associations between the upregulation of LILRA6 and higher pain interference (β = -6.621, p = 0.010) and fatigue (β = -6.621, p = 0.010), as well as between the downregulation of CACNG6 (β = -1.043, p = 0.047) and PRSS33 upregulation (β = 1.384, p = 0.038) and increased pain interference. Given the small sample size, these findings should be interpreted with caution. These findings suggest inflammation and specific biomarkers may drive pain and fatigue during chemotherapy. Further preclinical models or clinical cohorts are needed to validate these results and explore potential implications for targeted interventions to reduce symptom burden in patients with colorectal cancer.

ContextPatients with colorectal cancer undergoing chemotherapy often experience significant pain and fatigue. Limitations in understanding the complex phenotypes and biological mechanisms of these symptoms hinder effective interventions.ObjectivesThis study aimed to identify the pain and fatigue patterns during one chemotherapy cycle and associated gene expression profiles.MethodIn a prospective longitudinal study, 34 patients with colorectal cancer from a major cancer center in the Northeastern US were recruited. Self-reported outcome measures of pain and fatigue and blood samples were collected at baseline, post-chemotherapy, and at the end of the chemotherapy cycle. RNA sequencing followed by differential expression analysis identified changes in gene expression. Linear mixed models examined associations between symptoms and possible biomarkers over time.ResultsThe sample had a mean age of 58.4 years old, with 97% being white and non-Hispanic. Among participants, 44.1% had stage III cancer, and 26.5% were undergoing initial chemotherapy. Abdominal pain was the most frequently reported symptom. Fatigue levels significantly worsened post-chemotherapy (P = 0.011) and after recovery (P = 0.018). Critical pathways involved inflammatory response and myeloid cell development (FDR < 5%). Mixed-effect linear regression analysis revealed statistically significant associations between the upregulation of LILRA6 and higher pain interference (β = −6.621, p = 0.010) and fatigue (β = −6.621, p = 0.010), as well as between the downregulation of CACNG6 (β = −1.043, p = 0.047) and PRSS33 upregulation (β = 1.384, p = 0.038) and increased pain interference. Given the small sample size, these findings should be interpreted with caution.ConclusionThese findings suggest inflammation and specific biomarkers may drive pain and fatigue during chemotherapy. Further preclinical models or clinical cohorts are needed to validate these results and explore potential implications for targeted interventions to reduce symptom burden in patients with colorectal cancer.

To assess the agreement among four types of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements: IOP obtained by Goldmann applanation tonometer (IOP-GAT),IOP obtained by an air-puff tonometer (Nidek NT-510) (IOP-NCT), the non-corrected IOP obtained by the Corneal Visualization Scheimpflug Technology (IOP-Corvis) and the biomechanically corrected IOP obtained by the Corvis ST (bIOP-Corvis) in eyes having undergone myopic refractive surgery and correlate their differences with corneal biomechanical parameters. This prospective, observational study recruited 104 non-glaucomatous, post-myopic refractive surgery eyes. Each patient underwent IOP evaluation via GAT, Nidek NT-510 and Corvis ST. Difference in IOP readings was assessed by ANOVA analysis. Tonometer intermethod agreement was assessed by the Bland-Altman method. The difference between the IOP measurements was correlated against corneal thickness(CCT), age, gender, type of refractive surgery and corneal biomechanics with mixed effects linear regression analysis. bIOP-Corvis showed the highest values (14.77 ± 2.3mmHg), followed by IOP-NCT (13.95 ± 2.6mmHg), IOP-GAT (13.46 ± 2.9mmHg) and IOP-Corvis (12.56 ± 3.1mmHg). There were statistically significant differences in IOP measurements among all the ANOVA pairwise comparisons. Bland Altman analysis revealed a notable bias (all P < 0.01) among bIOP-Corvis and IOP-NCT, bIOP-Corvis and IOP-Corvis, bIOP-Corvis and IOP-GAT, IOP-NCT and IOP-Corvis, IOP-NCT and IOP-GAT and IOP-Corvis and IOP-GAT. We observed a strong correlation of the difference between bIOP-Corvis and IOP-NCT with patient age (P < 0.001), CCT (P < 0.001), of the difference between bIOP-Corvis and IOP-Corvis, with type of refractive surgery (P = 0.012), age (P = 0.050), CCT (P < 0.001), the stiffness parameter at first applanation(SP-A1) (P = 0.008), Ambrozio Relational Thickness horizontal (ARTh) (P < 0.001), of the difference between bIOP-Corvis and IOP-GAT, with CCT (P < 0.001), ARTh (P < 0.001), Deformation Amplitude Ratio (DA Ratio) (P = 0.035), of the difference between IOP-NCT and IOP-Corvis, with type of refractive surgery (P = 0.002), CCT (P = 0.031), SP-A1 (P = 0.014), ARTh (P < 0.001), of the difference between IOP-NCT and IOP-GAT with ARTh (P < 0.001) and of the difference between IOP-Corvis and IOP-GAT with SP-A1 (P = 0.027). The different IOP values obtained by Corvis ST, NCT and GAT tonometers do not have a steady relationship in their measurements between them and cannot be considered interchangeable in post-myopic refractive surgery eyes. These differences from each pair of IOP measurements are correlated with corneal biomechanics,CCT and age. Our results suggest that the smaller degree of myopic correction may lead to a lower difference between the tonometers' readings.

All things being equal? Longitudinal patterns of mental disorder symptoms and associations with key social determinants in a large cohort of Australian adolescents.

Inequities in infant and child mortality are an urgent public health issue for lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We sought to establish whether gross domestic product (GDP) is associated with the extent of health inequalities within LMICs. We conducted a secondary analysis of publicly available health equity data from the Health Equity Database of LMICs and GDP data from the World Bank. We used infant and under-five mortality rates by socioeconomic quintile. The slope of inequality index and relative index of inequality were calculated for both outcomes for each country (n = 83). Mixed effect linear regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship with GDP. Higher GDP was associated with a significant decrease in absolute socioeconomic inequities in both infant (f2 = 0.26) and under-five mortality (f2 = 0.33). Higher GDP was also associated with relative inequities in infant (f2 = 0.08) and under-five mortality (f2 = 0.07). Thus, increasing GDP may help reduce absolute inequities in infant and under-five mortality, but may increase relative inequities. Understanding drivers of the distribution of wealth and income to flatten the socioeconomic gradient in health are crucial to reducing health inequities.

To evaluate the potential of integrated multiparametric 68 Ga DOTATATE PET/MR imaging for assessing liver lesions of well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and to identify imaging parameters predictive of primary tumor localization. This retrospective study involves patients with well-differentiated NETs who underwent 68 Ga DOTATATE PET/MRI between September 2018 and November 2024. Inclusion criteria required histopathologically proven NETs with 68 Ga DOTATATE-avid liver metastases and complete multiparametric MRI sequences. PET and MRI-derived variables, including SUV max , ADC min , T/L ratios, and tumor volume (log-transformed tumor volume: LOGVOL), were analyzed. Linear mixed-effects models and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify relationships between imaging features and tumor characteristics. ROC analyses were conducted to evaluate the accuracy of primary tumor origin predictions. Of 43 imaging sessions, 14 patients (7 male, 7 female; median age 59y) with 181 lesions met the inclusion criteria. SUV max was significantly correlated with LOGVOL and contrast enhancement parameters (eg, WO liver ). Linear mixed-effects models revealed that LOGVOL and WO liver were independent predictors of SUV max . In the binomial regression analysis, tumor precontrast T1 intensity, T/L art , and T/L ven were significant factors in differentiation between pancreatic and gastrointestinal (GIS) NET metastases, with pancreatic tumors demonstrating higher T/L art and GIS tumors exhibiting higher T/L ven and T1 intensity. Logistic regression achieved an AUC of 0.911, with a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 76%. 68 Ga DOTATATE PET/MRI effectively integrates metabolic and anatomical imaging for characterizing NET liver metastases. Parameters such as LOGVOL and WO liver independently predict SUV max , while precontrast T1 intensity, T/L art , and T/L ven assist in differentiating pancreatic from GIS NETs. These findings underscore the potential of 68 Ga DOTATATE PET/MRI in personalized NET management and suggest avenues for further research to confirm these results.

Immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) is a hematologic disorder characterized by severe acquired deficiency in ADAMTS13, resulting in thrombotic microangiopathy and death if untreated. Plasma exchange (PLEX) is the backbone of iTTP management and has improved survival in this disorder. Guidelines suggest initiation of PLEX within 4-8 h of presentation; however, there is little evidence to guide the precise timing of PLEX, and barriers exist to its timely deployment. We examined determinants of time between symptom onset to PLEX initiation (S2P) and hospital presentation to PLEX initiation (door to PLEX, D2P) in a large iTTP research cohort at an academic medical center. In 225 cases occurring in 143 unique patients, the median (IQR) S2P time was 4.28 (1.92-7.47) days. In linear mixed effects regression analysis, increased S2P was associated with greater distance from a participating apheresis center (p = .01) and higher presenting platelet count (p = .046), while relapse presentation was associated with shorter S2P (p = .036). The median (IQR) D2P time was 8.4 (5.03-15.63) h. Longer D2P time was associated with a higher presenting platelet count (p = .002) and trended towards association with male sex (p = .057). Increased S2P and D2P times were not associated with hospital length of stay, mortality, or the composite of mortality and ICU stay. Our data show that different factors contribute to the interval between symptom onset and presentation versus the time between presentation and initiation of therapy in iTTP.

ObjectiveFalse lumen expansion is a major factor that determines long-term survival of uncomplicated type B aortic dissection (TBAD). The objective of this study was to investigate whether structural wall stress distributions computed from patient-specific acute TBAD geometries can be used to predict aortic growth rates.MethodsThree-dimensional (3D) computed tomography angiography (CTA) of 9 patients with acute uncomplicated TBAD were obtained at initial hospital admission and at their most recent follow-up visits. Patient-specific structural wall stress distributions were computed from the initial baseline CTA using a forward penalty method. Spatially varying blood pressure distributions, derived from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations informed by patient-specific transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and blood pressure (BP) measurements, were incorporated into the forward penalty stress analysis. Aortic growth rates were quantified and visualized within the 3D TBAD geometries using the initial baseline and follow-up scans. Linear mixed-effects regression analyses were performed to evaluate the spatial correlations between biomechanical markers (structural wall stress, wall shear stress, and pressure) and aortic growth rates.ResultsUtilizing initial baseline CTA, TTE, and BP data, the forward penalty analyses revealed hemodynamic and structural mechanics insights of acute uncomplicated TBADs. The linear mixed-effects model indicated that the fixed-effect association between structural wall stress and aortic growth rate distributions was statistically significant (p=0.039), which demonstrated that aortic segments experiencing high wall stress exhibited rapid growth. Fixed-effect associations were not significant when predicting growth rate using wall shear stress (p=0.86) or pressure (p=0.61) distributions. Significant Pearson correlation coefficients (p<0.05) were observed between structural wall stress and aortic growth rate in all patients.ConclusionHigh structural wall stress was associated with regions of high aortic growth rates, while false lumen thrombosis was associated with low wall stress. Structural wall stress derived from the forward penalty approach may be a novel predictor of aortic growth rate and failure of optimal medical therapy in acute TBAD.

Capture and handling of wildlife is essential to answering pertinent questions about ecology and biology. It is important to refine methods to increase animal welfare and safety. Gray wolves (Canis lupus) have been captured annually in Idaho, USA, for management or research purposes since their reintroduction in 1995-96. Two wolves died of hyperthermia during aerial darting in 2015. A retrospective analysis of 490 captures between 1999 and 2018 was conducted to identify factors that might contribute to the likelihood of hyperthermia (body temperature ≥41 C) when using anesthetic drugs in wolves. Wolves were captured in summer (May-October, n=321) by using foothold traps and anesthetized with ketamine-xylazine (n=66), ketamine-medetomidine (n=51), or tiletamine-zolazepam (n=204). Wolves were captured in winter (November-April, n=169) by using aerial darting with ketamine-medetomidine (n=75) or tiletamine-zolazepam (n=94). Mean body temperatures of wolves captured in summer were 39.7 C for ketamine-xylazine, 39.9 C for ketamine-medetomidine, and 39.5 C for tiletamine-zolazepam; in winter, mean temperatures were 40.4 C for ketamine-medetomidine and 39.1 C for tiletamine-zolazepam. In summer captures, hyperthermia occurred in 6/66 (9.1%) of wolves by using ketamine-xylazine, 7/51 (13.7%) by using ketamine-medetomidine, and 19/204 (9.3%) by using tiletamine-zolazepam. For winter captures, hyperthermia occurred in 20/75 (26.7%) of wolves by using ketamine-medetomidine and 7/94 (7.5%) by using tiletamine-zolazepam. Mixed-effects linear regression analysis was used to investigate the role of drug administration on initial body temperature while controlling for demographic and environmental factors. The top models supported effects of drugs administered on initial body temperature for wolves captured in both summer and winter. Ketamine, especially when combined with medetomidine, was associated with greater increased body temperatures than tiletamine-zolazepam, irrespective of season or method of capture.

This research aimed to analyze how different genotypic and environmental conditions, along with salicylic acid (SA) treatment (management), influence the longevity of cut lisianthus flowers during post-harvest period. Four genotypes (“Arena Green”, “Blue Picote”, “Corelli Pink”, or “Kroma White”), four environments (hydroponic or soil cultivation with SA treatment during vegetative or reproductive period), and four levels of managements (SA concentration at 0, 0.1, 0.3, or 0.5 mM) were analyzed using the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model (also known as AMMI model) and linear mixed-effects regression models. The biplot and linear mixed-effects regression analysis showed that hydroponic cultivation with SA treatment during the reproductive period was the most effective environment for prolonging the vase life. It appeared that higher SA concentrations increased the vase life on average, but the effect of SA management depended on genotype and environment. In addition, the regression analysis revealed that dry weight and the interaction between petal number and petal size, among all measured vegetative and reproductive variables, were significantly related to the vase life. The regression lines indicated that the expected vase life increases with respect to the petal size when the petal number is low, but decreases when the petal number is high. In conclusion, genotype-specific cultivation and management is needed for enhancing the vase life of cut lisianthus flowers, and balance between petal size and petal number is also crucial. The findings suggest that an optimal strategy for improving the vase life depends on the environment, management, and genotype.

Comparison of fresh and glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardial patch in tricuspid valve repair: A long-term porcine study.