Linear Correlation Techniques Research Articles

Incidence of Revenue generated by the Sale of drugs on Overall Hospital Revenue, case of the Kabondo General Reference Hospital in Kisangani (DRC)

The study looked at the impact of revenue generated by the sale of drugs on the overall revenue of a public hospital, the case of the Kabondo General Reference Hospital from 2018 to 2020. The objectives were to determine the sources of financing of the Kabondo General Reference Hospital and to identify the impact of revenue generated by the sale of medicines on the overall revenue of this health establishment. We opted for an inductive approach based on documentary analysis and supported by the linear correlation technique, which essentially concerned the hospital's overall revenue, from which we identified the impact of revenue generated by the sale of drugs. The main sources of funding for the Kabondo General Reference Hospital include: medical services (US$227,006.47), sale of drugs (US$68,323.04), operating subsidy (US$56,358.40) and other income (US$22,584.92). The revenue impact of drug sales at Kabondo General Referral Hospital from 2018 to 2020 is 18.3%. The financing of the hospital is either internal or external and the functioning of the Kabondo General Reference Hospital depends mainly on internal financing, as state subsidies and partner support are not significant. The sale of medicines is the second source of internal funding for the hospital.

Relação entre demanda judicial e força de trabalho nas Justiças Estaduais no Brasil

A grande quantidade de processos peticionados – demanda judicial – e a incapacidade de resposta adequada a essa demanda é um dos principais problemas do Judiciário brasileiro e de boa parte dos judiciários de outros países. Embora os tribunais brasileiros tenham conseguido aumentar a capacidade produtiva nos últimos anos, a demanda crescente acaba gerando uma sensação de ineficiência e resultando no que ficou conhecido como "congestionamento dos tribunais". Diversos fatores estão relacionados ao congestionamento, e o presente estudo busca testar um desses fatores: a força de trabalho. O objetivo é descrever a relação entre a taxa de congestionamento de tribunais e a força de trabalho disponível. Os dados foram coletados na base Justiça em Números (CNJ), e referem-se à primeira instância das justiças estaduais no período de 2009 a 2016. Para analisar os dados, foram utilizadas técnicas de estatística descritiva e correlação linear. Os resultados do estudo apontam que a taxa de congestionamento está correlacionada positivamente com a força de trabalho absoluta nas justiças. No entanto, a correlação passa a ser negativa quando considerada a força de trabalho proporcional ao total de habitantes. Isso indica que a política de alocação de pessoal nas justiças estaduais brasileiras está desalinhada com a demanda judicial.

Estrutura de capital na perspectiva da teoria Pecking Order e Assimetria da Informação nas empresas brasileiras, chilenas e mexicanas no período de 1999 a 2013

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo identificar a estrutura de capital das empresas de capital aberto do Brasil, Chile e México, na perspectiva da Teoria Pecking Order e da Assimetria da Informação, no período de 1999 a 2013. A pesquisa quanto aos objetivos caracteriza-se como descritiva, quanto aos procedimentos, documental e quanto a abordagem do problema, quantitativa. Para o tratamento dos dados são utilizadas técnicas de correlação linear, regressão linear múltipla, com dados em painel. A amostra é composta por 40 empresas brasileiras, 39 empresas chilenas e 23 empresas mexicanas, com 1.530 observações. Os determinantes que apresentam resultados significantes para a estrutura de capital das empresas são evidenciados a partir de indicadores de nível de endividamento contábil e financeiro. Os resultados demonstram que as empresas brasileiras apresentam a maior oscilação e incremento no endividamento total contábil no período pesquisado (1999-2013), seguida do Chile e por fim México e que a rentabilidade das empresas brasileiras, chilenas e mexicanas diminui com o passar do tempo. Conclui-se que a estrutura de capital das empresas brasileiras, chilenas e mexicanas, nesse lapso temporal de 15 anos, é explicada, principalmente, pela teoria Pecking Order, mas também pela Assimetria da Informação, com menor ênfase. Sugere-se para futuras pesquisas a comparabilidade com painel dinâmico.

Probabilistic analysis of hydrological drought characteristics using meteorological drought

Droughts are an inevitable consequence of climate variability and are pervasive across many regions. Their effects can vary on an extensive scale, depending on the type of drought and people's vulnerability. Crucial characteristics of both hydrological (groundwater, streamflow) and meteorological (precipitation) droughts are related to their durations and severities, and these characteristics are typically correlated. While many studies have addressed the dependencies between these characteristics for either the meteorological or hydrological drought, the cross-dependence between meteorological and hydrological drought characteristics is barely investigated. The development of meteorological drought characteristics to hydrological drought characteristics is often hard to model and their connection is not definitively established. In order to better understand and explain this relationship, this study seeks to apply statistical tools and models. Drought characteristics data from areas in Europe with different climates are analysed. Two approaches of identifying related meteorological and hydrological drought are explored and compared. Classical linear correlation techniques do not provide promising results, indicating that any statistic of a hydrological drought is not a straightforward function of a preceding meteorological drought. Subsequently, the application of the concept of copulas to explore this dependence between meteorological and hydrological drought characteristics is investigated. The more comprehensive approach of copulas shows that the meteorological drought contains probability information of the successive hydrological drought. Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz Citation Wong, G., van Lanen, H.A.J., and Torfs, P.J.J.F., 2013. Probabilistic analysis of hydrological drought characteristics using meteorological drought. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (2), 253–270.

Exploratory Data Analysis Techniques to Determine the Dimensionality of Complex Nonlinear Phenomena: The L-to-H Transition at JET as a Case Study

A strategy to identify and select the most relevant variables to study problems in the exact sciences, when large databases of data have to be explored, is formulated. It consists of a first exploratory stage, performed mainly with the classification and regression tree method, to determine the list of most relevant signals to be used in the analysis of the phenomenon of interest. A linear correlation technique, followed by a nonlinear correlation technique (principal component analysis and autoassociative neural networks (NNs), respectively), is then applied to reduce the number of signals to the ones containing nonredundant information. The potential of the approach is illustrated by an application to the problem of identifying the confinement regime in the Joint European Torus. The minimum set of signals has been used to train an NN, and its performance is compared with that of various theoretical models. The success rate of the NN is very high, and it generally further outperforms the available theoretical models.

Intelligent Tools for Wind Resource Correlation

The use of linear correlation techniques to extend monitoring mast records is an important step in developing the energy estimates that underpin wind development business cases. Yet accuracy of the linear correlation technique rapidly degrades in complex conditions, and only allows correlation of a small number of parameters without introducing overwhelming model complexity. This paper argues that artificial neural network (ANN) models offer an alternative that is simple to use, afford greater correlation options and provide improved data extension accuracy. This was explored through a practical data extension example, with the linear and ANN correlation performances directly compared. The case study showed that the ANN correlation method provided superior accuracy compared to the linear correlation method, including a three fold improvement in Annual Energy Prediction (AEP) error.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS): a promising versatile chemical sensor technology for hazardous material detection

A series of laboratory experiments have been performed highlighting the potential of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as a versatile sensor for the detection of terrorist threats. LIBS has multiple attributes that provide the promise of unprecedented performance for hazardous material detection and identification. These include: 1) real-time analysis, 2) high sensitivity, 3) no sample preparation, and 4) the ability to detect all elements and virtually all hazards, both molecular and biological. We have used LIBS to interrogate a variety of different target samples, including explosives, chemical warfare simulants, biological agent simulants, and landmine casings. We have used the acquired spectra to demonstrate discrimination between different chemical warfare simulants, including those on soil backgrounds. A linear correlation technique permits discrimination between an anthrax surrogate and several other biomaterials such as molds and pollens. We also use broadband LIBS to identify landmine casings versus other plastics and environmental clutter materials. A new man-portable LIBS system developed as a collaborative effort between the U.S. Army Research Laboratory and Ocean Optics, Inc., is described and several other schemes for implementing LIBS sensors for homeland security and force protection are discussed.

Monolithic multiple colliding pulse mode-locked quantum-well lasers, experiment and theory

We report here on a monolithic multisectioned quantum-well laser that operates as multiple colliding pulse mode-locking source. With this type of operation several pulses are present within a laser simultaneously and it produces high-repetition rate pulse trains (up to 375 GHz) and pulse techniques of around 1-3 ps, as deduced from linear correlation technique measurements. By changing the configuration of the sections 1, 2, 3, or 4 pulse operation can be selected; frequency- and time-domain theories have been developed to explain this type of behavior. >

Analysis and Prediction of Lightning Strike Distributions Associated with Synoptic Map Types over Florida

Abstract The temporal and spatial distributions of lightning activity associated with specific synoptic regimes of low-level wind flow were analyzed as part of an experiment to develop improved statistical thunderstorm forecasts for Florida. The synoptic regimes were identified by means of a linear correlation technique that was used to perform pattern classification or “map typing” of 18- and 30-h sea level pressure forecasts from the National Meteorological Center's Nested Grid Model (NGM). Lightning location data for the 1987–90 warm seasons were subsequently analyzed on a 12-km grid to determine the thunderstorm distribution for each of the predetermined map types. The analysis revealed organized coastal maxima in lightning activity related to land-sea-breeze convergence zones that form in direct response to the low-level wind flow. Surface effects were also indicated by the persistent minima in lightning activity over Lake Okeechobee and by the lightning maxima found in regions with shoreline curvatu...

A functional prediction method on the response probability for linear sound systems on energy scale based on the stochastic information and its application to room acoustics.

As is well-known, the conventional standard identification methods for stochastic systems are usually employed under the optimum selection of the system order and system parameters, by use of the linear correlation technique and the usual least squares error method. In this paper, a new trial of finding some object-oriented system identification method matched to the prediction of output response probability distribution has been proposed in the functional and hierarchical forms. More explicitly, the indoor sound system on an energy scale is firstly described by a linear time series model supported by the well-known Sabine's equation or Statistical Energy Analysis method. Then, a generalized series expansion type probability density expression matched to an energy state variable has been proposed for the system output response in the form matched to the variety of fluctuation form, under the introduction of statistical information reflected hierarchically in expansion coefficients. Furthermore, instead of the usual system order and system parameters in the time series type system model, several kinds of functionally introduced system orders and system parameters have been estimated hierarchically in the matched form to the above hierarchical structure in the probability density expression. Finally, the validity and the effectiveness of the proposed theory have been experimentally confirmed too by applying it to the actual data observed in a reverberation room.

Correlation Structure of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation Phenomenon

Abstract Relationships among the atmospheric phenomena associated with the Southern Oscillation and El Nino are investigated, using the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) of marine surface observations from ships of opportunity and the World Monthly Surface [Land] Station Climatology (WMSSC) for the period 1950-79. Annual mean (April–March) sea level pressure at Darwin, Australia is used as an index of the Southern Oscillation. Results are based on simple linear correlation techniques stratified by season as in the Rasmusson and Carpenter (1982) composite. Correlations on the order of +0.9 are observed between Darwin pressure, sea surface temperature (SST) and rainfall in the equatorial central Pacific, and zonal wind in the equatorial western Pacific. Relations among these variables are strongest from July through November, when the month to month autocorrelation is also at its strongest. Sea surface temperature along the Peruvian coast and pressure in the eastern Pacific are also most stron...

Rare earth element phase distributions in a deep-sea carbonate sediment

Northeastern Atlantic sedimentary rare earth element (REE) (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and Lu) phase associations among CaCO3, authigenic and lithogenic material are estimated from total sediment REE, Al, Ca, Si, Mn and Co abundances using a linear correlation technique. Phase associations were also determined using a selective chemical leaching technique specific for CaCO3+exchangeable cation, easily reducible oxyhydroxide and residual material. Results suggest that 25–50% of the REE associated with the clay material are exchangeable cations and 20–35% of the total 3+REE and 4% of the total Ce reside in coatings on the CaCO3 tests.

Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk) infestation in relation to meteorology and sunspot cycles in India during 1945-1980

To know the role of meteorological systems of synoptic scale in outbreaks of desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk) at various phases of its life cycle in western India, data on locust situation and synoptic disturbances during period from 1945 to 1980 were analysed.
 The analysis of the fortnightly data of the infestation of egg layings, hoppers, scattered adults and swarms for seven stations shows that the chronological orders of these activities follow the spatial progress of the normal monsoon onset with pre-monsoon rains. However, the highest swarm activity was found in the first fortnight of August.
 Simple linear correlation technique was used to know the degree of association of various meteorological disturbances with locust activity at different stages for a station with good record of data set. The egg-laying activity was parallel with rainfall and slight decrease in rainfall between peaks did not affect the activity- Hopper emergence peaks were seen generally after a month of rainfall. Scattered adults activity showed no good association with rainfall. The swarms intensity was highest during first fortnight of August and September. The main meteorological systems causing rainfall were western disturbances, depressions over Arabian Sea and a few depressions developed over land.
 It was also found that a negative correlation exists between swarm infestation and sunspot number.

HOW TO MEASURE SUBNANOSECOND LASER PULSES AT 10.6μ

This letter describes techniques for measurement of widths of subnanosecond pulses at 10.6μ obtained from mode-locked high-pressure CO2 lasers. Two novel linear correlation techniques are proposed. These are based upon (1) the effect of photon flux on free carriers in semiconductors and (2) a fast shutter produced in a semiconductor.