Lineage Strains Research Articles

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne orthoflavivirus primarily transmitted among humans by Aedes aegypti. Over the past two decades, it has caused significant outbreaks associated with birth defects and neurological disorders. ZIKV consists of two main genotypes: the African and Asian lineages, each exhibiting distinct biological properties. African lineage strains are transmitted more efficiently by mosquitoes, but the genetic basis for this difference has been elusive. Here, we investigate this question by comparing recent African and Asian strains using chimeric viruses with swapped genome segments. Our results show that structural genes from the African strain enhance viral internalization, while non-structural genes improve genome replication and infectious particle production in mosquito cells. In vivo mosquito transmission is most significantly influenced by structural genes, although no single viral gene alone is decisive. We also develop a stochastic model of in vivo viral dynamics that reflects the observed patterns, suggesting the key difference between African and Asian strains lies in their ability to traverse mosquito salivary glands. Our findings imply the polygenic nature of ZIKV transmissibility has hindered Asian strains from achieving the same transmission efficiency as African strains, highlighting the role of lineage-specific adaptive landscapes in ZIKV evolution and emergence.

The Rotarix® (GlaxoSmithKline, Rixenstart, Belgium) vaccine was adopted into the Expanded Program on Immunization in Mozambique in September 2015, and G1P[8] strains were frequent pre- and post-vaccine introduction in some regions of the country. In the current study, G1P[8] and other strains (G12P[6], G12P[8] and G9P[8]) circulating between 2008–2012 and 2015 in children with and without diarrhoea were characterized by next-generation sequencing to understand their genetic composition. The G1P[8] strains were compared with Mozambican pre- and post-vaccine strains retrieved from GenBank. All study strains, either from children with or without diarrhoea, were genetically similar and exhibited a typical Wa-like constellation. The Mozambican pre- and post-vaccine G1 strains clustered in two separate lineages: most pre-vaccine strains in lineage I and all post-vaccine strains in lineage II. Meanwhile, all P[8] were in lineage III, although the study strains were in a different cluster from the G1P[8] post-vaccine strains retrieved in GenBank. Analysis of VP7 epitope regions showed amino acid differences such as S123N and M217T in all study strains, while a change N94S was observed in seven strains and K291R in eight strains. Sequence alignment of G1P[8] study strains using mVISTA confirmed that they may have suffered point mutations in all their 11 segments. Our results suggest that host factors are implicated in the inducement and severity of diarrhoea and these factors need further investigation. The changes in some G1 strains at the epitope region emphasize the need for continued whole-genome analysis, as substitutions in this region are reported to affect protein conformation at given positions and the study results may provide data for future studies aiming to understand rotavirus strain evolution post-vaccine introduction.

Drug tolerance allows bacteria to survive extended exposure to bactericidal drugs and is thought to play a role in drug resistance evolution. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), multidrug-resistant TB outbreaks are frequently caused by strains belonging to two phylogenetic lineages of the human-adapted strains of the Mtb complex, namely, lineages (L) 2 and L4. We hypothesized that members of L2 and L4 are more intrinsically drug tolerant and, as such, more readily evolve drug resistance. To explore this, we devised a high-throughput in vitro assay to measure drug tolerance in Mtb. We selected a cohort of strains representative of the globally most frequent lineages, L1-L4. We measured tolerance to rifampicin and bedaquiline and found L3 and L4 strains to have higher tolerance compared to L1 and L2 strains. In addition, phylogenetically closely related strains exhibited similar levels of tolerance, suggesting that tolerance is heritable. Finally, we explored genes previously reported to be associated with tolerance in Mtb and found significant enrichment in mutations in genes involved in cell wall and cell processes, intermediary metabolism and respiration, as well as lipid metabolism in high-tolerance strains.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is primarily transmitted through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, though transmission via blood transfusion has also been documented. During the 2015 ZIKV epidemic in Brazil, severe complications were observed in pregnant women, leading to fetal microcephaly. This study evaluated the persistence of ZIKV in blood donated by healthy individuals during the post-epidemic period from 2016 to 2020. Blood donor samples from 109 296 individuals were screened for ZIKV RNA using nucleic acids extracted from plasma pools (six donors per pool). These samples had previously undergone routine nucleic acid testing (NAT) for HBV, HCV and HIV. Viral RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) was detected in a donor sample from the city of Santos in May 2016, resulting in a prevalence of 0.0009%. The positive donor was confirmed through viral sequencing using the Sanger method. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of an envelope gene amplicon revealed that the Zika virus RNA detected belonged to the Asian clade. This Asian lineage strain emerged in Brazil, Fortaleza, in 2015, isolated in northeastern Brazil in 2015, an area where most cases of microcephaly associated with ZIKV have been reported. A follow-up sample collected 1 month after donation showed seroconversion. The detection of ZIKV RNA by NAT in a donated blood sample demonstrates that, although extremely rare, the virus is still present. Periodic active surveillance of blood donations for viruses associated with past outbreaks may help identify an incipient resurgence before it develops into a new epidemic.

BackgroundA novel lineage of serogroup O1 El Tor V. cholerae, genetically distinct from the seventh pandemic strain, has recently been identified in China and linked to diarrheal outbreaks. Investigations were conducted to examine the inflammation in the intestines of mice infected with V. cholerae strains including the new lineage strains VC6050 (ctxAB +) and VC6055 (ctxAB -), as well as the seventh pandemic strains of V. cholerae N16961.ResultsThe result showed that the colonization abilities of V. cholerae in the intestines of mice infected with VC6050 and N16961 was significantly higher than that of the VC6055 group. Histological sections of the small intestine revealed a few inflammatory cell infiltrations in the muscularismucosa, with inflammation being the primary form of tissue damage. The transcript changes in the neonatal mouse intestine were primarily associated with immune and inflammation-related genes after V. cholerae infection, including CCL7, CCL17, CCL21, CXCL9, and CXCL10. In comparison to the seventh pandemic strain N16961, the new lineage strains exhibited significant up-regulation of carboxyesterase and genes involved in aquaporin-mediated transport, whereas some inflammation-related genes were down-regulated. When compared to the nontoxigenic strain VC6055, the toxigenic strains N16961 and VC6050 demonstrated significant up-regulation of inflammation related genes and alpha-defensin gene (Defa). Conclusions: The results suggest that, in comparison to the seventh pandemic strains of V. cholerae, the new lineage strains exhibit lower levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, CTX-positive strains, when contrasted with CTX-negative strains, not only activate a greater number of inflammatory factors but also stimulate the host to generate more antimicrobial peptides.

Geogenomic mapping of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Ireland and overseas.

Efficacy of an optimal vaccination strategy for H120 and NNA vaccines against the novel HX strain of the IBV GVI-1 genotype.

ABSTRACT Species of Clonostachys and Sesquicillium are commonly found in soils and associated with plants as saprophytes or endophytes. Clonostachys also contains mycoparasitic species used as biocontrol agents. Thirty-three isolates of both genera, obtained from different substrates and locations in Brazil, were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and phylogenetic analysis based on acl1 gene sequences. Ex-type and reference strains of eight species were also included in the MALDI-TOF MS analyses. Multivariate cluster analysis of MALDI-TOF MS data grouped the reference strains in species-specific clusters and classified 26 isolates into clusters corresponding to seven known species, Clonostachys chloroleuca (n = 1), C. farinosa (n = 13), C. pseudochroleuca (n = 5), C. rhizophaga (n = 1), C. rogersoniana (n = 2), C. rosea (n = 2), and Sesquicillium lasiacidis (n = 2). Two additional clusters were composed of three and four isolates having morphological characteristics resembling C. compactiuscula. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses using five loci (acl1, tub2, tef1, rpb1, rpb2) grouped the seven strains in a single lineage consisting of two subclades and corresponding to a novel phylogenetic species, herein described as Clonostachys itumiriensis, sp. nov. This species belongs to subgenus Bionectria and is phylogenetically close to C. cylindrica, C. divergens, C. hongkongensis, C. rogersoniana, and C. samuelsii. Strains of this species were mostly obtained from leaf litter. Our results show the robustness of MALDI-TOF MS for delimiting known and novel species of Clonostachys and validate the use of this technique as a tool for classifying fungi from diverse substrates.

ObjectiveMultidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) remains a major public health challenge in China. Hainan, China’s largest tropical island, possesses distinct socio-geographical features. However, the drug resistance patterns and molecular epidemiology of MDR-TB in this region have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to assess the correlation between drug resistance genotypes and phenotypic resistance levels in multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-MTB) strains collected from Hainan Island, using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST).MethodsMDR-MTB strains isolated from patients on Hainan Island (2019–2021) were analyzed. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for 15 anti-TB drugs were determined by broth microdilution (BMD). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed using Illumina NovaSeq 6000. Genotypic resistance was predicted via TB-Profiler, and correlations between resistance mutations and MIC levels were assessed.ResultsA total of 209 MDR-MTB strains were analyzed. Strains of lineage 2.2 exhibited significantly higher resistance to ethambutol (EMB) compared to non-lineage 2 strains (P < 0.05). The sensitivity of WGS in predicting resistance to first-line drugs isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), EMB, and pyrazinamide (PZA) was 94.7%, 99.0%, 96.5%, and 80.8%, respectively. However, specificity for EMB and PZA was lower at 60.2% and 79.4%. WGS also demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity (> 95%) for second-line injectable aminoglycosides (amikacin [AMK], capreomycin [CPM], and kanamycin [KM]), but sensitivity for other second-line drugs except for fluoroquinolone drug moxifloxacin (MOX, 94.4%) was below 80.0%. Notably, mutations in katG_S315T, rpoB_S450L, and gyrA_D94G were strongly associated with high-level resistance, while mutations in fabG1, ahpC, embA promoters, and gyrA at codon 90 were linked to low-level resistance.ConclusionsThis study quantitatively demonstrates the relationship between specific drug resistance genotypes and resistance levels. It is the first to characterize the regional resistance spectrum of MDR-MTB strains on Hainan Island. These findings offer a novel foundation for MIC-based dose adjustment and the optimization of treatment strategies in this region. Trial registrationMR-46–23-020530. Date of registration:2023–07-03.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-025-11312-8.

Immunogenicity and safety of quadrivalent recombinant influenza vaccine in Korean adults: Phase III, randomized study.

Characterization of antigenically dominant regions in the hemagglutinin protein of B/victoria-lineage influenza B virus using monoclonal antibody escape mutants.

Introduction. The Tuva mountain plague focus (TMPF) in Russia has been continuously epizootically active since its discovery in 1964. The strains of Yersinia pestis isolated in this focus belong to the phylogenetic lineage 4.ANT of the antique biovar of the main subspecies. They are highly virulent and epidemically significant. The use of modern molecular genetic technologies will make it possible to determine the population structure of 4.ANT strains in the TMPF. The aim of the study was to analyze the phylogenetic and population structure of Y. pestis strains of the 4.ANT lineage from the TMPF according to the data of whole-genome SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) typing and MLVA25 (multiple locus variable number tandem repeats analysis) typing. Materials and methods. Whole-genome nucleotide sequences of 68 Y. pestis strains, including 60 strains of the 4.ANT lineage, were analyzed. Sequencing of strains was performed on the MGI platform. SNP-analysis was performed by sequence alignment in the Snippy v. 4.6 program with subsequent construction of a Maximum Likelihood dendrogram based on the identified core SNPs in the SeaView program. SNPs, being markers for strains of the 4.ANT lineage, were detected using the MEGA11 program. MLVA-genotyping of Y. pestis strains of the 4.ANT lineage was performed by searching loci and then counting the number of tandem repeats in the Tandem Repeats Finder program. MLVA-dendrogram construction was performed by UPGMA method in the BioNumerics v. 7.6.3 program. Results. According to SNP-analysis of Y. pestis strains of lineage 4.ANT from the TMPF, the presence of 4 phylogeographic groups was established: T1 (Saglinsky, Tolaylyg and Barlyk mesofoci, 1971–1987), T2 (Karginsky mesofocus, 2014–2024), T3 (Karginsky mesofocus, 1977–2009), T4 (Karginsky, Tolaylyg and Boro-Shai mesofoci, 2006–2013). Eight MLVA-genotypes of strains of 4.ANT lineage from Tuva and variable VNTR loci were identified: yp1290ms04, yp1935ms05, yp0559ms15, yp4042ms35, yp4425ms38, yp1108ms45, yp4280ms62, yp1580ms70. Discussion. Among the strains analyzed, the earliest representatives of the 4.ANT branch are strains of the T1 cluster from the TMPF. The population of strains from the Altai Mountains and Mongolia and the population of strains from the TMPF (1977–2024) are represented as separate sub-branches on the tree. The latter population is represented by polytomy and is characterized by pronounced clustering according to the spatial and temporal principle. Conclusion. The presence of 4 main phylogeographic groups in the population of 4.ANT lineage in the TMPF was determined and genetic differences between them were established, which can be used for in-depth molecular-genetic differentiation and typing of Y. pestis strains in this focus.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a neurotropic Orthoflavivirus transmitted by mosquito vectors, which has evolved into two lineages, namely African and Asian. ZIKV from the Asian lineage has been responsible for epidemics in the Pacific and the Americas, the largest of which occurred in Brazil in 2015 and was associated with severe neurological disorders, including cases of microcephaly and other congenital fetal malformations. Although never implicated in human epidemics, African strains exhibit faster replication, higher virus production, and greater virulence in animal models compared to their Asian counterparts. A key feature that may account for the better fitness of African ZIKV strains compared to Asian ones is the fact that they are more resistant to interferon (IFN). IFN response is a major host defense mechanism against viral infections, which culminates in the induction of hundreds of IFN-induced genes (ISGs) whose products inhibit viral replication. By screening an array of ISGs known for their antiviral activity, we show that African ZIKV strains are globally more resistant than their Asian counterparts to ISG-mediated restriction. In particular, SHFL, RTP4 and IFI6, which were the three most active ISGs against Asian viruses, had little or no effect on the replication of African ZIKV strains. These observations therefore suggest that if African strains are more resistant to the antiviral effect of IFN than Asian strains, this is not because they have greater capacity to inhibit IFN signaling, but rather because they are able to escape ISG-mediated restriction. Our results provide an explanation as to why viruses of African origin spread more rapidly and efficiently in vitro than their Asian counterparts as repeatedly demonstrated. However, it remains unclear why, despite their greater virulence and resistance to cellular antiviral defenses, ZIKV strains of the African lineage have never been identified in large-scale epidemics.

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is associated with reproductive disorders, respiratory diseases and slower growth rates. PRRSV mutation and recombination lead to the emergence and spread of novel strains, which brings challenges and complexity to clinical prevention and control. However, the epidemical characterization of PRRSV in Fujian is limited. In this study, 262 suspected PRRSV samples from 87 pig farms in Fujian Province, from 2023 to 2024 were collected to monitor the prevalence of PRRSV. Through RT-PCR detection and sequencing of the Nsp2 hypervariable region, ORF5, and ORF7 genes, an analysis of their genetic variation was conducted. The results revealed that the overall prevalence rate of PRRSV was 16.79% (44/262), PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 genotypes were co-prevalent in Fujian. Phylogenetic analysis of ORF5 gene identified 37 PRRSV strains, categorizing 1 as PRRSV-1, 36 as PRRSV-2, including 17 strains of NADC30-like subtype (45.95%), 9 strains of lineage 8 (24.32%), 7 strains of lineage 3 (18.92%), 2 strains of NADC34-like subtype (5.41%), and 1 strain of lineage 5 (2.70%). The main way of amino acid change of GP5 is a mutation, and some strains have a deletion. These changes are mainly observed in T cell, B cell epitope region, signal peptide region, and transmembrane region. The above results indicated that NADC30-like was the dominant circulating strain, followed by the HP-PRRSV strain in the farm. Moreover, genetic evolution analysis of the Nsp2 gene showed that the pattern of amino acid deletion between different lineages no longer seems to be applicable as a molecular marker for each lineage, and genetic diversity and recombination were commonly observed. Noteworthy, the identification of a novel independent subtype from the isolated strains indicates that the ORF7 gene also has genetic evolution, which requires us to pay attention to the genetic relationship of ORF7 between the wild strain and the vaccine strain. This study offers crucial insights into the evolutionary dynamics of PRRSV, thus providing a solid foundation for further research into PRRSV epidemiology and control strategies.

Endemic transmission of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis L2.2.M3 sublineage of the L2 lineage within Colon, Panama: A prospective study.

Three slow-growing rhizobial strains, designated as 1AS2LT, 1AS20L and 1AS5L, were isolated from nodules of Acacia saligna in Borj Cedria, northern Tunisia. These strains, which belong to the symbiovar cyanophyllae, were characterized using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA (rrs) gene placed these strains within the genus Bradyrhizobium, specifically in the superclade associated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Further phylogenetic analysis using concatenated sequences of the recA, atpD, glnII and gyrB genes (totalling 1,734 bp) positioned the strains in a distinct lineage, with Bradyrhizobium shewense identified as their closest related species, sharing a sequence identity of 95.2%. The type strain, 1AS2LT, exhibited average nucleotide identity values of 89.10%, 89.08% and 89.00% with the type strains of the closest valid species: Bradyrhizobium frederickii, B. shewense and Bradyrhizobium ottawaense, respectively. Additionally, digital DNA–DNA hybridization values confirmed the novelty of strain 1AS2LT, showing low similarity (38.0%–38.3%) with the type strains of the closest known species. Phylogenomic analyses based on up-to-date bacterial core genes, Type (Strain) Genome Server and the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) pipelines further supported the uniqueness of the 1AS2LT, 1AS20L and 1AS5L strains. The GTDB analysis also robustly clustered two strains (SZCCT0449 and NSD-1) with our strains, suggesting putative members of the proposed novel species. The differentiation of these novel strains from their closest phylogenetic neighbours was also corroborated by phenotypic, physiological and fatty acid content analyses. Based on genomic, phenotypic and biochemical data, we propose the establishment of a novel species, Bradyrhizobium tunisiense sp. nov., with strain 1AS2LT (=LMG 33170T=DSM 114401T) as the type strain.

The World Health Organization (WHO) cites antimicrobial resistance as among the greatest threats to human health. The multidrug-resistant pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii, recognized as a priority pathogen for healthcare and research, is responsible for a diverse array of infections including respiratory tract, soft tissue and wound, and bloodstream infections. Despite this importance, the mechanisms of its pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Conjugation represents a central mechanism for bacterial adaptation and evolution and is responsible for the spread of genes that promote pathogen survival, antibiotic resistance, virulence, and biofilm formation. Our laboratory recently characterized a large group of almost 120 Type IV Secretion System (T4SS)-encoding plasmids in Acinetobacter, distributed globally across 20 countries spanning four continents, and demonstrated that an XDR A. baumannii plasmid from this family was transmissible to another A. baumannii strain. This research investigated the potential diversity of host strains for this representative member plasmid. Using the GC1 lineage strain A. baumannii AB5075-UW harbouring the XDR plasmid p1AB5075 and a series of previously characterized clinical and environmental Acinetobacter strains, conjugative analyses demonstrated transfer of the XDR plasmid to both A. baumannii strains of more genetically divergent sequence types and to non-baumannii Acinetobacter species both inside and outside the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus–baumannii (ACB) complex. Successful recipients included diverse strains of both clinical and environmental origin within the Acinetobacter genus. Collectively, this research could provide insights into an important genetic element for future surveillance.

Arboviruses (i.e., Arthropod-borne viruses) pose a threat to human health worldwide. This taxonomically-diverse group includes numerous viruses that recurrently spread into new regions. Therefore, periodic surveys of the arboviral diversity in a given region can help optimize the diagnosis of arboviral infections. However, such surveys are infrequent, especially in low-income countries. Consequently, case investigation is often limited to a fraction of the arboviral diversity. This situation is likely to result in undiagnosed cases. Here, we investigated the diversity of mosquito-borne arboviruses in two regions of Burkina Faso. To this end, we used untargeted metagenomics to screen mosquitoes collected over three years in six urban and rural areas. The analysis focused on two mosquito species, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, considered to be among the most important vectors of arboviruses worldwide. The screening detected Sindbis virus (SINV, Togaviridae) for the first time in Burkina Faso. This zoonotic arbovirus has spread from Africa to Europe. SINV causes periodic outbreaks in Europe but its distribution and epidemiology in Africa remains largely unstudied. SINV was detected in one of the six areas, and at a single year. Detection was validated with isolation in cell culture. SINV was only detected in Cx. quinquefasciatus, adding to the list of potential vectors of SINV in nature. The SINV infection rate in mosquitoes was similar to those observed in European regions experiencing SINV outbreaks. Phylogenetic analysis placed the nearly-full genome within a cluster of Central African strains of lineage I. This cluster is thought to be at the origin of the SINV strains introduced into Europe. Our results call for studies on the prevalence of SINV infections in the region to estimate the disease burden and the interest of SINV diagnostic in case investigation.

Arboviruses (i.e., Arthropod-borne viruses) pose a threat to human health worldwide. This taxonomically-diverse group includes numerous viruses that recurrently spread into new regions. Therefore, periodic surveys of the arboviral diversity in a given region can help optimize the diagnosis of arboviral infections. However, such surveys are infrequent, especially in low-income countries. Consequently, case investigation is often limited to a fraction of the arboviral diversity. This situation is likely to result in undiagnosed cases. Here, we investigated the diversity of mosquito-borne arboviruses in two regions of Burkina Faso. To this end, we used untargeted metagenomics to screen mosquitoes collected over three years in six urban and rural areas. The analysis focused on two mosquito species, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, considered to be among the most important vectors of arboviruses worldwide. The screening detected Sindbis virus (SINV, Togaviridae) for the first time in Burkina Faso. This zoonotic arbovirus has spread from Africa to Europe. SINV causes periodic outbreaks in Europe but its distribution and epidemiology in Africa remains largely unstudied. SINV was detected in one of the six areas, and at a single year. Detection was validated with isolation in cell culture. SINV was only detected in Cx. quinquefasciatus, adding to the list of potential vectors of SINV in nature. The SINV infection rate in mosquitoes was similar to those observed in European regions experiencing SINV outbreaks. Phylogenetic analysis placed the nearly-full genome within a cluster of Central African strains of lineage I. This cluster is thought to be at the origin of the SINV strains introduced into Europe. Our results call for studies on the prevalence of SINV infections in the region to estimate the disease burden and the interest of SINV diagnostic in case investigation.

The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among ESKAPE group pathogens presents a significant challenge in the healthcare sector, contributing to higher morbidity and mortality rates globally. Thus, it is essential to develop novel antimicrobial agents effective against drug-resistant pathogens. In this study, we report the synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial activity characterization of novel N-substituted β-amino acid derivatives bearing 2-hydroxyphenyl core against multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. The synthesized compounds (2-26) exhibited promising antimicrobial activity specifically against Gram-positive bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 4 to 128 µg/mL. Compounds 9 (R = 4-nitrophenyl), 17 (R = 5-nitro-2-thienyl), 18 (R = 5-nitro-2-furyl), thiosemicarbazide 16, and 26 exhibited the most promising activity against Staphylococcus aureus MRSA USA300 lineage strain TCH-1516, with MIC values between 4 and 16 µg/mL. Compound 26 demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity against both S. aureus TCH-1516 and E. faecalis AR-0781, with the activity comparable to control antibiotics. Furthermore, compound 26 exhibited antifungal activity drug-resistant against Candida albicans AR-0761 (MIC 16 µg/mL). These findings indicate that N-substituted β-amino acid derivatives with a 2-hydroxyphenyl core warrant further investigation as a potential scaffold for the further development of antimicrobial agents based on compound 26 targeting Gram-positive pathogens and drug-resistant C. albicans AR-0761.