Soil salinization severely restricts vegetation restoration in Northwest China. Native Limonium plants, capable of naturally colonizing saline-alkalisaline–alkali wasteland, are potential germplasm for low-cost ecological restoration. This study focused on three wild Limonium species (Limonium aureum, Limonium bicolor, Limonium gmelinii) in Gansu Province. In this study, we integrated seed phenotypic diversity with stress tolerance. We then investigated seed germination indices (e.g., germination rate, energy, vigor index) and seedling physiological–biochemical indices of three Limonium species under 0, 100, 200, 300 mM NaCl and NaHCO3 stress. These indices included leaf and root Na+ and K+ contents, chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents, and malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein contents, plus SOD and CAT activities. Results showed seed area and thickness were key to germination performance, with L. aureum having the largest and thickest seeds and strongest germination potential. The onset concentration of significant inhibition for salt/alkali was 200 mM. At the seedling stage, L. aureum performed best at 100–200 mM, while all three were damaged at 300 mM. Principal component analysis indicated that L. aureum had the highest comprehensive scores under both NaCl and NaHCO3 stresses, while L. bicolor and L. gmelinii presented distinct stress-specific adaptation differences. Thus, L. bicolor is recommended for salt-dominated soils and L. gmelinii for alkaline environments, and L. aureum can be used for mildly heterogeneous habitats. This study clarifies inter-species differences under stress, providing a direct theoretical basis for ecological restoration in saline–alkali areas.

The article presents the results of the development of topical gel formulations based on plant extracts derived from the roots and the above-ground parts of Limonium gmelinii, in accordance with the ICH Q8 (R2) “Pharmaceutical development” guideline. The study evaluated the compatibility of plant extracts with excipients and optimized their content in the gel formulations. Carbomer was used as the gelling agent, while propylene glycol (PG), glycerin, and PEG-400 were applied as co-solvents and penetration enhancers. Various concentrations of carbomer and PG were tested to determine the most optimal gel compositions. The optimal formulations were selected based on organoleptic characteristics, colloidal and thermal stability, rheological properties, and the release kinetics of plant extracts. Gels containing 1.0% carbomer demonstrated optimal viscosity and thixotropic behavior, ensuring ease of application and product stability. The use of 10.0% PG resulted in a cumulative release of 87.36% for the above-ground parts extracts and 85.78% for the root extracts in in vitro tests. Long-term stability of the gels was confirmed over 12 months of storage. These results suggest that the developed gels have significant potential for further pharmaceutical development and may have therapeutic applications in treating various diseases.

Limonium (L.) gmelinii is a valuable pharmacopoeial Kazakhstani plant. Several studies have reported on the various biological activities of the plant. The purpose of our research was to study and compare the extraction yields, immunomodulatory activities, and chemical compositions of extracts from the above-ground parts of L. gmelinii obtained via conventional extraction (CE; Extract 1) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE; Extract 2). The extracts were characterized by a considerable number of polyphenols and flavonoids: 378.1 ± 4.5 and 382.2 ± 3.3 GAE mg/g, and 90.22 ± 2.8 and 94.61 ± 1.9 QE mg/g in Extract 1 and Extract 2, respectively. Extract 2 had a slightly higher extraction yield (33.5 ± 2.4%) than Extract 1 (30.2 ± 1.6%). Liquid Chromatography–Diode-Array Detection–Electrospray Ionization–Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) revealed the presence of 54 biologically active compounds in both extracts. It was shown that the studied extracts stimulate the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 by intact mouse peritoneal macrophages and splenic lymphocytes, whilst they have an inhibitory effect on the secretion of these cytokines by activated immune cells. Both extracts demonstrated similar patterns of stimulation and inhibition in a splenocyte proliferation assay. Altogether, the L. gmelinii extracts obtained via CE and UAE might be suggested as effective immunomodulatory agents. The application of UAE for this purpose seems to be more efficient with a view of obtaining of a highly potent extract in a much shorter time.

Abstract—The study is focused on the characteristic halophyte of Khakassia – Limonium gmelinii (Willd.) Kuntze (Plumbaginaceae). There is no information on the structure and assessment of the state of the coenopopulations of L. gmelinii in Khakassia. The materials were collected in 2022 from steppe and meadow plant communities with varying degrees of salinity. It was found that L. gmelinii coenopopulations are stable. The studied coenopopulations are normal, complete and incomplete. The left-sided type of the ontogenetic spectrum is formed in the alkaline steppe with low total projective cover and sufficient moisture; centered – on slightly saline or almost non-saline substrate of grass-covered steppe and meadow communities under different moisture regimes. The change in the ontogenetic structure and an increase in the undergrowth are associated with seed renewal and ecological and phytocenotic conditions of habitats. The density of individuals depends on the ecological and phytocenotic environment. The maximum total score of organismal and populational characters in Limonium gmelinii individuals was observed on slightly saline and practically non-saline soils in the cold sagebrush-grass and sagebrush real steppes of Khakassia. On the steppe meadows with low salinity, extensive grass cover and lack of moisture, the species does not reach the optimum. On highly saline soils, under low competition from related species and sufficient moisture, the total score of organismal and population characters reaches an average value.

Root-Extracted lignanamides from Limonium gmelinii (Willd.) Kuntze with a potential PTP1B inhibitory activity by regulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

In this study, "Limonium gmelinii", which can be valuable as a halophyte that can be used for the improvement of arid and salty areas and for bringing them into agriculture, was researched. The experiment was carried out as 1 plant x 1 soil x 3 subjects (NaCl, Na₂SO₄, B) x 4 doses x 5 replications, in a greenhouse environment. In NaCl and Na₂SO₄ treatments, Na values increased in the plant compared to the soil, and increased up to 10500 ppm. In NaCl treatments, Cl accumulation was higher in the plant than in the soil, and increased to 33700 ppm. In Na₂SO₄ treatments, SO₄ values in the plant were higher than in the soil and increased up to 59300 ppm. In the Na₂SO₄ treatments, there was a noticeable accumulation of salt on the leaves. In B treatments, while there was no significant increase in soil B values, there was an increase in the plant and then a decrease was observed. It is thought that the plant removes and tolerates B toxicity by removing high boron concentration with its salt sacs and salt glands. With the study, it was determined that Limonium gmelinii eliminated the toxicity in the soil by incorporating different doses of these substances applied to the soil.

Ensuring the continuity of species that can grow naturally and increasing their availability without causing an economic burden in soils with salinity and boron toxicity has become an increasingly important worldwide issue. For this purpose, the effects of the Limonium gmelinii treated with NaCl, Na₂SO₄ to be grown on saline and boron toxicity areas with their respective plant and salt content, soil reaction and exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and N contents were investigated. The effect of the treatments on the increase of EC content in soil and plant was found to be significant. It also had an effect on the increase in the pH value of the soil. The effect of the decrease in the exchangeable Mg content in the soil and the increase in the Mg content in the plant was found to be significant. Moreover, while its effect on the decrease in Ca content in the soil was significant, it did not affect the Ca content in the plant. Its effect on the decrease in K content in the soil was found to be significant, but it did not affect the K content in the plant. Furthermore, the effect of treatments on N content in soil was found to be significant. It was observed that Limonium gmelinii can be grown in areas with NaCl, Na₂SO₄ and B toxicity without significant damage. Economic income can be obtained by determining the different post-harvest uses of the Limonium gmelinii plant, which is tolerant to such problem areas. Dried flowers can be used for decoration. In addition to the economic income to be obtained by growing it on unused and idle lands due to salinity and B toxicity problems, it can also offer a beautiful landscape with its green leaves and blue flowers in summer and winter seasons.

the article presents the results of studying the technological properties of medicinal plant raw materials Siberian Statice (Limonium gmelinii), namely specific, volumetric, bulk density, determination of absorption coefficient and swelling rate, as well as porosity, free volume layer and fractional composition. Grinded raw materials from the aboveground part of Siberian Statice, which included stems, inflorescences, flowers was the object of the study. Siberian Staticea (Limonium gmelinii) is a perennial herbaceous bare plant of the Kermek genus, which contains tannins, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins, coumarins, carbohydrates, polysaccharides, organic acids, amino acids and others. The raw material in the Genichesk district of the Kherson region was harvested in 2021. The study of basic technological properties was carried out according to generally accepted methods, which are listed in the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. The data obtained during the study indicate that the composition of the grinded raw material is polydisperse and it is not possible to determine one predominant fraction. Particles with a size of 2,8-1,0 mm are about 80% of the composition. This diversity of composition can be explained by the fact that the studied aboveground part of plant raw materials includes a thick-branched stem, inflorescences with small regular flowers. The humidity of the studied raw materials is 0,23%. The specific density of raw materials is 1,3446 ± 0,0073 g/cm3, and the volumetric density of plant raw materials is 0,4679 ± 0,0450 g/cm3. Bulk mass after shrinkage decreased from 80 to 69, which is 13,75%. Volumetric shrinkage increased from 0,1251 g/cm3 to 0,1436 g/cm3. Indicators of porosity, porosity and free volume layer (0,6933 g/cm3, 0,7326 g/cm3, 0,9073 g/cm3, respectively) are quite high, which indicates a good absorption capacity of raw materials. The average value of the absorption coefficient was 6,33 ± 0,34, which indicates a high cost of extractant, and the swelling rate shows that the investigated raw material doesn’t swell, this indicates the presence of pores inside the stem, where the extractant is retained, but does not increase linear dimensions and volume plant raw materials. The technological properties of Siberian Statice (Limonium gmelinii) raw materials have been experimentally determined, which allow choosing the optimal extraction methods for the studied raw materials, namely the extraction method, the ratio of raw materials: extractant, the nature of the extractant.

Road management practices, such as winter de-icing create ideal habitats and competitive advantage for salt-tolerant species. We aimed to map the occurrences of halophytes along roads in Hungary. Furthermore, we tested factors that might play a role in the roadside occurrences of five chosen native halophytes from rare to common, we encountered during our field surveys. These were Festuca pseudovina, Limonium gmelinii subsp. hungaricum, Podospermum canum, Puccinellia distans and Spergularia media. We found, that at least one halophyte species was documented in 71% of the total sampling points. Germination experiments indicated that substrate salt concentration significantly decreased germination rates in each of the five species, but in case of L. gmelinii subsp. hungaricum, or P. distans germination occurred on extremely high salt concentrations. Traffic intensity, the presence of other halophytes at the sampling point and the presence of a given species in the surrounding landscape had a significant positive effect on the occurrence of four of the five model species. Our results suggest that the studied species are mostly in the early stage of their roadside spread, colonizing roadsides close to their native distribution ranges. The possibility of a future range expansion along roads cannot be excluded.

Root-Extracted Lignanamides from Limonium Gmelinii (Willd.) Kuntze with a Potential PTP1B Inhibitory Activity by Regulating PI3k/AKT Signaling Pathway

The presented 10th part of the series includes fifteen new chorological records, one from Czechia, two from Hungary, three from Poland, five from Slovakia and four from the Ukrainian Carpathians. In Czech Silesia, Arum maculatum, considerably remote from the species continuous distribution area, was found. In Hungary, spreading of Geranium sibiricum and Limonium gmelinii subsp. hungaricum was recorded. In Poland, two alien Erigeron sumatrensis and Lepidium didymum were found as well as the native species Typha shuttleworthii, which is considered vulnerable. In Slovakia, new localities of Scorzonera humilis, Stellaria ruderalis, Taraxacum serotinum and Typha shuttleworthii were found as well as alien Portulaca grandiflora. New records of Centaurea kotschyana, Euphrasia salisburgensis, Galium album subsp. suberectum and Salix retusa were reported in the Ukrainian Carpathians. URL: https://www.upjs.sk/pracoviska/botanicka-zahrada/odborne-aktivity/contents-abstracts/

When studying flora and vegetation of the northern forest-steppe of Armizon District, Tyumen Region, in the field season of 2017, herbarium material was collected. Determination of its species affiliation made it possible to identify it as Polygonum arenarium Waldst et Kit. - sand knotweed - of the subsection Arenaria Tzvel. of the typical section of Polygonum L. genus that was found in the south of Tyumen Region after more than a century break in a new habitat. Previously, this species had been collected here by Slovtsov I.Y. "in the vicinity of Perevalova Village..." in 1891 and by Gordyagin A.Y. "... the southern part of the Tobolsk Governorate..." in 1901 (labels of Tomsk State University). However, there are no Siberian specimens of this species in the Herbaria of ALTB, NS, NSK, TK. The research shows a new location of this very rare species in Western Siberia -“Tyumen Region, Armizon District, vicinity of Prokhorova Village, near Solonets Cemetry, 7 July, 2017", as well as a description of the halophilic plant community in which the species was found: 100 m2; cut by tracks of vehicles, the soil is wet; grass cover is uneven, the projective cover ranges from 60% to 80%; the grass stand height is 40-55 cm, the richness in species is 21: Artemisia nitrosa Weber ex Stechm. and Puccinellia tenuissima Litv. ex V. I. Krecz. (cop1) are dominant, Artemisia laciniata Willd., Chenopodium glaucum L., Limonium gmelinii Kuntze, Juncus gerardii Loisel., J. compressus Kunth, Veronica spicata L., Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir., Elymrous mutabilis (Drob.) Tzvel., Rumex pseudonatronatus (Borbas) Murb. Myosurus minimus L., Polygonum neglectum Besser., Lepidium ruderale L., Psammophil-iella muralis (L.) Ikonn grow in lower abundance (sp); Inula britannica L., Allium an-gulosum All., Agrostis tenuis Bastard ex Roem et Schult., Potentilla argentea L., Tri-pleurospermum perforatum (Merat) M. Lainz are also present (sol). Individual P. are-nariums are crowded in this plant community, in the form of one spot in abundance sp, they are in a budding phase. The knotweed population can be classified as generative and full-bodied. The nomenclative and morphological characteristics of the species are given, the species is compared to a closely related species of the same subsection P. pseudoarenarium Klokov, and to species of the close subsection Patula Tzvel. In the Siberian enclave, the species dwells in its characteristic alkaline community which convinces of the aboriginal nature of the species, however given the place of growth (near the cemetery) and the anthropogenic disturbance of the community (vehicle tracks) it cannot be ruled out that it was introduced here. It is not possible to make a final conclusion due to insufficient study of the issue.

There are numerous publications demonstrating that plant polyphenols can reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in the brain. In the present study we have investigated the neuroprotective effect of plant extract isolated from the roots of L. gmelinii since it contains a rich source of polyphenols and other biologically active compounds. We have applied an oxidative and inflammatory model induced by NMDA, H2O2, and TNF-α in human primary neurons and astrocytes, and mouse cerebral endothelial cell (CECs) line in vitro. The levels of ROS generation, NADPH oxidase activation, P-selectin expression, and activity of ERK1/2 were evaluated by quantitative immunofluorescence analysis, confocal microscopy, and MAPK assay. In vivo, sensorimotor functions in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were assessed. In neurons NMDA induced overproduction of ROS, in astrocytes TNF-α initiated ROS generation, NADPH oxidase activation, and phosphorylation of ERK1/2. In CECs, the exposure by TNF-α induced oxidative stress and triggered the accumulation of P-selectin on the surface of the cells. In turn, pre-treatment of the cells with the extract of L. gmelinii suppressed oxidative stress in all cell types and pro-inflammatory responses in astrocytes and CECs. In vivo, the treatment with L. gmelinii extract improved motor activity in rats with MCAO.

The aim of the work was to evaluate the effectiveness of combined therapy of the extract of polyphenols isolated from the roots of Limonium Gmelinii and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) under conditions of experimentally induced ischemic brain damage in vivo. The object of this study were outbred male Wistar rats weighing 280-300 g. To create a model of focal ischemic stroke, occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) was performed. Animals of the experimental groups received Kermek of Gmelin intragastrically; MSC transplantation was carried out by injection through the common femoral vein. Intravital assessment of the survival and distribution of transplanted MSCs was carried out using a micro CT IVIS Spectrum apparatus. Analysis of the sensorimotor functions of animals was performed using the test " Beam walk." The results of the study showed that transplanted MSCs are localized in the brain only in animals with MCAO, however, their localization in the thoracic and abdominal region was noted both in animals with and without stroke. Evaluation of sensorimotor activity showed that in animals that received MSC transplantation, partial restoration of motor functions occurred, and with combined therapy with Limonium Gmelinii extract and MSC on day 14, the motor activity of rats was restored almost to the control values. Thus, combined therapy with Limonium Gmelinii extract and mesenchymal stem cells is a more effective approach as compared to MSC monotherapy. Key words: ischemic stroke, Limonium Gmelinii, plant polyphenols, mesenchymal stem cells.

Lignanamides from the roots of Limonium gmelinii (Willd.) Kuntze and their anti-diabetic, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities

Nowadays, the implementation of integrated stormwater management is an important element of urban climate adaptation. Rain gardens are part of this system, which effectively handles large amounts of sudden precipitation. In this way, they are suitable for preventing the increasing frequency of flash floods. For rain gardens, it is important to collect information about the soil and the vegetation.We examined the permeability of the typical soil types in Kecskemét – humus sandy soil, solonetz meadow soil – and Bácsvíz compost, in order to decide what proportion of soils and compost can be considered ideal for rain gardens. In addition, experiments were performed with three broad-tolerant plants (Inula Britannica, Aster tripolium subsp. pannonicus and Limonium gmelinii) planted in the studied soil types and compost, as well as in a mixture of these. Based on our results, it can be concluded that the solonetz meadow soil practically means a waterproof layer, while a mixture of half of this soil type and compost already has adequate water permeability and water storage properties, which provide the necessary living conditions for plants.

One of the important directions in the treatment of ischemic stroke (IS) consequences is revascularization of the damaged brain areas including decreasing acute hypoxia and oxidative stress that occur in the ischemic tissue due to reperfusion syndrome after restoration of blood flow. Plant polyphenols are promising candidates capable of exerting a pronounced antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. There are a number of wild plants growing on the territory of Kazakhstan, and one of these plants containing significant number of polyphenols is Limonium gmelinii (L. gmelinii, genus Limonium Mill). In our study we have applied middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method to induce focal ischemic cerebral stroke in male Wistar rats. The results of assessment of sensorimotor functions in laboratory animals showed that MCAO resulted in sensorimotor deficiency. At the same time, partial recoveries of sensorimotor functions were observed in animals that were treated with extract of L. gmelinii after stroke compared to untreated animals. Similarly, histological analysis of the damaged brain regions has revealed focal coagulation necrosis with clearly visualized damaged regions in animals with MCAO, whereas brain tissue of animals exposed to L. gmelinii extract after stroke induction was partially restored. Our results demonstrate that extract of L. gmelinii possesses neuroprotective properties that require further investigations.

Simultaneous monitoring of vegetation and soil of inland salt areas of Southeastern Serbia was performed in order to assess the univariate response of species along the environmental gradients. Five habitat types were recognized by classification analysis based on physicochemical characteristics of soil. Ecological preferences of 9 species recognized as diagnostic of established habitats were estimated by Huisman-Olff-Fresco models. Carex distans, Cynod on dactylon and Plantago coronopus are diagnostic species of habitat type I which is characterized by electrical conductivity lower than 500 μScm−1, slightly alkaline reaction and low concentration of nutrients. Habitats of type II with alkaline soil, where concentration of available potassium (53 mg K2O/100 g soil) and phosphorus (19 mg P2O5/100 g soil) is high and electrical conductivity is in range of 608 to 860 μScm−1, are suitable for Carex divisa, Juncus compressus and Limonium gmelinii. Puccinellia festuciformis shows affinities to habitats of type III, characterized by electrical conductivity of 1200–2800 μScm−1 and low water and nutrient content. Presence of Camphorosma monspeliaca on habitats (type IV) indicates high concentration of OH− ions, salts (>3000 μScm−1) and chlorides in soil. Puccinellia distans shows affinities to strongly saline, alkaline and nutrient rich habitats (type V) with fluctuating water regime during the vegetation season. Information on objectively assessed ecological preferences of plant species represents a suitable foundation for defining local or regional indicator systems, calibration of existing ecological indices and realization of procedures with the goal of conservation and enhancement of threatened ecosystems such as inland salt areas.

The present part of the series provides new records of locally introduced native species in Hungary (Apium repens, Crypsis schoenoides, Limonium gmelinii, Rumex confertus, Sagina apetala). The spread of Crypsis schoenoides and Limonium gmelinii on roadsides is due to winter salting of roads, whereas the appearance of Apium repens and Sagina apetala is likely the consequence of the use of soil or peat material containing their seeds. The reports of Knautia dipsacifolia from the northern part of the Great Hungarian Plain and Spiraea crenata from the Hungarian–Romanian–Ukrainian border region is ascertained here concluding that the report of the first taxon was based on a misidentifi cation of K. drymeia, whereas the record of Spiraea crenata is a consequence of mislocation. New records of two spreading aliens (Eragrostis virescens, Sporobolus vaginifl orus) are discussed here along with a herbarium revision of Eragrostis, which showed that all previous Hungarian records of Eragrostis parvifl ora refer to E. virescens. Further species discussed in the paper escaped from cultivation (Asparagus verticillatus, Euphorbia characias, Nassella tenuissima, the latter two new for the country). The first record of the sedge hybrid Carex ×leutzii in Hungary is also presented.

Current paper presents the results of chemical study of the non-polar fraction obtained from the substance isolated from the roots of Limonium gmelinii (Willd.). Limonium gmelinii is a perennial wildgrowing plant with a flowering period in June-September. It is found in all regions of Kazakhstan, western and eastern Siberia, European part of Russia, Central Asia, Southeastern Europe, Western China and Mongolia. Roots of Limonium gmelinii are introduced into the medicine and State Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In this work, we obtained a substance using ultrasound to intensify the extraction process, which is effective, both from the economic and ecological side. Limonium gmelinii plants were harvested in Almaty region in 2018. Extracts were obtained by solvent extraction of a dry substance isolated from the roots of the studied plants with hexane, and studied by chromatography – mass spectrometry on a gas chromatograph with a mass-selective detector. In non-polar extract obtained from such substance, 27individual compounds were identified, most of them are represented by higher fat-soluble hydrocarbons that are a part of natural waxes and resins; particularly high content of tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, genicosane, octadecane, eicosane and their isomers was noted. In addition, the presence of a quinoline derivative in the form of 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-quinoline was observed. For comparison, non-polar extract directly from the roots of Limonium gmelinii comprised 15 compounds belonging to the classes of hydrocarbons and esters of higher carboxylic acids. Dominating are hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, ethyl oleate, linoleic acid ethyl ester. In addition, a number of hydrocarbons, such as heptadecane, octadecane and tetradecane, and a quinoline derivative of 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl quinolone as well as phenol 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl) have been identified.