Climatic Limits Research Articles

Climate and dispersal limitation drive tree species range shifts in post-glacial Europe: results from dynamic simulations

IntroductionThe ability of species to colonize newly suitable habitats under rapid climate change can be constrained by migration processes, resulting in a shift of the leading edge lagging behind the ameliorating climate, i.e. migration lag. The importance and extent of such migration lags during the forest expansion after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are still debated. Similarly, the relative importance of the main drivers of post-glacial vegetation dynamics (temperature, dispersal limitation, and competition) is still discussed in the literature.MethodsWe used the dynamic global vegetation model LPJ-GM 2.0 to reconstruct the range shifts of 16 competing major European tree species after the LGM (18.5 ka BP) until recent times (0 ka BP). We simulated two dispersal modes by allowing free establishment whenever the climatic conditions suited the species (free dispersal), or by accounting for migration processes in the simulated vegetation dynamics (dispersal limitation). We then calculated thermal and range shift velocities, competition at establishment, thermal and dispersal lags for each species and dispersal mode. Finally, we compared our simulated range shift velocities with pollen-derived migration rates.ResultsThe simulation assuming limited dispersal resulted in more accurate migration rates as compared to pollen-derived migration rates and spreading patterns. We found no marked migration lags in the post-glacial establishment of pioneer species (Pinus sylvestris and Betula pubescens). Under the free dispersal mode, the remaining temperate species expanded rapidly and almost synchronously across central Europe upon climate warming (Bølling-Allerød interstadial). Differently, the northward spread of temperate species simulated under dispersal limitation happened mainly during the Holocene and in successive waves, with late spreaders (e.g. Fraxinus excelsior) experiencing multi-millennial dispersal lags and higher competition.DiscussionOur simulation under dispersal constraints suggests that the post-glacial tree expansion in Europe was mainly driven by species-specific thermal requirements and dispersal capacity, which in turn affected the order of taxa establishment and thus the degree of competition. Namely, taxa with less cold-tolerance and relatively low dispersal ability experienced the highest migration lags, whereas the establishment of pioneer species was mostly in equilibrium with the climate.

High-Strength PPS-Polymer Composites for Hydrogen High-Pressure Applications

Hydrogen technology can be one key for a transition to sustainable energy necessary to achieve climate targets and limit global warming to 1.5 °C since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Hydrogen as a CO2 neutral energy carrier must replace fossil fuels from the existing natural gas grid and infrastructure to enable an environmentally friendly and circular economy in future societies. Batteries and e-fuels are practicable technologies for short term and quantitatively limited energy provision, with disadvantages including raw material demands and technologically complex transformation cycles. Utilizing advanced power-to-gas concepts, hydrogen will not only be most efficient technology in energy storage, but also allows adaption and reuse of existing energy transportation infrastructure.To provide volatile hydrogen gas in the required flow and energy densities, advanced compression technology needs to be developed inspired by conventional gas compression systems. Reciprocating piston compressors are developed for high-pressure hydrogen applications, providing high pressure levels and flow rates. Compression equipment must be designed for non-lubricated dry-running conditions, as high gas purity standards of hydrogen do not allow for oil-based lubricants to be introduced into the process gas. High-strength carbon fiber reinforced composites are developed as piston and packing ring materials to withstand extreme pressure differences under harsh thermo-mechanically loaded operation conditions.Promising candidates with high strength and wear resistance in the form of PPS-polymers, are developed with PTFE solid lubricants and different carbon fiber fractions to combine high strength, with low friction and wear, improve pressure operation range, and limit down times of hydrogen piston compressors. The current work describes tribological testing of advanced PPS-polymers with 10 to 30 wt.% carbon fibers in a high-velocity tribometer under hydrogen gas atmosphere. Supporting thermo-mechanical tests give new insights in deformation mechanisms of fiber reinforced polymer composites and allow conclusions on their applicability for hydrogen compression.

Shifting climatic responses of tree rings and NDVI along environmental gradients

Variations in the growth of aboveground biomass compartments such as tree stem and foliage significantly influence the carbon cycle of forest ecosystems. Yet the patterns of climate-driven responses of stem and foliage and their modulating factors remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the climatic response of Norway spruce (Picea abies) at 138 sites covering wide spatial and site fertility gradients in temperate forests in Central Europe. To characterize the annual growth rate of stem biomass and seasonal canopy vigor, we used tree-ring chronologies and time-series of NDVI derived from Landsat imagery. We calculated correlations of tree-ring width and NDVI with mean growing season temperature and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). We evaluated how these climate responses varied with aridity index, soil category, stand age, and topographical factors. The results show that the climate-growth responses of tree rings shift from positive to negative for SPEI and from negative to positive for temperature from dry (warm) to wet (cold) areas. By contrast, NDVI revealed a negative response to temperature across the entire climatic gradient. The negative response of NDVI to temperature likely results from drought effects in warm areas and supporting effects of cloudy conditions on foliage greenness in wet areas. Contrary to NDVI, climate responses of tree rings differed according to stand age and were unaffected by local topographical features and soil conditions. Our findings demonstrate that the decoupling of stem and foliage climatic responses may result from their different climatic limitation along environmental gradients. These results imply that in temperate forest ecosystems, the canopy vigor may show different trends compared to stem growth under ongoing climate change.

Experimental warming outside the growing season and exclusion of grazing has a mild effect on upland grassland plant communities in the short term

ABSTRACT Background Winters are expected to warm more than summers in central and northern Europe, with largely unknown effects on grassland plant communities. Aims By studying the interactions between winter warming and summer grazing, we aimed to disentangle their effects and give recommendations for future grassland management. Methods Our study area Upper Teesdale, England has winter temperatures close to 0°C and a well-studied vegetation, known for its arctic-alpine species growing at their climatic warm range limits. We set up a winter warming experiment using open top chambers (ca. +0.5°C) from mid-September until mid-May 2019 to 2022 and excluded sheep grazing during summer in a fully factorial design. Results Graminoid biomass increased, and bryophyte biomass decreased with winter warming. There was little to no evidence that winter warming affected any of the other plant response variables we measured, neither did grazing nor the interaction between winter warming and grazing. Conclusions Our experiment was relatively short in duration and treatments were realistic in magnitude, therefore the plant communities responded only slightly. Nevertheless, our data suggest a change towards more dominant vascular species and less bryophytes with winter warming, which might lead to lasting changes in the plant communities in the longer-term if not buffered by suitable grazing management.

Climatic limitations on grassland photosynthesis over the Tibetan Plateau shifted from temperature to water

Plant photosynthesis plays an essential role in regulating the global carbon cycle. Therefore, it is essential to understand the limitations imposed by climate on plant photosynthesis to comprehend the impacts of climate change on land carbon dynamics. In this study, taking gross primary productivity as a direct representation of photosynthesis, we employed a light use efficiency model (i.e., the revised EC-LUE) and factorial analysis method to quantify the spatiotemporal variation of temperature- and water-limitations on plant photosynthesis over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) grasslands during growing season (May to October) in 1983–2018. Results revealed a clear spatiotemporal pattern of the temperature- and water-limitations: temperature is the primary climatic limiting factor in the eastern TP, while water is the primary climatic limiting factor in the western TP; the water- and temperature-limitations prevail in summer and spring/autumn, respectively. The water- and temperature-limitations intensified and alleviated, respectively, during 1983 through 2018. There also was a widespread shift from temperature-limitation to water-limitation in the TP, particularly in midsummer (August). Our findings demonstrated the shifting relative importance of climatic limitations on plant photosynthesis under changing climate, which is crucial for predicting future terrestrial carbon cycle dynamics.

Linkage between growth phenology and climate-growth responses along landscape gradients in boreal forests

Boreal forests represent an important carbon sink and, therefore, significantly contribute to climate change mitigation. Tree-ring width series of boreal species reflect climate variation at the moment of tree-ring formation but also lagged climatic effects from dormancy preceding tree-ring formation and antecedent growing seasons. However, little is known about how the growth sensitivity to climate in specific intra-annual periods varies across the landscape. Here, we assessed growth responses to climate variation during the 45 months preceding the tree-ring formation for nine boreal stands of Picea glauca and Picea mariana distributed along the gradients of elevation and slope aspect. We combined process-based modeling of wood formation and remote sensing data to determine growth phenology at each site. Next, we classified intra-annual seasons with significant climate-growth correlations based on the timing of dormancy and growth periods. Both the phenology and the climate-growth relationships systematically shifted with elevation and, to a lower extent, also with slope orientation at the treeline. The mean duration of the growing season varied between 100 days at treelines above 900 m and 160 days at lowlands below 500 m. The growth at treelines was stimulated by temperature in the summer of the tree-ring formation year and two years before tree-ring formation. The period of significant climate-growth correlations during the current summer did not exceed three months in agreement with the local duration of the growing season. The growth of trees in lower elevations was instead stimulated by high temperature during the dormancy periods but restricted by high temperature in antecedent summer seasons. In conclusion, our study highlights the linkage between the timing of climate-growth sensitivity and growth phenology, primarily determined by proximity to the treeline. Consequently, accounting for landscape gradients in growth phenology is crucial for upscaling the climatic limits of boreal stands' growth as climate change progresses.

Привлечение инвестиций в Арктике: в каких регионах арк­тические резиденты наиболее значимы, эффективны и устойчивы?

The high geopolitical and strategic importance of the regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, on the one hand, and the presence of climatic, socioeconomic and infrastructural limitations on their development on the other, determine the need to use special economic institutions for the Arctic territories. And one of them is the institution of Arctic residents, which involves the creation of preferential treatment and attraction of new investors to the Arctic. The purpose of the article is to assess the effectiveness of the Arctic residents’ institution as a tool for the development of the Arctic territories and the reduction of their polarization. The study assesses the investment attractiveness of the regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation using econometric methods and cluster analysis, taking into account statistical indicators and expert assessments in five areas for 2010—2021. Also, using similar methods and according to financial statements the authors analyze the economic efficiency and sustainability of 295 economic entities that received the status of Arctic resident in 2020—2021. The level of investment attractiveness of the regions they compare with the efficiency and sustainability of the residents functioning on its territory. They have revealed that the institution of Arctic residents, although contributing to the development of the Arctic regions, leads to further polarization of their indicators. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the formation of the authors’ methodology for ranking the Arctic regions and residents. The recommendations elaborated within the framework of the work are of practical importance for the further development of the Arctic.

Improving food security and farmland carbon sequestration in China through enhanced rock weathering: Field evidence and potential assessment in different humid regions

Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) in farmland is an emerging carbon dioxide removal technology with crushed silicate rocks for soil improvement. However, due to climatic variability and field data limitations, uncertainties remain regarding the influence of ERW on food security and soil carbon pools in temperate regions. This study focused to evaluate the crop productivity and carbon sequestration potential of farmland ERW in China by conducting field monitoring in different humid regions and ERW performance model. Additionally, the contribution of climate, soil, and management factors to ERW-mediated yield and carbon sequestration changes was explored using random forest and correlation networks. Field monitoring indicated that farmland ERW significantly improved crop yield in humid region (13.5 ± 5.2 %), along with notable improvements in soil pH and available nutrients. Precipitation (10.4–16.7 %) and soil pH (9.7–16.8 %) had the highest contribution on ERW mediated yield and carbon sequestration changes, but the contribution of management factors (24–26.2 %), especially N input (2.7–7.0 %), should not be disregarded. The model evaluation demonstrated that the carbon sequestration rate of farmland ERW in China can reach 0.28–0.40 Gt yr−1, thereby presenting an opportunity to expand and accelerate the nationally determined contributions of China. The mean sequestration cost of farmland ERW was 633 ± 161 CNY ¥ t-CO2−1, which was an attractive sequestration price considering the positive benefits of rock powder on soil pH and nutrients. Deploying ERW in acidified and mineral nutrient deficient regions was able to serve as an alternative to lime and part chemical fertilizers to improve yield and maximize agricultural sustainability and resource co-benefits. Farmland ERW also has the potential to resource silicate waste to assist traditional, difficult-to-decarbonize industries to reduce carbon emissions. As a result, a comprehensive assessment of existing artificial silicate waste materials could further expand the application of farmland ERW.

Life history and biogeography of the enigmatic mantid Nilomantisfloweri (Mantodea, Nanomantidae).

The biology and distribution patterns of the Sahelian mantid species Nilomantisfloweri are still insufficiently known. For the first time, records are confirmed of this species from Iran and the distribution map of its native range is updated. Records are compiled from the Sahel zone of North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and Iran. Detailed information on its biology, oothecal characteristics, male genitalia variation, and intraspecific molecular diversity in the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase are provided, and ecological niche modelling was used to gain insight into the overall species distribution and understand its climatic niche limits. Genetic analysis revealed only one haplotype shared between Iran and Oman. The Iranian populations likely represent two distinct clusters, both more related to the diverse Oman haplotypes than to each other. Based on new data, N.floweri appears to be mostly associated with coastal areas in southwestern Asia, with the vast majority of records found along the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and Oman Gulf coasts. This distribution contrasts markedly with N.floweri records in the Sahel, where most collections have been reported in the transitional zone between the southern Sahara and arid thorn savannah, far off the coast. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of this still enigmatic mantid species.

Climatic limits for the present European distribution of the common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), with special reference to Ukraine

In this study, we used a comprehensive approach to detect the importance of diverse climatic parameters in controling the distribution of a forest tree species, exemplified by the common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.). Special reference has been made to Ukraine from where digitized data on the species is relatively scarce. In Ukraine, populations of the common hornbeam are found at the edge of its geographic range, primarily in forest-steppe ecotones, which are exposed to extreme climate with water shortages during the growing season and low temperatures in winter. Usually forests in these ecotones are highly fragmented and, in addition to climate impact, are heavily subjected to land use. Currently, in the east of the country, C. betulus is only very locally distributed, but it has been assumed that in the past there were several areas suitable for the persistence of the species. The main objectives of the present study were to model the European-wide ecological niche of the common hornbeam and investigate primary climatic factors that control the potential distribution of this tree in Ukraine. Using an ecological niche modelling approach, we consider to have reliably modeled the European-wide bioclimatic niche of the common hornbeam for predicting the response of species’ geographical distribution to climate. Most contributing to the model were the mean monthly PET (potential evapotranspiration) of the coldest quarter, continentality, and annual PET. In terms of the ‘Most Limiting Factor,’ in Ukraine, continentality is crucial throughout the majority of the country (78%). Because the distribution of any species depends on variables related to climate, it is likely that the species could rapidly respond to climatic change. In this respect, the common hornbeam is no exception, as exemplified by the history of the species in Eastern Europe. Limiting factors and thresholds (particularly of PET indices) are bound to shift together with global climate change and bring in changes to the pattern of the common hornbeam distribution, especially at edges of its geographic range.

Diversity in reservoir surface morphology and climate limits ability to compare and upscale estimates of greenhouse gas emissions

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from reservoirs are influenced by many factors, including the reservoir's morphology, watershed, and local climate. Failure to account for diversity in waterbody characteristics contributes to uncertainties in estimates of total waterbody GHG emissions and limits the ability to extrapolate patterns from one set of reservoirs to another. Hydropower reservoirs are of particular interest given recent studies that show variable – and sometimes very high – measurements and estimates of emissions. This study uses characteristics describing reservoir surface morphology and location within the watershed to identify US hydropower reservoir archetypes that represent the diversity of reservoir features relevant to GHG emissions. The majority of reservoirs are characterized by smaller watersheds, smaller surface areas, and lower elevations. Downscaled climate projections of temperature and precipitation mapped onto the archetypes show large variability in hydroclimate stresses (i.e., changes in precipitation and air temperature) within and across different reservoir types. Average air temperatures are projected to increase for all reservoirs by the end of the century, relative to historical conditions, while projected precipitation is much more variable across all archetypes. Variability in projected climate suggests that despite similar morphology-related traits, reservoirs may experience different shifts in climate, potentially resulting in a divergence in carbon processing and GHG emissions from historical conditions. Low representation in published GHG emission measurements among several reservoir archetypes (roughly 14 % of the population of hydropower reservoirs), highlights a potential limit to the generalization of current measurements and models. This multi-dimensional analysis of waterbodies and their local hydroclimate provides valuable context for the growing body of GHG accounting literature and ongoing empirical and modeling studies.

Comparison of water use efficiency of sand-binding species along revegetation chronosequence in an alpine desert

Afforestation is an effective measure for ecological restoration in the desert ecosystem. The long-term water use efficiency (WUE) of leaves is an important indicator for evaluating the water adaptation strategy of sand-fixing species. However, the WUE of typical sand-fixing plants in the alpine desert and its responses to local climatic, micro-geomorphology, environmental conditions and nutrient limitations are still unclear. In this study, sand-fixing vegetation community along a revegetation chronosequence (Hippophae rhammoides planted on dunes in 1987, 2008, and 2015, respectively. H. rhammoides with the longest recovery period were defined as mature plantations, and the shortest recovery period were defined as juveniles.) at the alpine desert at the eastern shore of the Qinghai Lake were used as the research plots. Stable carbon isotope was used to evaluate species WUE. The results showed that: (1) the δ13C values of H. rhammoides showed a decreasing trend as plants grew. The seasonal δ13C variation was mainly affected by average relative humidity (MRH). (2) The δ13C in the dunes revegetated in 2008 and 2015 were significantly higher than that in 1987 at the windward slope (P < 0.05). The values of δ13C had various responses to the available soil water under the influence of topography, and soil water content was the key factor for the WUE of individuals in communities. There was a significant negative correlation between the ratio of carbon and nitrogen content in H. rhammoides leaves and WUE. The research indicated that mature plantations had adopted a more stable water use pattern than the juveniles, which provide an effective insight for ecological restoration in fragile ecological regions.

Patagonian Ethnopedology and Its Role in Food Security: A Case Study of Rural Communities in Arid Environments of Argentina

Local knowledge of horticultural soils was analysed from an ethnobiological perspective in a rural population of arid Patagonian, in order to gain a deeper understanding of how the farmers classify, use and value the soil. In this large but sparsely populated territory, a group of 27 participants was selected. The farmers use an ethnoclassification system that distinguishes nine different soil types according to their horticultural aptitude. The classification criteria are based on the morphological attributes of the soil and certain ethnoindicators (i.e., texture, structure, colour and plant species present). All these aspects, evaluated within the framework of local symbolic and cultural precepts, proved to be key to the management of soils with pronounced edaphic and climatic limitations in terms of farming. Recognition of local knowledge and its contribution to dealing with current socioenvironmental challenges and crises may favour the design of more sustainable farming production in communities that are socio-environmentally vulnerable, considering the populations, soil, and culture as components of a complex integrated system, and not as isolated elements.

Ecological monitoring of disturbed mountain peatlands: an analysis based on desmids

Ombrogenous peat bogs at lower altitudes of the Bohemian Massif occur close to their natural climatic limits in the Northern Hemisphere. They have been significantly affected by peat extraction and severe acidification. Recently, climate change effects, such as decreased snow cover and summer heat waves, have resulted in frequent seasonal desiccation of these habitats, indicating their ongoing transition into a different ecological state. Biomonitoring may provide insight into these rapidly changing ecosystems and identify key habitats for biodiversity conservation. The present study focused on the community structure of desmids, one of the most frequent groups of peatland phytobenthos. In total, 207 sites were sampled from the Ore Mts. (Czech Republic) at the altitude range of 750–850 m a.s.l. A modification of the desmid-based nature conservation value (NCV) index was devised to account for the differences among the observed strongly acidic habitats. In the fragments of ombrogenous bogs, which currently cover less than 3% of the area, several ecologically sensitive taxa, such as Cosmarium sphagnicolum and Staurastrum scabrum, were recorded. These taxa did not occur in other habitat types. In addition, the NCV indices of the bog samples were consistently higher than those of the restored pools created in the disturbed bog areas. However, the highest species richness was recorded in several slightly acidic ponds and sinkholes, which were often located outside the existing protected areas. Thus, we concluded that future conservation strategies should consider the remaining bogs and anthropogenic sites as habitats with relatively high ecological values.

Effect of Soil Amendments to Survival Rate of Bidara Laut (Strychnos lucida R.Br.) in the Mount Tunak Natural Tourism Park, West Nusa Tenggara

Bidara Laut (Strychnos lucida R.Br.) has the potential as a medicinal plant in West Nusa Tenggara, but its cultivation encountered many challenges. Mount Tunak, Natural Tourism Park, had similar environmental conditions to the natural habitat of Strychnos lucida and was selected as the location for planting trials. Given the dry climate, high temperature, and soil fertility limitations, the trials applied soil amendments, such as hydrogel, mycorrhizae, mulch, and fertilizer, to enhance the growth. This research aimed to investigate the effects of soil amendments on the survival rate of Strychnos lucida. This research used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments and one control. The treatments included applying five grams of hydrogel, five grams of mycorrhizae, 1 m x 1 m of plastic mulch, and a combination of all three. The research used 15 replication blocks, each with an area of 450 m2 and a spacing of 3 m x 3 m. Each block included ten replication plants (in total 750 plants), and the trial lasted 19 months. The results showed an insignificant growth increase after 19 months of planting in all treatments. There were improvements in survival rate, height growth, and diameter growth by 25%, 85%, and 25%, respectively.

Absolute sustainable CO2-limits for buildings should reflect their function. A case study of four building typologies

Absolute sustainability gains increasing attention in the building industry. Absolute climate limits is often expressed in kg CO2-eq/m2/yr. This type of threshold has one main problem; it is specified per area, which rewards larger buildings regardless of the need that they fulfill. This way of setting climate limits may thus lead to increased future impacts from buildings. The purpose of this study is developing principles for differentiated CO2-limits for buildings, that reflect the importance of the function that the building delivers to its users. We use the Fulfillment of Human Needs sharing principle building on a sufficientarian ethical norm. The method was demonstrated on four buildings; residential, university, hospital and kindergarten, and guidance is given on how to apply the method for any building typology. This study should be seen as demonstration of a concept for determining different CO2-limits for different building typologies.

Herbicides à base de glyphosate et enjeux de droits pour la santé, le travail et les dispositifs évaluatifs et réglementaire

En 2015, la France reconnaissait les hémopathies malignes, dont les lymphomes non hodgkiniens (LNH), comme maladies professionnelles liées aux pesticides. Le CIRC de l’OMS déclarait alors le glyphosate et les herbicides à base de glyphosate génotoxiques et cancérigènes probables. Aux États-Unis, 125 000 victimes américaines de LNH attribué au Roundup de Bayer-Monsanto recourraient aux tribunaux qui autorisèrent la déclassification de 2,5 millions de pages de documents internes, les Monsanto Papers, témoignant de décennies de manipulations des dispositifs évaluatifs et réglementaires pour taire la dangerosité du Roundup. Après trois coûteuses condamnations, Bayer-Monsanto signa un règlement hors cours partiel de 11 milliards de dollars américains, et retira du marché, aux ÉtatsUnis, le Roundup à usage domestique. La hausse structurelle des pesticides, passée de 2,3 à 4,1 millions de tonnes de 1990 à 2018, contribuant aux 385 millions de cas par an d’empoisonnement graves et non intentionnels, et leurs impacts menaçants sur le climat, la biodiversité et les limites planétaires, exigent d’aller au-delà des compensations de certaines maladies pour mettre en évidence les responsabilités des firmes productrices, des instances réglementaires et des pouvoirs publics : c’est le cœur de cet article centré sur les HBC, premiers pesticides au monde, au Canada et au Québec et sur leurs liens avec certains cancers, dont les lymphomes non hodgkiniens (LNH).

Mycoprotein as chicken meat substitute in nugget formulation: Physicochemical and sensorial characterization.

The aim of this study was to replace chicken breast by mycoprotein in nuggets and optimizing the sensory and technological properties. In the first step of the study, 14 formulations were prepared by mixture design to evaluate the impact of three binding agents (as independent variables): soy protein isolate, phosphate, and carrageenan on sensory properties. Then, the optimized formulation of mycoprotein nugget (with higher acceptability) was characterized and compared to chicken nugget (control) from texture, color, and physicochemical aspects. The texture attributes including hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, and chewiness of the optimized sample (1.37 kg, 0.70 mm, 0.56, and 0.53 kg.mm) had no significant difference (p > .05) compared to control. Based on the results, optimized sample had a lower lightness and yellowness (a*, b*, and L* were 3.06, 18.62, and 59.23, respectively) rather than the similar value of the control (2.20, 21.27, and 79.10, respectively), which indicated carrageenan did not lead to any significant impact (p > .05) on the color. Also, mycoprotein nugget showed 33% lower cooking loss in comparison to control. Moisture, protein, lipid, and ash in optimized sample were 57.9 ± 1.9, 24.1 ± 1.0, 13.2 ± 1.2, and 2.1 ± 0.5, respectively. Investigation on physicochemical properties shows an acceptable characterization in optimized sample in comparison to control. The results of this study present an opportunity to produce nonmeat nuggets with similar texture and acceptable sensory and technological characteristics by using mycoprotein as meat alternative. The production of mycoprotein is eco-friendly, not dependent on climate (flood and drought) and landscape limitation, which is an important aspect in meat alternatives in the near future.

Not every high‐latitude or high‐elevation forest edge is a treeline

AbstractAttempts at identifying climate warming effects on mountain and arctic vegetation caused a recent hype in treeline studies. In this perspectives article, we recall the need of clear‐cut definitions, a consistent terminology and a theoretical framework that permits hypothesis testing. Founded in the ecological niche concept, the application of the fundamental niche edge to treeline permits defining the potential climatic limit of tree growth, while the realized niche edge captures all deviations for reasons related to other, more local, abiotic factors, biotic interactions, disturbances and human interventions. An important point is that a globally common phenomenon calls for a common abiotic driver which is the temperature at the low temperature edge of the niche of the life form tree. We explain why other abiotic factors that may affect the local range limits, such as microclimate, moisture and wind do not devaluate the classical isotherm concept. Our key message is that applying a clearly defined concept of potential treeline, also allows defining deviations from it and explaining the deviations within a reproducible theoretical framework.

All-Printed Flexible Hygro-Thermoelectric Paper Generator.

The conversion of ubiquitous hygrothermal resources into renewable energy offers significant potential for cable-free, self-powered systems that can operate worldwide without regard to climatic or geographic limitations. Here, an all-printed flexible hygro-thermoelectric paper generator is demonstrated that uses bifunctional mobile ions and electrons to make the moist-diffusion effect, the Soret effect, and the Seebeck effect work synergistically. In the ordinary hygrothermal settings, it generates an unconventional hygro-thermoelectric output pattern and shows almost a dozen-fold increase in positive hygro-thermopower of 26.70mVK-1 and also another negative hygro-thermopower of -15.71mVK-1 compared to pure thermopower. A single paper generator can produce a giant 680mV displaying typical cyclic sinusoidal waveform characters with volt-sized amplitudes. The ion-electron conductive ink is easily printable and consists primarily of a Bi2 Te3 /PEDOT:PSS thermoelectric matrix modulated with a hygroscopic glycerol that releases ion charges for moist-diffusion effect and Soret effect, as well as electron charges for Seebeck effect. The emerged hygro-thermoelectric harvesting strategy from surrounding hygrothermal resources offers a revolutionary approach to the next generation of hybrid energy with cost-efficiency, flexibility, and sustainability, and also enables large-scale roll-to-roll production.