Limb Fat Research Articles

Long-Term Physiological Adaptations Induced by Short-Interval High-Intensity Exercises: An RCT Comparing Active and Passive Recovery.

Background: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is one of the most debated methods involving several parameters that could be modulated, but the long-term adaptations it induces are still unclear. This investigation aimed to evaluate the efficacy of running and whole-body exercises with high-intensity (>80% heart rate) short intervals (30 s) in body composition and physical performance and compare the effects between groups with active (AR) or passive recovery (PR), both in males and females. Methods: Eighteen trained young adults (55.56% ♀) were randomly allocated to the PR (n = 9, 23.09 ± 2.56 years, 163.69 ± 9.88 cm, 68.96 ± 14.62 kg) or AR (n = 9, 22.05 ± 1.54 years, 170.61 ± 11.5 cm, 68.78 ± 12.45 kg) group. Both groups performed eight weeks of HIIT, with an equal progression, training, and volume load (TL: F = 1.55, p = 0.214; VL: F = 0.81, p = 0.505). Body fat (BF), fat-free mass (FFM), upper and lower limb fat (UFI, LFI) and muscle areas (UMA, LMA), handgrip strength (HGS), power (countermovement jump, CMJ), agility (5-0-5), and maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2p) were tested before and after treatments. Results: The proposed HIIT reduced BF by 9.57% and increased FFM by 2.09%. Females reported better adaptations in LMA (8.34 times higher than males), while both sexes' upper limb mass distribution was better affected by PR (♀: UFI g = 1.851, 95% CI: 0.51, 3.14; ♂: UFI g = 2.456, 95% CI: 0.336, 4.487). Concerning conditioning, the protocol increased V˙O2p by 6.47%. Females showed better adaptations in CMJ (RR = 1.8), while males showed better adaptations in agility (RR = 3.76). The interaction effects were significant for PR females (right = +6.28%; left = +9.28%) and for AR males (right = +19.21%; left = +19.04%) in HGS. Conclusions: Short-interval HIIT with different exercise recovery types may be a practical solution in training where several physiological improvements are needed. Coaches and trainers can take advantage of the versatile nature of HIIT, relying on desired movement patterns and long-term responses in both male and female individuals.

Important features of bench press performance in non-disabled and Para athletes: A scoping review.

Understanding important features for performance in non-disabled bench press and Paralympic powerlifting may inform talent identification and transfer models. The aim of this scoping review was to describe features associated with bench press performance. We conducted a systematic search of three electronic databases (PubMed, SportDiscus and EMBASE) to identify studies involving non-disabled and Para athlete populations that investigated features related to bench press one-repetition maximum (1RM), across six domains (anthropometric, body composition, demographic, technical, disability and neuromuscular). Search terms included "resistance training", "para powerlifting' and "one repetition max". No date restrictions were include in searches. Studies using adult participants, with at least six-months of bench press experience, who were able to bench press their body mass were included. Thirty-two studies met our inclusion criteria. Twenty-four studies involved non-disabled athletes (total n = 2,686; 21.9% female) and eight involved Para athletes (total n = 2,364; 39.4% female). Anthropometric (17 studies) and body composition (12 studies) features were most studied; half of the 32 studies investigated features from a single domain. Of anthropometric variables, upper arm circumference shared the strongest association with bench press 1RM in non-disabled (r = 0.87) and para-athletes (r = 0.65). Upper limb fat free mass (r = 0.91) and body mass index (r = 0.46) were the body composition variables sharing the strongest association with bench press 1RM in non-disabled and para-athletes. Few studies considering the uncertainty of their results. Practices of open and transparent science, such as pre-registration and data sharing, were absent. The development of bench press talent identification and sport transfer models will require future studies to investigate both non-training and training modifiable features, across multiple domains. Large longitudinal studies using information from athlete monitoring databases and multivariable model approaches are needed to understand the interacting features associated with bench press performance, and for the development of talent identification models.

Ameliorated lipid distribution in prediabetes - Effects of 12 weeks traditional Chinese YiJinJing exercise plus TheraBand: A randomized controlled trial

ObjectiveLipid distribution plays a crucial role in glucose metabolism, and this study aimed to investigate the effects of 12 weeks traditional Chinese YiJinJing exercise on specific lipid distributions in patients with prediabetes. MethodsSixty participants with prediabetes were randomly allocated to either a control group (Con, n = 30) or an exercise group (Ex, n = 30). The Ex group underwent YiJinJing exercise plus Theraband, engaging in 1-h sessions, 3 times per week, over a total period of 12 weeks. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to measure lipid distribution in different body segments and organs. Additionally, a body composition analyser was employed to measure visceral fat, and laboratory tests were conducted to measure indicators related to glycolipid metabolism. ResultsFollowing a 12-week intervention with Exercise, 37 % of prediabetic patients in the Ex group achieved normal blood glucose levels. Significant reductions were observed in upper limb fat (ULF), trunk fat (TrF) and liver fat (LF) values in the Ex group compared to the Con group. Additionally, within the Ex group, there were notable decreases in triglyceride (TG) levels, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), android fat (AF), ULF, thigh fat (ThF), renal sinus fat (RSF), and LF compared to baseline. ConclusionsTraditional Chinese YiJinJing plus TheraBand exercise can significantly reduce blood glucose levels through improved lipid distribution and metabolism in prediabetic patients. Hence, YiJinJing can serve as a crucial intervention for individuals with prediabetes.

Lipodystrophy in HIV/AIDS: a comparison between physically active, and inactive HIV-infected vs. uninfected men.

Exercise training may reduce whole-body fat mass and percentage. However, whether exercise improves fat distribution assessed by fat mass ratio (FMR) and regional fat percentage in men living with HIV (MLHIV) is still unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the FMR and total and regional body fat between physically active and inactive MLHIV and HIV-uninfected men. Using a cross‑sectional design, total and regional body fat assessed by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were compared between 19 MLHIV (ACT-MLHIV, 52±7 y, 23.8±4.1 kg.m-2) enrolled in a multimodal training program (aerobic, strength and flexibility exercises) for at least 12 months (60‑min sessions; 3 times/wk with moderate intensity) vs. 19 inactive MLHIV (IN-MLHIV, 51±7 y, 25.9±3.3 kg.m-2) and 19 HIV-uninfected men (HIV-, 51±8 y, 26.0±3.3 kg.m-2). FMR was calculated as the ratio between the percentage of fat in the trunk and the lower limbs. The ACT-MLHIV showed a lower trunk fat percentage (24.1±17.9% vs. 34.4±11.9%; P=0.02) and FMR (1.5±0.6 vs.1.9±0.5; P=0.02) than the IN-MLHIV, with no difference between them in lower limbs fat percentage (IN-MLHIV: 16.3±5.9 vs. ACT-MLHIV: 15.9±9.6%; P=0.98). HIV- showed a lower FMR (1.2±0.2; P<0.02) and superior lower limb fat percentage (24.1±8.0%; P<0.0001) than IN-MLHIV and ACT-MLHIV, as well as a higher total fat percentage than ACT-MLHIV (27.3±6.2 vs. 21.8±6.9%; P=0.02). Physical exercise seems to attenuate HIV-associated lipodystrophy by reducing trunk fat percentage while preserving lower limb fat mass. FMR and total fat percentage should not be used alone as markers of exercise-induced changes in lipodystrophy.

Associations of pattern-recognition-measured daily activities with sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in old age: The IMPACT65+ study

BackgroundPhysical activity has shown beneficial effects for a good state of muscles in aging, but the specific activities of daily living that could be protective remains unclear. This study aimed to analyse the associations of different pattern-recognition-measured daily activities with sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in a sample of older adults. Methods200 community-dwelling older adults wore the Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Activity for two consecutive days. Twelve major daily activities recorded were merged in to three common intensity categories: sedentary behaviour (SB), light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). For physical performance measurements included, hand grip dynamometer and chair-stand tests were used. Skeletal muscle mass and fat mass were estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Associations of daily activities with the study variables were examined using linear regression models. ResultsThere were no significant associations between total time spent in SB, LPA, or MVPA and sarcopenia. Sarcopenic obesity showed a negative association with total time spent in MVPA [ß (95%CI): −0.29 (−0.41, −0.17)]. Walk at a brisk pace was significatively associated with lower limb physical performance, muscle mass and fat mass % [ß (95%CI): 1.15 (0.40, 1.91); 1.45 (0.68, 2.22) and -2.63 (−4.12, −1.14) respectively]. Other MVPA activities were also significatively associated with the same sarcopenic obesity components [ß (95%CI): 4.65 (0.55, 8.75); 8.59 (4.51, 12.67) and -13.98 (−21.96, −5.99) respectively]. ConclusionTime spent in daily activities of moderate-to-vigorous intensity is negatively associated with sarcopenic obesity but not with sarcopenia.

Asymmetry in Body Composition Variables of Youth Athletes

Assessing bilateral differences in paired anthropometric features is an important methodological problem in sports anthropology. The present study included 128 adolescent female athletes (59 rhythmic gymnasts, 58 tennis players, and 11 swimmers). Body composition components were determined using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance measurements (analyzer InBody 170). Asymmetry coefficients of muscle and fat mass accumulation in the upper (AA) and lower (AL) limbs were calculated using the Nacheva` equation (1986). The percentiles method was applied to distribute the bilaterally studied anthropometric features according to the mean values of the units of asymmetry (UA). Wilkoxon-test was used to assess the statistically significant differences in paired variables. Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to determine the differences in UA between three assessed athlete groups, depending on their age. The differences in body composition components between rhythmic gymnasts (RG), tennis players (TP), and swimmers (SW) were well expressed in all assessed age groups. The most considerable inter-group differences were observed in terms of the asymmetry coefficient in the lean body mass (LBM) with a right direction and body fat mass with a left direction for upper limb fat mass (%, kg), which have signed the highest values in the tennis players group, followed by the RG on the same age. Swimmers had significantly the lowest values of UA for all body segments. A close relation was found between asymmetry in body composition variables and the type of sports activity. Tennis was found as a sport with more pronounced inter-limbs asymmetry.

Multiethnic growth standards for fetal body composition and organ volumes derived from 3D ultrasonography

BackgroundA major goal of contemporary obstetrical practice is to optimize fetal growth and development throughout pregnancy. To date, fetal growth during prenatal care is assessed by performing ultrasonographic measurement of two-dimensional fetal biometry to calculate an estimated fetal weight. Our group previously established two-dimensional fetal growth standards using sonographic data from a large cohort with multiple sonograms. A separate objective of that investigation involved the collection of fetal volumes from the same cohort. ObjectiveThe Fetal 3D Study was designed to establish standards for fetal soft tissue and organ volume measurements by three-dimensional ultrasonography and compare growth trajectories with conventional two-dimensional measures where applicable. Study DesignThe NICHD Fetal 3D Study included research-quality images of singletons collected in a prospective, racially and ethnically diverse, low-risk cohort of pregnant individuals at 12 U.S. sites, with up to five scans per fetus (N=1,730 fetuses). Abdominal subcutaneous tissue thickness was measured from two-dimensional images and fetal limb soft tissue parameters extracted from three-dimensional multiplanar views. Cerebellar, lung, liver and kidney volumes were measured using virtual organ computer aided analysis (VOCAL). Fractional arm and thigh total volumes, and fractional lean limb volumes were measured, with fractional limb fat volume calculated by subtracting lean from total. For each measure, weighted curves (5th, 50th, 95th percentiles) were derived from 15-41 weeks’ using linear mixed models for repeated measures with cubic splines. ResultsSubcutaneous thickness of the abdomen, arm, and thigh increased linearly, with slight acceleration around 27-29 weeks. Fractional volumes of the arm, thigh, and lean limb volumes increased along a quadratic curvature, with acceleration around 29-30 weeks. In contrast, growth patterns for two-dimensional humerus and femur lengths demonstrated a logarithmic shape, with fastest growth in the 2nd trimester. The mid-arm area curve was similar in shape to fractional arm volume, with an acceleration around 30 weeks, whereas the curve for the lean arm area was more gradual. The abdominal area curve was similar to the mid-arm area curve with an acceleration around 29 weeks. The mid-thigh and lean area curves differed from the arm areas by exhibiting a deceleration at 39 weeks. The growth curves for the mid arm and thigh circumferences were more linear with some decelerations. Cerebellar two-dimensional diameter increased linearly, whereas cerebellar three-dimensional volume growth gradually accelerated until 32 weeks and then decelerated. Lung, kidney, and liver volumes all demonstrated gradual early growth followed by a linear acceleration beginning at 25 weeks for lungs, 26-27 weeks for kidneys, and 29 weeks for liver. ConclusionGrowth patterns and timing of maximal growth for three-dimensional lean and fat measures, limb and organ volumes differed from patterns revealed by traditional two-dimensional growth measures, suggesting these parameters reflect unique facets of fetal growth. Growth in these three-dimensional measures may be altered by genetic, nutritional, metabolic or environmental influences and pregnancy complications, in ways not identifiable using corresponding two-dimensional measures. Further investigation into the relationships of these three-dimensional standards to abnormal fetal growth, adverse perinatal outcomes, and health status in postnatal life is warranted.

Evaluation of Change in Body Composition, including Phase Angle, in Post-Myocardial Infarction Patients Rehabilitated under the KOS-Zawał (MC-AMI) Programme.

Background: Ischaemic heart disease, including myocardial infarction, is one of the main causes leading to heart failure as a consequence of ischaemic myocardial damage. In recent years, survival in the acute phase of myocardial infarction has improved significantly, but the high mortality rate within 12 months of hospital discharge (reaching up to 9.8% in Poland) remains a challenge. Therefore, the KOS-Zawał (MC-AMI) comprehensive 12-month post-MI care programme was introduced in Poland in 2017. Aim: This study aimed to assess body composition (including, but not limited to, the phase angle, visceral fat, total body fat, redistribution between intracellular and extracellular fluid in the body, and metabolic age) using a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in post-MI patients before and after early post-MI rehabilitation who were participating in the KOS-Zawał (MC-AMI) programme. Methods: This study involved an examination (before rehabilitation) of 94 post-myocardial infarction patients who were referred to a cardiology appointment within 7-10 days of hospital discharge, during which a clinical assessment, electrocardiogram, and biochemical blood tests (complete blood count, CRP, and serum creatinine) were performed. For various reasons (death, qualification for device implantation, non-completion of rehabilitation, failure to attend a follow-up BIA), data from 55 patients who were examined twice (before and after rehabilitation) were used for the final analysis. Measurements were taken using a high-grade Tanita MC-780 BIA body composition analyser, which measured the resistance of tissues to a low-intensity electrical impulse (not perceptible to the subject). Results: Participation in rehabilitation as part of the KOS-Zawał (MC-AMI) programme was associated with a decrease in metabolic age in patients, with a reduction in visceral fat levels and levels of adipose tissue in the lower and upper limbs. Moreover, a clinically beneficial reduction in the ratio of extracellular water to total body water was also observed. These changes were statistically significant (p < 0.005). In contrast, there were no statistically significant differences in the change in phase angle values in the subjects before and after the 5-week post-infarction rehabilitation. Conclusions: Participation in early post-myocardial infarction rehabilitation as part of the KOS-Zawał (MC-AMI) programme (25 training sessions) is associated with significant improvements in body composition parameters, such as visceral adipose tissue, limb fat, and water redistribution, and, consequently, a reduction in metabolic age, despite no significant increase in phase angle values. It was hypothesised that the good baseline condition of the subjects might explain the lack of significant change in the phase angle over the short observation period. For further analysis, it would be worthwhile to increase the number of patients with baseline reduced phase angle values and monitor changes in this parameter throughout rehabilitation and the entire MC-AMI programme, because changes in the phase angle may also be influenced by other programme components such as dietary or psychological education. It is worth considering implementing a regular BIA assessment in patients in the programme as a motivating stimulus for diligent exercise and extending rehabilitation to be followed by telerehabilitation or hybrid telerehabilitation.

Maternal folic acid supplementation during pregnancy in association with childhood overweight or obesity.

This study aimed to examine associations of maternal folic acid supplementation (FAS) during pregnancy with childhood overweight or obesity (OWO) or adiposity. In a population-based cohort of 1479 children, maternal FAS during pregnancy was assessed retrospectively by questionnaires. BMIand body fat percentages were measured at a mean age of 6.4 years. Pertinent factors were accounted for in data analyses. Maternal FAS during pregnancy was negatively associated with OWO (adjusted odds ratio: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.50 to 0.99). There were inverse associations of maternal FAS during pregnancy with BMI z score (β: -0.22; 95% CI: -0.39 to -0.05), whole body fat percentage (β: -1.28; 95% CI: -2.27 to -0.30), trunk fat percentage (β: -1.41; 95% CI: -2.78 to -0.04), and limb fat percentage (β: -1.31; 95% CI: -2.32 to -0.30). Stratified analyses found inverse associations of FAS during pregnancy with OWO, BMI z score, and body fat percentages predominantly among children without breastfeeding and whose parents had a below-tertiary educational level. This study provides novel evidence that maternal FAS during pregnancy was significantly associated with a decreased risk of childhood OWO and adiposity, particularly among children with no breastfeeding and lower parental educational level.

Comparative Analysis of the Growth, Physiological Responses, and Gene Expression of Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtles Cultured in Different Modes.

The Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) is an important freshwater aquaculture turtle due to its taste and nutritional and medicinal value. More ecological culturing modes, such as rice-turtle co-culture, should be developed to meet the ecological benefit demand. We compared growth, physiological parameters, and transcriptome data to detect the physiological responses and regulatory mechanisms of pond-cultured turtles as compared to co-cultured turtles. The co-cultured turtles grew slower than pond-cultured turtles. The gonadosomatic index of co-cultured male turtles was lower than that of pond-cultured male turtles, and both the mesenteric fat index and limb fat index were lower in co-cultured turtles than in pond-cultured turtles (p < 0.05). The blood GLU of the co-cultured turtles was significantly lower than the GLU of the pond-cultured turtles (p < 0.05), while the values of CRE, UA, BUN, AKP, ACP, GOT, and CAT were higher in the co-cultured turtles than in the pond-cultured turtles (p < 0.05). In total, 246 and 598 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the brain and gut from turtles cultured in the two different modes, respectively. More DEGs were related to environmental information processing, metabolism, and human diseases. In the brain, the top enriched pathways of DEGs included the longevity regulating pathway, glycerolipid metabolism, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, while in the gut, the top enriched pathways of DEGs included the cell cycle, DNA replication, cellular senescence, and p53 signaling pathway. The turtles acclimated to the different culturing conditions by adjusting their growth, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and related gene expression during a short culture period.

Abstract P429: Coffee Intake is Associated With Enhanced Insulin Sensitivity, Lower Post-Load Glucose Responses, and Lower Truncal Adiposity

Higher coffee consumption has been associated with lower type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that coffee intake is associated with improved glycemia insulin sensitivity, and reduced adiposity. We leveraged data in the VITamin D and OmegA-3 Trial (VITAL), a completed placebo-controlled 5-year trial including 25871 participants. Coffee intake was assessed by a diet questionnaire at baseline and year 2. In the VITAL clinical subcohort (n= 1054), glucose metabolism and insulin resistance were assessed by a 2-hr oral glucose tolerance test, body composition was measured by the dual X-ray absorptiometry, at baseline and year 2. We analyzed the association of coffee intake with glycemic traits and body composition, leveraging repeated assessments using multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models. Secondarily, we tested associations between coffee intake and T2D risk, in 22327 initially T2D-free individuals (482 cases in 5 years of follow-up) using multivariable-adjusted Cox regression. While coffee intake was not associated with fasting glucose or insulin levels, it was significantly associated with lower levels of 2-hr post-load glucose (SD difference per cup increment β = -0.062, P = 0.04) and insulin (β = -0.064, P = 0.02), and a higher metabolic clearance rate of glucose (β= 0.057, P = 0.007) and insulin sensitivity index (β= 0.059, P = 0.02). The associations were consistent for caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee. Further, caffeinated coffee intake was associated with higher body weight (β= 0.018, P = 0.02), but total coffee intake was associated with a lower truncal to limb fat ratio before and after adjusting for BMI (β= -0.057, P = 0.03). We did not observe evidence of association with incident T2D (HR =0.63; 95% CI 0.15-2.50). Higher coffee intake was associated with improved post-load glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, and lower truncal adiposity. The figure displays result estimates of linear mixed models. Asterisks represent associations P &lt; 0.05.

Abstract P350: Increased Trunk Fat and Decreased Limb Fat Linked to Elevated Cardiovascular Risk in Hong Kong Chinese Women

Introduction: Despite known links between overall body fat and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, the relationship involving regional body fat (arm, trunk, and leg) remains underexplored in Chinese populations. This study examined the associations between overall and regional body fat percentage (BFP) and CVD risk in Hong Kong Chinese women. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that higher overall and trunk BFP were associated with increased CVD risk, whereas higher arm and leg BFP predicted decreased risk. Methods: This study used baseline data of 3616 women (mean age 56.12±8.51) from an ongoing cohort named ‘MECH-HK’ (Migraine Exposures and Cardiovascular Health in Hong Kong Chinese Women). The recruitment was conducted between October 2019 and October 2021. BFP was measured using the bioelectrical impedance analysis device of Inbody 270 model. Framingham 10-Year Risk Score (FRS) was calculated to present the CVD risks. Multivariate linear models were used to estimate the BFP-FRS associations. Potential non-linear relationships were assessed with restricted cubic spline models. Results: Mean overall BFP was 32.55%, and regional BFP for arm, trunk and leg were 4.59%, 15.38% and 10.76%, respectively. Non-linear associations between overall BFP and FRS were observed (P for non-linear = 0.03). After adjustment for age, education level, monthly family income, smoking and drinking status, physical activity level, family history of CVD and BMI, the overall BFP was associated with increased FRS (β: 0.04, 95% CI: 0.00 to 0.08, P = 0.03) when overall BFP &lt; 35%. However, no significant association was observed when overall BFP &gt;= 35% (β:-0.07, 95% CI: -0.16 to 0.02, P = 0.13). Higher trunk BFP was associated with increased FRS (β: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.38, P &lt; 0.001), while higher arm (β: -0.69, 95% CI: -0.98 to -0.40, P &lt; 0.001) and leg (β: -0.38, 95% CI-0.50 to -0.25, P &lt; 0.001) BFP were associated with decreased FRS. Conclusions: Increased overall (when &lt; 35%) and trunk BFP and decreased arm and leg BFP are associated with elevated CVD risk.

Identification of the Risk Factors Associated with Low Bone Density in Peri- and Early Postmenopausal Women

Evidence has shown that one of the most prevalent chronic conditions in postmenopausal women is osteoporosis. Despite the development of some medications, there are still safety and adherence concerns, and, thus, attention has been placed on understanding modifiable risk factors for bone loss. This study aimed to examine the differences in various sociodemographic and body composition factors, physical activity components, and nutrient and food group intake levels among peri- and early postmenopausal women with whole-body bone mineral density (BMD) Z-scores greater than and less than zero. This cross-sectional study utilized baseline data obtained from 45 peri- and early postmenopausal women aged 45–60 years old who participated in a 6-month three-arm, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial that evaluated the effects of blackcurrant supplementation on bone metabolism. Anthropometric data, BMD values obtained via DXA scans, and self-reported demographic, health, dietary, and physical activity data were collected at baseline. Overall, participants with whole-body BMD Z-scores greater than zero had higher body mass indexes (BMIs), lean mass, fat mass, android fat percentages, ratios of trunk fat mass to limb fat mass, resting metabolic rates, relative skeletal muscle indexes, total and occupational physical activity, alcohol intakes, trans fatty acid intakes, and adequacy of potassium intake, but lower adequacy of vitamin E (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, total calorie intake was positively correlated with added sugar, vitamin E, potassium, alcohol, trans fatty acids, calcium, and vitamin D intakes (p &lt; 0.05); whole-body BMD was positively correlated with added sugars (p &lt; 0.05); vitamin D intake was positively correlated with vitamin E, potassium, trans fatty acid, and calcium intakes (p &lt; 0.05); and calcium intake was positively correlated with added sugar, vitamin E, potassium, and trans fatty acid intakes (p &lt; 0.05). These findings suggest that numerous body composition factors, components of physical activity, and dietary factors are related to bone health in adult women in the menopause transition.

Connections between body composition and dysregulation of islet α- and β-cells in type 2 diabetes

BackgroundAccompanying islet α- and β-cell dysregulation in type 2 diabetes (T2D) at the microscopic scale, alterations in body composition at the macroscopic scale may affect the pathogenesis of T2D. However, the connections between body composition and islet α-cell and β-cell functions in T2D have not been thoroughly explored.MethodsFor this cross-sectional study, we recruited a total of 729 Chinese Han patients with T2D in a consecutive manner. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure body composition, which included total bone-free mass, total fat and lean mass, trunk fat and lean mass and limb fat and lean mass. Every patient underwent an oral glucose tolerance test to simultaneously detect glucose, C-peptide and glucagon. The indices of islet α-cell function included fasting glucagon levels and the area under the curve of glucagon after a challenge (AUCglucagon), while the indices of β-cell function included the insulin sensitivity index derived from C-peptide (ISIC-peptide) and the area under the curve of C-peptide after a challenge (AUCC-peptide).ResultsAmong all patients, fat mass, especially trunk fat mass, was significantly correlated with ISIC-peptide and AUCC-peptide levels (r = − 0.330 and 0.317, respectively, p < 0.001), while lean mass, especially limb lean mass, was significantly correlated with fasting glucagon and AUCglucagon levels (r = − 0.196 and − 0.214, respectively, p < 0.001). Moreover, after adjusting for other relevant variables via multivariate linear regression analysis, increased trunk fat mass was independently associated with decreased ISIC-peptide (β = − 0.247, t = − 3.628, p < 0.001, partial R2 = 10.9%) and increased AUCC-peptide (β = 0.229, t = 3.581, p < 0.001, partial R2 = 8.2%), while decreased limb lean mass was independently associated with increased fasting glucagon (β = − 0.226, t = − 2.127, p = 0.034, partial R2 = 3.8%) and increased AUCglucagon (β = − 0.218, t = − 2.050, p = 0.041, partial R2 = 2.3%). Additionally, when separate analyses were performed with the same concept for both sexes, we found that increased trunk fat mass was still independently associated with decreased ISIC-peptide and increased AUCC-peptide, while decreased limb lean mass was still independently associated with increased fasting glucagon and AUCglucagon.ConclusionsIncreased trunk fat mass may partly account for decreased insulin sensitivity and increased insulin secretion, while decreased limb lean mass may be connected to increased fasting glucagon and postprandial glucagon secretion.

Prevalence and influencing factors of muscle mass loss in adults with diabetes and a high body fat percentage: A cross-sectional study.

In adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), sarcopenia and obesity are two common body composition issues. We investigated the associated influencing factors of muscle mass loss in obese adults with T2DM, to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention of sarcopenic obesity in patients with T2DM. We recruited 315 participants in this study. The participants underwent body composition assessment and clinical information was collected. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to verify the accuracy of the body composition data. Based on their body fat percentage, 189 patients with T2DM were classified as obese. Patients with T2DM and obesity were grouped into the muscle mass loss group and non-muscle mass loss group based on gender. We collected demographic and clinical information about patients with T2DM who were obese, including their age, gender, body mass index (BMI), appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI), and body fat percentage (PBF). Among the participants who were obese and had T2DM, 56.61% (107/189) experienced muscle mass loss, with a detection rate of 43.42% (33/76) among females and 65.49% (74/113) among males. Body mass index, fat index, Android fat, Gynoid fat, limb fat, trunk fat, and total body bone mineral content were all lower in the muscle mass loss group compared to the non-muscle mass loss group, regardless of gender (all P< 0.001). Muscle mass loss in obese adults with T2DM was affected by BMI, body fat index, and limb fat. Muscle mass loss is more prevalent in adults with T2DM and a high PBF. Body mass index, body fat index, and limb fat are the protective factors of muscle mass loss in adult patients with T2DM and obesity.

Pressão arterial sistólica e circunferência do braço são os melhores preditores da pressão de oclusão arterial em adultos jovens

Abstract Introduction Low-intensity resistance training combined with blood flow restriction has shown to be effective in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. The appropriate arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) to induce partial blood flow restriction has been suggested through regression equations. Objective This study sough to investigate whether limb fat-free mass and fat mass can be used as predictors of AOP in the upper limbs in young adults. Methods Vascular Doppler ultrasound was performed in the proximal right arm of 49 healthy individuals of both sexes (aged 18-30 years) to determine AOP in the brachial artery. Segmental fat mass and fat-free mass were estimated by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance. The best fit model to predict AOP was tested by including the independent variables one by one in a hierarchical regression analysis. Results Systolic blood pressure (SBP) alone explained 54.6% of the variation in AOP. Included in different models in combination with SBP, arm circumference (8.1%), body mass index (7.9%), and arm fat-free mass (7.1%) composed similar models in terms of goodness of fit. Arm fat mass (1.7%), in turn, did not add predictive strength to the model. Conclusion SBP and arm circumference may be used to estimate the cuff pressure to induce blood flow restriction in blood flow restriction therapy.

Impaired Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormones is Associatedwith Central Obesity in Euthyroid Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Overweight and Obesity.

Thyroid hormone levels are associated with the distribution of body components in humans. This study aimed to investigate the associations between thyroid hormone (TH) levels, central sensitivity to THs, and body composition in overweight and obese patients with euthyroid type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This cross-sectional study included 1215 euthyroid T2DM patients (721 men and 494 women) aged 20-80 years. The thyroid hormone sensitivity indices included the thyroid feedback quartile-based index (TFQI), thyrotroph T3 resistance index (TT3RI), thyrotroph T4 resistance index (TT4RI), and thyroid-stimulating hormone index (TSHI). The appendicular fat ratio, trunk fat ratio, android fat ratio, gynoid fat ratio, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) were measured via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The data revealed a greater proportion of subjects with impaired central sensitivity to THs in the obese group. TFQIFT4 and TFQIFT3 levels were positively correlated with the upper limb fat ratio, lower limb fat ratio, gynoid fat ratio, and total fat ratio. TSHI was positively correlated with body mass index (BMI), upper limb fat ratio, lower limb fat ratio, trunk fat ratio, android fat ratio, gynoid fat ratio, total fat ratio, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) in women. In men, TSHI was only positively correlated with upper limb fat ratio, lower limb fat ratio, and total fat ratio. Logistic regression analysis indicated that TT3RI and TFQIFT3 were independently and positively associated with central obesity and low muscle mass in overweight and obese men. No significant differences were found among the women. THs central sensitivity is related to the body composition of euthyroid T2DM patients. Specifically, high levels of TT3RI and TFQIFT3 are associated with central obesity and low muscle mass in T2DM men with overweight and obesity.

1984. Effects of Semaglutide on Adipose Tissue in HIV-Associated Lipohypertrophy

Abstract Background Lipohypertrophy (central adipose tissue (AT) accumulation) is a common and significant problem in people with HIV (PWH). Pathogenesis remains elusive; yet, AT abnormalities are key drivers of cardiometabolic co-morbidities in HIV. We aimed to assess effects of semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, on AT in PWH with lipohypertrophy. Methods We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of virologically-suppressed, non-diabetic PWH ≥ 18 years of age on stable antiretroviral therapy (ART) with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2, increased waist circumference/waist-to-hip ratio, and subjective increased abdominal girth after ART initiation. Participants were randomized 1:1 to 32 weeks semaglutide (8-week titration + 24 weeks 1.0 mg weekly subcutaneous injection) or matching placebo. Computed tomography and whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were used to measure area/density in abdominal AT [total (TAT), visceral (TAT), and subcutaneous (SAT)] and body composition [lean body mass (LBM), limb/trunk/total body fat (TBF)], resp. Semaglutide effects were estimated using generalized estimating equations or simultaneous quantile regressions on outcome variables. Results 108 participants were enrolled (N = 54 semaglutide: median age = 52 years, 70% male, 61% Black, 83% integrase inhibitor). Groups were well-matched at baseline. In unadjusted models, semaglutide group had greater reductions (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in BMI, homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), trunk fat, TBF (at quantile ≥ 75th), TAT, and SAT with trends (P &amp;lt; 0.1) for limb fat and VAT (Fig 1/Table 1). Semaglutide effects remained significant for BMI, HOMA-IR, trunk fat, TAT, and VAT after adjusting for age, sex, CD4, and ART duration (Table 2); caloric intake was also significant at ≤ 50th quantile. No differences were seen in LBM, AT density, or VAT/TAT ratio. Semaglutide was well-tolerated; serious adverse events were rare. Conclusion Semaglutide significantly decreased central fat in PWH with lipohypertrophy, primarily driven by reductions in VAT. Semaglutide may offer an effective treatment to decrease visceral adiposity and reduce co-morbidity risk. Further investigation is needed to determine mechanisms by which reductions in visceral adiposity occur. Disclosures Grace A. McComsey, MD, Gilead Sciences: Advisor/Consultant|Gilead Sciences: Grant/Research Support|Janssen: Advisor/Consultant|Merck: Advisor/Consultant|Merck: Grant/Research Support|ViiV Healthcare: Advisor/Consultant|ViiV Healthcare: Grant/Research Support

Correlation between serum uric acid and body fat distribution in patients with MAFLD

BackgroundMetabolic dysfunction associated with fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is often correlated with obesity and hyperuricemia. The present study aimed to determine the association between serum uric acid (SUA) and central fat distribution in patients with MAFLD.MethodsA total of 485 patients were classified into the following groups: (1) controls without MAFLD and hyperuricemia (HUA), (2) MAFLD with normal SUA, and (3) MAFLD with HUA. DUALSCAN HDS-2000 was used to measure visceral fat (VAT) and subcutaneous fat (SAT). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to measure body fat distribution.ResultsMAFLD patients with HUA had remarkably higher BMI, fasting insulin, OGIRT AUC, ALT, AST, TG, VAT, SAT, Adipo-IR, trunk fat mass, android fat, and total body fat than MAFLD patients with normal SUA (all p < 0.05). The increase in VAT, SAT, CAP, Adipo-IR, upper limbs fat mass, trunk fat mass, and android fat, as well as the percentage of MAFLD, were significantly correlated with the increase in SUA. The percentage of MAFLD patients with HUA increased significantly with increasing VAT or SAT, as determined by the Cochran–Armitage trend test (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, VAT (OR = 1.01 CI: 1.00, 1.03; p < 0.05) and adipo-IR (OR = 1.09 CI: 1.00, 1.19; p < 0.05) were associated with circling SUA in MAFLD after adjusting for sex, age, TG, TC, HOMA-IR, and BMI.ConclusionAbdominal fat promotes the co-existence of HUA and MAFLD, while weight loss, especially, decreasing VAT, is of great importance to decrease SUA levels and manage MAFLD.

Assessment of regional body composition, physical function and sarcopenia among peruvian women aging with HIV: A cross-sectional study.

Management of chronic conditions and optimization of overall health has become a primary global health concern in the care of people living with HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART), particularly in lower-and-middle income countries where infrastructure for chronic disease management may be fragmented. Alterations in body composition can reflect important changes in musculoskeletal health, particularly among populations at risk for developing fat and muscle redistribution syndromes, such as women with HIV on ART. Given the lack of data on this topic in Latin America and the Caribbean, we designed an exploratory study to measure these outcomes in a population of women aging with HIV in Peru. We conducted a cross-sectional study among Peruvian women with and without HIV aged ≥40 years. Dual X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure trunk and limb lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM). Physical performance was assessed with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and physical strength with a dynamometer. Sarcopenia was assessed based upon EWGSOP criteria. We used linear regression to model associations between body composition, sarcopenia and physical performance scores. 104 women with HIV and 212 women without HIV were enrolled (mean age 52.4±8.2 vs. 56.4±8.8 years, p≤0.001). Among women with HIV, mean years since diagnosis was 11.8±6 and all were on ART. Mean SPPB score was 9.9 vs 10.8 (p<0.001) between both groups. Sarcopenia spectrum was found in 25.9% and 23.1%, respectively. In the multivariable regression analysis, trunk FM and older age were negatively correlated with physical performance among women with HIV. Severe sarcopenia was found among a greater proportion of those with HIV (3.8% vs. 0.9%, p = 0.84), however this finding was not statistically significant. Women with HIV had significantly lower SPPB scores compared to women without HIV, and trunk FM and upper limb LM were independent predictors for the SPPB and Grip Strength tests, respectively. Larger, prospective studies are needed in Latin America & the Caribbean to identify individuals at high risk for sarcopenia and declines in physical function, and to inform prevention guidelines.