This study aims to assess the energy efficiency of LED luminaires used in public road lighting by comparing manufacturer-declared photometric and electrical parameters with laboratory simulation results. The research also evaluates the performance of these luminaires across various road types and installation configurations to determine compliance with national and international standards. Eleven LED luminaires were tested using a rotating mirror goniophotometer in an ISO/IEC 17025-accredited laboratory. Simulations were conducted using Dialux Evo software across six road types (M1–M6) and three installation configurations (unilateral, bilateral, and staggered). Key parameters analyzed included brog (Lm), overall uniformity (U0), longitudinal uniformity (Ul), luminous efficacy (lm/W), power factor, and total harmonic distortion (THD) in voltage and current. Discrepancies were found between manufacturer-declared and simulation results, especially in higher-class roads (M1–M3), where up to 28.57% of luminaires failed to meet the minimum luminance requirements when tested. The study highlights the importance of validating manufacturer specifications through accredited laboratory testing. Overall, LED technology improves energy efficiency in public lighting, and inconsistencies in the power factor and luminance performance suggest the need for stricter regulatory oversight and more rigorous quality control. Simulation tools like Dialux Evo prove essential for optimizing lighting designs tailored to specific road types and traffic conditions.

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate longitudinal occlusal alterations in implant‐supported fixed prostheses (ISFPs) with light contact or non‐light contact design and to analyze their clinical outcomes observed over a 5‐year follow‐up period. Materials and Methods This retrospective study categorized implants into two groups based on initial occlusal design: light occlusion group (12 μm articulating film removable at maximum intercuspal position [MIP] between ISFPs and opposing dentition) and non‐light occlusion group (12 μm articulating film could not be removed). All participants were evaluated at 6–12 months, 1–3 years, and 3–5 years after ISFPs delivery. Occlusal patterns at MIP and during eccentric movements were monitored using articulating papers of different colors (blue/red) and thicknesses (12 μm/100 μm). Proximal contact loss rates, marginal bone loss, and technical complication rates were also evaluated. Results A total of 46 patients with 63 implants were included in this study. ISFPs in both groups exhibited rapid occlusal changes at MIP, characterized by reduced occlusal clearance, increased occlusal contact area, and stabilizing overtime regardless of initial design. Eccentric occlusion showed minimal alterations. Proximal contact loss rates, marginal bone loss, and technical complication rates revealed no significant intergroup differences. Multivariate regression analysis identified initial occlusal design, edentulous type, and implant systems as significant factors influencing the occlusal variation. Conclusion Light occlusion on ISFPs was not stable over time, and the occlusal status of ISFPs showed a similar development trend in both groups. Compared with non‐light occlusion, the light contact design did not significantly affect the long‐term success of ISFPs. Trial Registration: This study was registered in a clinical trial registry ( www.chictr.org.cn , no: ChiCTR2400080874)

ABSTRACT ANSI/IES TM-30-24 Annex E provides guidelines for evaluating the color rendition performance of interior lighting, which is incorporated in the latest ANSI/IES RP-30-20 standard as a guide for museum lighting designers. However, one general guideline may not be suitable for all types of museum exhibitions. This study investigates the relationship between TM-30 indices and preference for landscape oil paintings, assesses the applicability of TM-30 color preference criteria, and examines whether the results depend on the painting color composition. Nine 3000 K lighting spectra were systematically generated with varying R f, R g, and best-fit ellipse rotation angles ψ on the color vector graph. Through a two-alternative-forced-choice paired comparison, the preference of 18 participants for six landscape oil paintings with various colors was evaluated. Their choices were converted to quantitative interval scores for each spectrum. Based on the statistical difference between scores, the preference criteria were adjusted by lowering R f thresholds and dividing the most preferred level into two levels. The less-strict R f requirement might be attributed to the lack of memory color for unfamiliar paintings. Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed that the six paintings can be classified into two groups of three paintings: a high-R cs,h1-preferred group and a high-R g-preferred group. Quantitative answers from participants to questionnaires provided potential methods for categorizing paintings into these groups. This study concludes with three recommendations for narrowing the selection of luminaires for landscape oil paintings: one for each group, and the adjusted preference criteria for paintings that cannot be clearly classified into either group.

The impact of restaurant menu eco labels on consumer meal selections: a randomized controlled trial.

Optimizing indoor lighting in high-ceiling spaces requires balancing functionality, comfort, and energy efficiency across multiple indicators. Lighting rules under different strategies were explored via quantitative analysis and global sensitivity analysis, and a multi-criteria decision-making model was built using principal component analysis (PCA). Results indicate that ceiling downlights have the greatest overall impact on illuminance uniformity and unified glare rating, offering the largest optimization potential. Low-level accent lighting and indirect lighting can reduce installed power while maintaining high efficacy through zoned design of critical areas. The resulting sensitivity matrix linking each index to each strategy supports early-stage scheme selection aligned with project priorities. The PCA-based decision model integrates correlated indices into a single score, enabling objective comparison of alternatives and identification of optimal solutions for large, high-ceiling interiors. It therefore helps designers trade off uniformity, glare control, and power density, and provides a transparent basis for choosing a strategy early.

Table tennis carries a unique mission of cross-cultural communication. In 1971, the "Ping-Pong Diplomacy" with the strategic wisdom of "a small ball turning a big ball" set a classic model for sports public diplomacy. As a carrier of national cultural symbols, the international communication of table tennis should rely on major events to tell the table tennis story to achieve presentation and Presentation. As a key for event communication, in table tennis events, is driven by the synergy of three-dimensional elements: "competitive core + technological extension + commercial drive". Specifically, through the organic combination of visual and auditory elements and the flexible transformation of the field, the cross-cultural communication of table tennis can be carried out more vividly. This paper adopts two research methods. First, by comparing the sports presentation announcement scripts of major table tennis events in the past five years, we analyze them from three aspects: text content, discourse form, and discourse interaction. In addition, we randomly selected 100 viewers of major table tennis events for a questionnaire survey, focusing on: 1. the sense of ceremony through event lighting design, 2. The increase of immersion through the creation of event fields 3. The event information dissemination through bilingual broadcasting 4. The display of athletes' styles in event 5. The cultural performances are interspersed in events on cultural communication. Through the survey, it was found that the ritual empowerment of lighting design, the event spotlight system and dynamic score effects significantly enhance the sense of ceremony, and 78% of the respondents believe that lighting changes can effectively enhance the immersion of watching the game; multi-modal spatial narrative, large screens and mobile camera positions increase the density of visual focus, especially in mixed doubles events across countriesulti-dimensional perspectives significantly enhance cultural dialogue. Conclusion/ Discussion: There are multiple bottlenecks in the international dissemination of table tennis events. At the channel level, there is a reliance on traditional media, with insufficient development of emerging platforms such as short videos and the metaverse, which limits audience coverage. In terms of content production, there is an emphasis on competitive results, lacking cultural symbols. The application of technology and the interaction design show a one-way communication feature. In international communication, table tennis will serve as an important carrier for cultural exchange, promoting cultural dialogue and interaction among different countries and regions.

Artificial neural network based inverse design of organic light emitting diode structures for optimized optical properties

Worship spaces support spiritual practices and foster religious community, where lighting influences the atmosphere and worship experience. Many traditional churches, including the Mergangsan GKJ, tend to prioritise the basic function of illumination without maximising its spiritual potential, resulting in suboptimal conditions that diminish devotion. Ideally, artificial lighting design should be comprehensive, integrating function with psychological and spiritual dimensions. The warm natural lighting mimics natural afternoon light and is believed to create a calm, comfortable atmosphere and enhance spiritual connection. Simulation using Dialux is an effective tool for optimising this design. This study aims to analyse the role of artificial lighting in the Mergangsan GKJ in creating a spiritual atmosphere. The methodology used is a mixed approach: quantitative simulation using Dialux Evo to analyse existing lighting conditions and alternative warm natural lighting scenarios, and a qualitative literature review of lighting standards and the spiritual function of light. The results indicate that the Mergangsan GKJ artificial lighting meets functional illumination standards in all main areas (altar, music/gamelan room, lower and upper congregation areas). The choice of colour temperature 3000K (Warm White) and CRI 80 consistently creates a warm and comfortable atmosphere that supports solemnity, proving a new contribution in integrating functionality and spirituality in architectural lighting design.

Urban tunnel portals constitute critical safety zones for autonomous vehicles, where abrupt luminance transitions, shortened sight distances, and densely distributed structural and traffic elements pose considerable challenges to perception reliability. Existing driving scenario datasets are rarely tailored to tunnel environments and have not quantitatively evaluated how specific infrastructure components influence perception latency in autonomous systems. This study develops a requirement-driven framework for the identification and sensitivity ranking of information perception elements within urban tunnel portals. Based on expert evaluations and a combined function–safety scoring system, nine key elements—including road surfaces, tunnel portals, lane markings, and vehicles—were identified as perception-critical. A “mandatory–optional” combination rule was then applied to generate 48 logical scene types, and 376 images after brightness (30–220 px), blur (Laplacian variance ≥ 100), and occlusion filtering (≤0.5% pixel error) were obtained after luminance and occlusion screening. A ResNet50–PSPNet convolutional neural network was trained to perform pixel-level segmentation, with inference rate adopted as a quantitative proxy for perceptual sensitivity. Field experiments across ten urban tunnels in China indicate that the model consistently recognized road surfaces, lane markings, cars, and motorcycles with the shortest inference times (<6.5 ms), whereas portal structures and vegetation required longer recognition times (>7.5 ms). This sensitivity ranking is statistically stable under clear, daytime conditions (p < 0.01). The findings provide engineering insights for optimizing tunnel lighting design, signage placement, and V2X configuration, and offers a pilot dataset to support perception-oriented design and evaluation of urban tunnel portals in semi-enclosed environments. Unlike generic segmentation datasets, this study quantifies element-specific CNN latency at tunnel portals for the first time.

Top-emitting microcavity OLEDs (TEOLEDs) exhibit excellent color purity but suffer from severe angular color shifts. To overcome this, we introduce a nanotextured light modulation strategy using a nanoporous film (NPF) and an index-matched optically clear resin (OCR) for encapsulation. The nanotextured NPF enhances light outcoupling while suppressing cavity-induced angular dependence. As a result, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) is enhanced by 370% (from 8.5 to 31.6%), and angular color shift (Δu′v′) is reduced by 65.2% (from 0.046 to 0.016). By introducing a nanostructure-based light modulation technology, we have achieved a breakthrough in microcavity OLED performance, simultaneously improving both outcoupling and angular stability. Applied to flexible TEOLEDs, the device exhibits stable optical and mechanical performance under bending. This scalable and effective light modulation design enables highly efficient and color-stable flexible OLED displays for next-generation wearable applications.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-28107-1.

A well-designed nighttime lighting environment not only enhances pedestrian comfort and urban vitality but also serves as a crucial factor in creating safe and livable urban spaces. However, existing studies on pedestrian safety at night remain relatively limited both domestically and internationally, and most rely primarily on ground-based measurements, making large-scale spatial analyses difficult to achieve. This study integrates night-time remote sensing, ground measurements and perception evaluations to analyze the light environments of three public space types—roads, business districts and squares—in Dalian, China. A light environment safety perception model and corresponding map are constructed to support optimization of lighting design in urban nightscapes. The main contributions are as follows: (1) subjective and objective research conducted on the night light environment safety perception of urban public space in Dalian; (2) fitting models are developed for each space type to relate measured illuminance to perceived safety, yielding recommended ground illuminance ranges: roads (4.02–10.10 lx), business districts (5.05–38.3 lx), and squares (6.46–12.52 lx); (3) models linking nighttime radiation data to measured illuminance are established, enabling the generation of an illuminance inversion map for Dalian. Based on this, safety classification maps for roads, business districts, and squares are produced. These are integrated with the residential area safety map to form a comprehensive safety classification map of Dalian’s urban area.

ABSTRACT Office lighting design should not only take into account comfortable vision, but also the non-image-forming effect of light. The latter is commonly measured or simulated as the amount of light falling vertically on the eye when facing a computer screen. In reality, light at the eye might differ from this assumption due to a person’s changing face orientation and movement within a space. This article compares light measured vertically toward a computer screen (static condition) with light at the eye position of office occupants while seated at a desk (dynamic-fixed condition) or moving freely within an open-plan office (dynamic-free condition). Light was quantified using melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance (mEDI). Face orientation was measured using a video-based method. The results show that the average difference between the mEDI for the static and dynamic-fixed conditions was small (7 l× or −1%), whereas for the static and dynamic-free conditions, it was considerable (282 l× or −21%). These findings indicate that changes in the position of office workers might need to be considered in office lighting design.

Advancements in digital technology have changed public expectations for landscape design, driving a trend toward integrating these technologies into natural and built environments. This study explores how combining digital media art with contemporary landscape design can transform our interaction with landscapes. It highlights the virtual and interactive nature of digital media art, which introduces new dimensions to landscape design. The research examines how technologies like Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), light effects, multimedia projections, and interactive sensing devices can enhance user experiences and landscape functionality. Using Beijing Olympic Park as a case study, it demonstrates the benefits of innovative lighting and interactive designs. The study also addresses challenges such as technological limitations, changes in design philosophy, and cost-effectiveness. By tackling these issues, the research aims to inspire innovation in landscape design and guide future projects that incorporate digital media art.

Reducing light pollution and promoting sustainable lighting practices require new tools that integrate environmental, social, and technical considerations in design processes. Urban Digital Twins are emerging as powerful instruments for this purpose, enabling integrated evaluation of lighting impacts on both people and ecosystems. This paper presents an exploratory evaluation of NorDark-DT, a recently developed urban digital twin designed to support the sustainable planning of lighting infrastructure in green urban areas. This exploratory assessment was conducted with master’s students engaged in lighting design practices. Participants performed two task-oriented exercises of planning and comparing lighting configurations after-dark for a site in Uppsala, Sweden. Results show that NorDark-DT effectively facilitates the exploration of alternative lighting solutions within realistic green urban area contexts and encourages reflection on issues such as light pollution, biodiversity, and ecological preservation. Nevertheless, further improvements are required to enhance the user interface, expand analytical capabilities, strengthen integration with professional lighting software, and optimize performance for varying hardware setups. Beyond professional practice, the tool also proved valuable for educational purposes by promoting interdisciplinary collaboration and broadening students’ understanding of sustainability in lighting design. Overall, this study provides an initial step in a usability assessment of NorDark-DT, confirming its potential to support environmentally responsible, socially aware, and well-informed lighting interventions.

Abstract Today, built environments play an increasingly prominent role in human life, with individuals spending over 90% of their time within residential and office structures. The evolving nature of occupations and extended working hours have rendered attention to architectural design quality essential for enhancing occupants’ physical and psychological health. Architectural aesthetics, by emphasising visual and sensory dimensions, can significantly improve the quality of life for urban residents. This study employs a theoretical review and an analysis of distinguished architects’ perspectives to identify and examine five key aesthetic components: lighting design, geometric proportions, spatial flow, material texture, and connection to nature. The findings demonstrate that the deliberate integration of these components can elevate user satisfaction, reduce stress, and foster psychological well-being. Finally, practical recommendations are proposed for the application of aesthetic principles in urban building design. Aesthetics is an ancient discipline, yet its universal nature demands extensive scholarly investigation. A review of architectural history reveals that aesthetics in architecture, much like water, assumes the shape of its container—its interpretation varies across cultures and scientific domains. Despite numerous gatherings and scholarly debates, architects and researchers have yet to establish unified criteria. Instead, they have come to recognise the vast and multifaceted nature of aesthetics, particularly within architecture. Today, reflection on architectural aesthetics is a vital concern for designers and architects, who strive to satisfy their intrinsic aesthetic sensibilities through creative expression—a pursuit that has historically led to the creation of timeless works. Nevertheless, it can be summarised that revisiting perspectives on aesthetics is essential for enhancing the quality of urban life. Such efforts may bring us closer to a more accurate understanding of architectural beauty.

Naturally dark environments are increasingly threatened by artificial light at night (ALAN), even in parks and protected areas (PPAs). This study explores visitor preferences for lighting spectra and intensity in front-country, PPA-like settings to better understand how to balance human lighting needs with the protection of ecological and cultural resources. An onsite survey was conducted at a university arboretum in the United States (n = 167). Participants were asked to select preferred lighting conditions (color and intensity) using bollard fixtures with adjustable amber and white LEDs. Statistical analyses examined spectra and intensity preferences as well as demographic influences (gender, youth environment, nighttime recreation experience). Results indicate a significant preference for amber light (67%) over white light (33%). On average, participants preferred amber light at lower intensities (2.87 lux) compared to white light (5.18 lux). Prior nighttime recreation experience was associated with lower preferred light intensity and stronger selection of amber light. Participants from rural and suburban backgrounds were more likely to choose amber, while urban-raised participants showed no clear preference and tended toward higher intensities when selecting white light. This pilot study is one of the first to experimentally examine visitor lighting preferences in relation to both spectra and intensity in a PPA-like setting. Findings challenge assumptions based on industry standards, which often recommend higher light levels, and provide context-sensitive guidance for PPA lighting management. The sample consisted largely of university students, limiting age diversity and generalizability. Future research across broader populations and within actual PPAs is needed to validate results. Findings suggest that lower-intensity amber lighting can meet visitor needs while minimizing ecological impacts, offering managers evidence-based strategies for sustainable lighting design in PPAs. By aligning visitor preferences with conservation goals, PPA managers can protect naturally dark skies while maintaining visitor safety and experience, supporting the rise of noctourism - nighttime recreation and tourism that values darkness as a resource - and reinforcing the cultural and ecological significance of darkness as a shared resource.

With the continuous development of the information age, people’s demand for design is also increasing, which promotes the accelerated development of interior space environment art and the personalized design industry. People’s demand for design, whether it is suitability, aesthetics, practicality, or green environmental protection, is getting higher and higher. With the development of the times, science and technology and design processes are also progressing and developing new technologies. Building information management (BIM) technology plays a great auxiliary role in the artistic design and individuation of indoor space environment and greatly improves the design efficiency and quality. This paper studies BIM technology in indoor space environment art design and individuation and draws the following conclusions: (1) BIM technology in indoor environment art design can better meet people’s concept of returning to nature, and people-oriented concept and practical concept are considered and applied to the design. (2) In indoor lighting design, BIM technology can not only better understand the influence of the light source on indoor illumination but also improve the utilization rate and quality of design. (3) BIM technology is more visual and intelligent for traditional design in indoor personalized design, which improves the efficiency and quality of indoor space environment design.

ABSTRACT This paper examines the relationship between high-end independent furniture and lighting design and Shanzhai (counterfeit) in China, contrasting originality and cultural capital with mass market accessibility. Drawing on Bourdieu’s concepts of cultural capital and distinction, it explores how independent designers cater to elite tastes, while Shanzhai products, operating in legal grey areas, align with China’s push for ‘common prosperity’ by enabling broader participation in production and consumption. Through qualitative interviews with ten Chinese independent designers and fieldwork at designer Mario Tsai’s studio, it investigates how designers navigate a market shaped by Shanzhai competition. Findings reveal the knotty interplay between exclusivity and accessibility in the high-end design market and, from the designers’ perspective, expose tensions between China’s intellectual property regime and its culture industry policy goals. Given these designers’ contributions to national soft power, this paper calls for a more granular patent classification system that more effectively protects non-technological design innovation.

Immersive evaluation of in-product lighting design using virtual reality

Accurate determination of perceived contrast threshold C min is essential for optimizing the design and evaluation of tunnel entrance lighting. However, conventional methods often fail to adequately capture the C min requirements under dynamic driving conditions. This study analyses the interactive effects of tunnel external luminance ( L e ) and tunnel entrance road surface luminance ( L b ) on drivers’ obstacle recognition ability. Under both positive and negative luminance contrast conditions, the C min required to achieve reliable recognition (80% perception probability) and the associated recognition time ( T r ) were determined across various luminance combinations. The results indicate that compared to the result from the fixed value stimulation involving static visual targets, the C min required for drivers to reliably recognize a fixed obstacle under simulated dynamic driving conditions increased by up to 35% ( L e = 4000 cd m −2 , L b = 75.8 cd m −2 ). The required L b rises in a nonlinear and accelerated manner as L e increases, to maintain the same visual recognition efficacy. Visual recognition performance under negative luminance contrast conditions is significantly better than under positive contrast, which is characterized by smaller C min and shorter T r . Luminance combination models for general safety and high safety recognition time are established. A comparison with existing standards revealed the limitations of current specifications for tunnel entrance luminance design.