Phacoemulsification is the most commonly performed cataract surgery worldwide, and preoperative evaluation plays a critical role in optimizing surgical outcomes. Regional data describing preoperative characteristics and coexisting ocular diseases remain essential for improving clinical decision-making and planning individualized management strategies. This study aims to describe the preoperative clinical profile, biometric characteristics, and coexisting ocular diseases among cataract patients undergoing phacoemulsification at Utama Eye Clinic, Gresik. This descriptive cross-sectional study utilized secondary data from medical records of patients who underwent preoperative assessment between October and November 2025. Variables included demographic characteristics, blood pressure, random blood glucose (RBG), visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), biometric parameters, operative duration, and ocular comorbidities. Data were analyzed using univariate descriptive statistics. A total of 246 patients were included. Most patients were aged 60-69 years (45.5%) and female (52.8%). Visual acuity <6/60–light perception (LP) was the most common preoperative category (69.1%). Hypertension (57.7%) was more frequent than normotension. The majority of patients had normal RBG values (91.5%) and normal IOP (96.7%). Median biometric measurements were: anterior chamber depth 3.18 mm, lens thickness 4.50 mm, and IOL power 20.00 D. Median operative duration was 11 minutes (range 5–69 minutes). The most common coexisting ocular diseases were posterior capsular fibrosis (PCO) (n=11), high myopia (n=5), glaucoma (n=3), and pseudoexfoliation syndrome (n=3). The study reveals that most patients presented at an advanced age with significant visual impairment and a high prevalence of systemic and ocular comorbidities. Accurate biometric assessment and comprehensive preoperative evaluation, including identification of ocular comorbidities, are essential for optimizing cataract surgical planning and outcomes. These findings provide updated regional data that may support improvements in preoperative screening protocols.

Intraocular ossification is a rare end-stage sequela of chronic retinal detachment, inflammation, trauma, or phthisis bulbi. It typically presents as minor localised choroidal or retinal ossification. We report an exceptionally rare case of mature lamellar intraocular bone encasing the optic nerve head.A 23-year-old male presented three days after sustaining a knife injury to the right eye. The eye had been blind with no light perception for approximately five years prior, with a history of longstanding visual impairment since childhood. Examination revealed an open globe with corneal-limbal laceration and prolapse of uveal and lenticular tissue. The open-globe injury and extensive tissue prolapse precluded posterior segment assessment and B-scan ultrasonography. The contralateral eye demonstrated a morning glory disc anomaly with a shallow chronic retinal detachment, which was treated conservatively.During routine evisceration, a near-round 12 mm lamellar bony mass was identified encasing the optic nerve head, forming a central invagination in which the optic nerve was seated. The mass felt like bone and was non-adherent; it was removed intact. Post-operative CT imaging showed no additional intra-orbital ossification or malignancy. Histopathology demonstrated mature lamellar bone with osteoblastic rimming, marrow spaces containing adipocytes, and psammomatous calcifications, consistent with long-standing heterotopic ossification. No malignant features or organisms were identified.The postoperative course was uncomplicated, and the patient remained clinically well at six months’ follow-up. This case represents an exceptionally rare report of mature lamellar intraocular bone fully encasing the optic nerve head, highlighting the remarkable metaplastic potential of intraocular tissues in chronic retinal pathology.

Optic neuritis (ON) associated with acute retinal necrosis (ARN) has traditionally been considered a complication resulting from direct viral infiltration of the optic nerve. Although it is currently treated with intravenous acyclovir, the appropriate dosage and duration of treatment in the pediatric population remain unclear, and no standardized effective treatment has been established in clinical guidelines. A 14-year-old boy was referred for panuveitis in the right eye (RE), with a visual acuity (VA) of hand motions. Fundus examination revealed intense vitritis, and PCR testing was positive for HSV-2. Empirical treatment with intravenous (IV) acyclovir and intravitreal foscarnet was initiated; however, the patient developed peripheral ARN with multiple retinal detachments that required surgery, leaving silicone oil tamponade in place, and was maintained on oral valacyclovir prophylaxis. Fourteen months later, he presented with discomfort in the left eye (LE), where an active focus of ARN was identified, leading to a diagnosis of bilateral ARN. Despite urgent treatment with IV acyclovir and an intravitreal foscarnet injection, the disease progressed in the LE, and four days later, the patient developed optic neuritis associated with ARN, with VA of light perception. Since the LE was the only functional eye, high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone boluses were started. One month later, the optic disc edema had significantly improved, and VA had improved to counting fingers. Currently, the patient has shown a remarkable recovery, with VA improving to 20/32. These positive outcomes may suggest new therapeutic possibilities and highlight the possibility that HSV-2 may trigger an intense inflammatory or autoimmune response that could be the primary cause of ON, rather than direct infection of the optic nerve, as previously believed. Importantly, in our case, high-dose corticosteroid therapy was initiated at the onset of optic neuritis, after several days of antiviral therapy, which supports the safety of corticosteroid administration at this stage. To our knowledge, this case and two other cases of ON associated with herpetic encephalitis in the literature represent the first instances treated with corticosteroid boluses, all of which showed significant improvement.

On 17 September 2024, over 3000 pager devices containing explosives were remotely detonated across Lebanon in a coordinated mass-casualty event, causing unprecedented ocular trauma. This study aims to characterise the nature and extent of ophthalmic injuries treated at a tertiary care centre following this unique attack. A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients presenting to the American University of Beirut Medical Centre on the day of the explosion. Only patients who underwent ophthalmic surgical exploration were included. Data were collected from clinical notes, imaging and operative reports. Injuries were categorised using the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT) classification, and descriptive statistics were applied. 79 patients (158 eyes) underwent surgical exploration. Severe globe trauma was identified in 111 eyes (70.3%), including 61 eyes (55%) with open globe injuries and 50 (45%) with traumatic eviscerations. Bilateral injuries were noted in 45.6% of patients. Intraocular foreign bodies were confirmed in all traumatic eviscerations and 81.9% of open globe injuries. Evisceration was performed in 49 eyes (31%). Adnexal injuries requiring reconstruction occurred in 27.3% of eyes. Among eyes that underwent globe-sparing repair, 71.7% had postoperative visual acuity of no light perception or light perception. This case series describes an unprecedented volume and severity of ocular injuries from a novel blast mechanism. The combination of thermal, chemical and penetrating trauma resulted in high rates of globe loss and poor visual outcomes. Preparedness for future unconventional mass-casualty scenarios must include rapid imaging, specialised ophthalmic teams and coordinated multidisciplinary care.

Photosynthetic sacoglossan sea slugs sequester the chloroplasts - kleptoplasts - of the algae they feed upon and keep these organelles functional in the cells of their ramified digestive system. Whether the stolen chloroplasts influence animal behavioural responses towards light is uncertain. To address this matter, we: i) determined the light preferences of the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia crispata when offered different light spectra (450, 517, 520-650, and 665 nm) and intensities (60, 180, 425, and 1400 µmol photons m-2 s-1); and ii) established whether the light intensity preferences of E. crispata were different when fed algae acclimated to low (40 µmol photons m-2 s-1) and high irradiances (425 µmol photons m-2 s-1). Sea slugs were collected from a coral reef in the Gulf of Mexico and transported to the laboratory to perform controlled experiments. During trials, sea slugs exhibited marked exploratory behaviour. However, results show that E. crispata avoids red light (665 nm) and prefers low irradiances (60 µmol photons m-2 s-1), showing that both light spectrum and intensity are relevant to their behaviour. Furthermore, sea slugs increased their selection for high irradiances after being fed algae acclimated to high light. These results support our hypothesis that the acclimation state of the acquired kleptoplasts affects sea slug behaviour towards light. Light perception and photobehaviour in photosynthetic sea slugs seem to depend not only on animal photoreceptors, but also on a communication network between the endosymbiotic chloroplasts and the animal host.

Visual Outcomes in Cases of Endogenous Endophthalmitis: A Multicenter Study.

Role of Like Heterochromatin Protein1 (LHP1) in the root apical meristem and stem cell niche maintenance in Arabidopsis.

Introduction: Blood within the vitreous cavity is referred to as Vitreous Haemorrhage (VH). VH is one of the most frequent conditions that present to the emergency room and is a major cause of painless visual loss . Aim: To evaluate the various aetiologies, management strategies, and outcomes following treatment in patients with VH. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at the Ophthalmology Department from August 2023 to August 2024 for a period of one year at Great Eastern Medical School and Hospital, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, India. Newly diagnosed cases of vitreous haemorrhage in patients over 35 years of age were included in the study and those with a history of retinal detachment were excluded. A detailed history regarding the aetiology of the VH was taken, and a complete ocular examination was performed. Necessary investigations were conducted. Treatment was administered according to the cause of VH, and this was noted. Follow-up was conducted for a three-month postoperative period. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Packages of Social Sciences (SPSS) software and Microsoft Excel. Results: The current study included 21 patients with a total of 23 eyes. The largest group of patients was in the age range of 45 to 50 years (42.85%), with a mean age of 54.38±3.438 years. Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) was determined to be the most frequent cause, seen in 11 patients (52.38%), followed by Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO), seen in 5 cases (23.80%). Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) injections were the most commonly used treatment method, administered in 10 (43.47%) of the 23 eyes. Other treatment options included observation, laser photocoagulation, and Pars Plana Vitrectomy (PPV). Preoperative visual acuity was <1/60 to Perception of Light (PL) + in 12 (52.17%) cases, while in the postoperative follow-up, the majority of patients (20 cases, or 86.94%) were in the visual acuity group of 6/6 to 6/60. Conclusion: In the present study, the most common cause of vitreous haemorrhage was found to be PDR. Early diagnosis and timely intervention for VH lead to good visual prognosis.

Clinical features, management, and prognosis factors of traumatic optic neuropathy.

Report of a case of central retinal artery occlusion after sphenopalatine artery (SPA) embolization. A review of the literature describing complications after SPA embolization and ligation. Retrospective case report and literature review. A 68-year-old woman with a history notable for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and 8 years of intermittent right-sided epistaxis previously requiring blood transfusions underwent right-sided embolization of the SPA with the neurosurgery service. Sphenopalatine artery embolization was achieved with Embosphere microspheres and Concerto coils. No thromboembolic complications were noted at the conclusion of the case. On waking from general anesthesia, the patient reported painless right-sided vision loss and was found to have best-corrected visual acuity of light perception, a relative afferent pupillary defect, and a cherry-red spot with vascular attenuation consistent with central retinal artery occlusion. Central retinal artery occlusion can be a complication of ipsilateral SPA embolization.

Epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of endogenous endophthalmitis (EE) can vary by population and geographical area, with different risk factors. This study from a tertiary care centre aimed to provide additional data from one European country in the field of EE. This retrospective study was conducted on patients diagnosed with EE at the University Hospital of Grenoble-Alpes, France, between 2014 and 2023. General and ocular clinical data, along with microbiological findings, were collected at baseline and on follow-up. Thirty-three patients were diagnosed with EE in this study with a mean age of 70 ± 17.7 years, and 51.5% were male. Most cases were unilateral. Common health conditions included cancer, and diabetes mellitus, with endocarditis being the leading source of infection. Baseline visual acuity ranged from 20/20 to no light perception. Blood cultures were positive in 87.8% of the cases. Gram-positive bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus, were the most common pathogens, followed by Candida albicans. Pars plana vitrectomy was performed in 33% of the patients. At the end of the follow-up, four patients had lost vision, two developed phthisis, and mortality was reported in 24% of the patients. This study on endogenous endophthalmitis highlights that, in Europe, the primary risk factors are cancer and diabetes, with endocarditis being the most common source of infection. According to our findings, Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Streptococcus species and Staphylococcus aureus, are the most frequently identified pathogens in Europe. These findings differ significantly from reports originating from the USA and Asia.

Sleep-disordered breathing in patients with total bilateral blindness: A 10-year prospective study.

We report a rare case of left eye Purtscher-like retinopathy following history of right endogenous panophthalmitis. A 61-year-old male with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and hypertension presented with a 5-day history of right eye redness, swelling, and progressive vision loss. Systemic symptoms included vomiting, diarrhea, and left lower limb redness. On examination, the right eye had no light perception with signs of panophthalmitis, while the left eye had reduced vision (6/18), with early fundus changes. B-scan of the right eye revealed vitritis, choroidal abscess, retinal detachment, and scleral thickening. Vitreous cultures confirmed Staphylococcus aureus. The patient was treated with intravitreal vancomycin and ceftazidime, followed by enucleation. He received intravenous antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, cefazolin, later switched to cloxacillin) for one month as per infectious disease advice. Subsequently on day 7 of admission, the left eye showed worsening cotton wool spots without vitritis or choroiditis. Intravitreal antibiotics were administered prophylactically; vitreous cultures were negative. The natural history of Purtscher retinopathy which should not be ignored in complex clinical contexts even when there is no history of trauma. Hence, all cases with cotton wool spots with central and paracentral involvement and with few haemorrhages should be viewed with high suspicion of Purtscher-like retinopathy. Nevertheless, a meticulous follow-up is mandatory to avoid its severe complications.

A well-designed nighttime lighting environment not only enhances pedestrian comfort and urban vitality but also serves as a crucial factor in creating safe and livable urban spaces. However, existing studies on pedestrian safety at night remain relatively limited both domestically and internationally, and most rely primarily on ground-based measurements, making large-scale spatial analyses difficult to achieve. This study integrates night-time remote sensing, ground measurements and perception evaluations to analyze the light environments of three public space types—roads, business districts and squares—in Dalian, China. A light environment safety perception model and corresponding map are constructed to support optimization of lighting design in urban nightscapes. The main contributions are as follows: (1) subjective and objective research conducted on the night light environment safety perception of urban public space in Dalian; (2) fitting models are developed for each space type to relate measured illuminance to perceived safety, yielding recommended ground illuminance ranges: roads (4.02–10.10 lx), business districts (5.05–38.3 lx), and squares (6.46–12.52 lx); (3) models linking nighttime radiation data to measured illuminance are established, enabling the generation of an illuminance inversion map for Dalian. Based on this, safety classification maps for roads, business districts, and squares are produced. These are integrated with the residential area safety map to form a comprehensive safety classification map of Dalian’s urban area.

Background. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated optic neuritis (MOG-ON) is a distinct autoimmune demyelinating condition characterized by severe visual impairment and a high relapse rate. Its clinical overlap with other demyelinating disorders, such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), necessitates advanced imaging and serological assays for accurate diagnosis. Case. We report a 44-year-old male with diabetes and hypertension who presented with left-sided retro-orbital pain, photophobia, and progressive visual loss that progressed to no light perception despite corticosteroid therapy. MRI and serological testing confirmed anti-MOG antibody positivity. During the disease course, the patient developed vision loss in the contralateral eye, prompting escalation to plasmapheresis, which resulted in partial recovery. Rituximab was initiated as maintenance therapy to prevent relapses. Conclusion. This case highlights the importance of early recognition, comprehensive diagnostic evaluation, and tailored therapeutic strategies. While long-term outcomes are generally favorable with timely intervention, recurrent episodes remain a therapeutic challenge. Emerging immune-targeted therapies hold promise for improving disease control and reducing disease burden.

BACKGROUND Lymphoma can involve any orbital soft tissue (excluding bone) and may mimic other orbital diseases, often leading to misdiagnosis. Early diagnosis improves both disease management and patient survival. This rare case provides insights into the early diagnosis and treatment of orbital lymphoma. CASE REPORT An 87-year-old Asian man presented with sudden swelling of the left eyelid, vision loss, and severe pain. His intraocular pressure increased, and vision eventually deteriorated to no light perception. Biopsy of the orbital mass revealed small cell malignancy. Immunohistochemistry showed CD20(+++), Bcl-6(+++), and other markers consistent with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The patient received combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which relieved swelling and pain but did not restore vision. CONCLUSIONS Orbital lymphoma may present with or without systemic symptoms. Its clinical and imaging features often overlap with other orbital diseases, contributing to misdiagnosis. Pathogenesis plays a critical role in prognosis, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis to improve outcomes. This case is among the few reported in which initial presentation included elevated intraocular pressure.

Précis: Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation is an effective and reliable intervention for neovascular glaucoma, demonstrating higher success and longer survival in proliferative diabetic retinopathy compared to central retinal vein occlusion. Age significantly impacts surgical outcomes. Purpose: To evaluate and compare the surgical outcomes and prognostic factors of Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation in neovascular glaucoma (NVG) secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Patients and Methods: This retrospective study included 48 eyes of 46 patients with NVG due to PDR (n=28) or CRVO (n=18) who underwent AGV implantation. Patients with prior glaucoma surgery were excluded. All procedures were performed by a single glaucoma surgeon using a standardized long tunnel technique. Surgical success was defined as ≥20% intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction from baseline and IOP ≤ 21 mmHg without additional glaucoma surgery or vision loss to no light perception. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis assessed surgical success, and Cox regression identified failure risk factors. Results: The mean surgical success duration was longer in PDR (45.87 months) than CRVO (38.68 months). One-year, two-year, and three-year success rates were 95.5%, 90.4%, and 90.4% in PDR, compared to 92.3%, 64.6%, and 55.4% in CRVO. Early complications, such as hyphema, were more frequent in PDR but not statistically significant. Tube exposure was observed in only one case (2.1% of total cases), which was in the CRVO group. Including the tube exposure case, tube explantation was performed in two patients (4.2% of total cases). Older age was a significant risk factor for failure (HR=1.066, P =0.049). Conclusion: AGV implantation provides favorable long-term outcomes for NVG secondary to PDR and CRVO, with higher success rates in PDR. Careful patient selection and standardized surgical techniques remain critical for optimizing AGV outcomes in NVG.

Introduction: Allogeneic penetrating limbo-keratoplasty (limbo-PK) is one of the surgical methods for the treatment of limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). We report real-life results on different entities. Methods: Patients treated with limbo-PK at the Department of Ophthalmology of the University Medical Center Mainz were evaluated retrospectively. The primary endpoint was the epithelialization of the graft one year postoperatively. In addition, the postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), ocular concomitant diseases, drug treatment, and the need for further eye surgery postoperatively were examined. Results: We included 14 eyes of 13 patients (4 female) aged 59.8 ± 14.1 years who underwent limbo-PK between 2020 and 2024. Indications for limbo-PK included chemical burns (n = 4), blast injuries (n = 4), thermal burns (n = 2), trauma (n = 1) graft-versus-host disease (n = 1), and ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia (EEC) (n = 1). The mean preoperative BCVA was 2.2 ± 0.6 logMAR (range: light perception to 0.7 logMAR). Four limbo-PK-grafts were HLA-typed. All limbo-PKs were combined with amniotic membrane transplantation; three with cataract surgery and one with tarsorrhaphy. Postoperatively, all patients received local immunosuppression, and 12 (85.7%) received additional systemic immunosuppression. At one-year follow-up mean BCVA increased to 1.0 ± 0.7 logMAR (range: 2.3 to 0.1, p-value = 0.03) and 11 of 14 eyes showed a functional graft with closed epithelium. In the further postoperative course, four patients needed a further Limbo-PK due to graft failure (n = 2), immune graft rejection after stopping local immunosuppressive therapy (n = 1) and perforation of the graft in a severe case of GvHd (n = 1). Conclusions: Limbo-PK is an effective surgical method for the treatment of LSCD. In our study cohort, we observed a significant improvement in mean BCVA one year postoperatively, with a functional, epithelialized graft achieved in 11 of 14 eyes.

Purpose: We evaluated the 3-year clinical outcomes of simultaneous Ahmed valve implantation and vitrectomy in patients with neovascular glaucoma.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 38 eyes that underwent combined Ahmed valve implantation and vitrectomy. Best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), and the number of IOP-lowering medications were assessed preoperatively and up to 36 months postoperatively. Patients were categorized into two groups (anterior chamber and vitreous cavity) based on the site of Ahmed valve tube insertion. Clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups. Surgical success was defined as maintaining IOP between 6 and 21 mmHg, with or without topical IOP-lowering medications. Surgical failure was defined as IOP outside this range despite IOP-lowering therapy, loss of vision to no light perception, or the need for valve replacement or additional Ahmed valve implantation.Results: The overall surgical success rate was 68.4%; rates were 58.8% in the anterior chamber group and 76.2% in the vitreous cavity group. The mean durations of target IOP maintenance were 24.91 ± 3.45 months in the anterior chamber group and 29.00 ± 2.89 months in the vitreous cavity group, with no significant difference between groups (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Changes in visual acuity before and after surgery did not significantly differ between groups. However, at 36 months postoperatively, the vitreous cavity group required significantly more IOP-lowering medications (<i>p</i> = 0.044). The most common complication was encapsulation removal (39.5%), followed by tube obstruction (10.5%).Conclusions: Surgical success rates and the duration of target IOP maintenance did not significantly differ between the anterior chamber and vitreous cavity groups. However, patients in the vitreous cavity group required more IOP-lowering medications postoperatively. These findings suggest that the tube insertion site should be considered when planning surgery for neovascular glaucoma.

Optoelectronic synapses use optical signals as modulation inputs and offer advantages such as low-power consumption, non-contact operation, and high parallelism. However, devices operating in the visible and near-infrared regions are susceptible to ambient light interference, leading to signal distortion and high background noise. In contrast, optoelectronic synaptic devices working in a solar-blind region are impervious to external ambient interference, enabling them to achieve stable and high-fidelity signal transmission effectively. Ga2O3 as a wide bandgap with inherent oxygen-vacancy defects has strong deep-ultraviolet light sensitivity, making it an ideal material for solar-blind optoelectronic synapses. Here, high-performance solar-blind synaptic devices were prepared using nanowire network interfacial effects and nitrogen doping to modulate oxygen vacancies. Notably, the paired-pulse facilitation index increased by approximately 1.2 fold after doping. In handwritten digit recognition experiments, the recognition accuracy of the doped device exceeded 90%, representing an improvement of nearly 15% compared to the undoped counterpart. Furthermore, leveraging its enhanced light perception and strong memory characteristics, a precise optical encryption communication scheme with strong anti-interference capability was also designed. The optoelectronic synaptic devices based on element regulated Ga2O3 nanowire network provide a new way for the development of the next generation of high-performance solar-blind optoelectronic neuromorphic systems.