Light Loam Research Articles

Assessment of the effectiveness of overseeding methods for hardwood meadows under various pluviothermal conditions

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of improving the state of hardwood meadows using two methods of overseeding: strip-till and disc seeding (Vredo), with mixtures of grass and legume seeds under diverse pluvial and thermal conditions in eastern and central Poland. The field experiments were conducted in three farms: Zimna Woda (experiment I), Racibory (experiment II), and Ranna (experiment III). The measures to improve permanent grassland (PG) were carried out after the second cut in 2016 and in spring 2017. The effectiveness of both methods was evaluated based on changes in the botanical composition of the sward and the yield of total protein and soluble sugars (Preś and Rogalski, 1997). Positive effects of both methods on the floristic composition were achieved in 2017 in all meadow habitats on mineral soils: brown soils formed from loamy sand (Zimna Woda), proper brown soils (Racibory) on light and medium loam, and alluvial soils on light loam (Ranna). Despite adverse pluvial and thermal conditions, both methods improved the utility value of the sward, increasing the yields of dry matter, protein, and soluble sugars in subsequent years. The study showed that improving the state of PG by overseeding with diploid and tetraploid grass varieties and legume plants is effective, with its level of effectiveness depending on the pluvial and thermal conditions after treatment.

Productivity of less common agricultural crops depending on the sowing dates in the conditions of Transbaikalia

The article presents the results of the study of the influence of sowing dates on the productivity of less common agricultural fodder crops: fodder millet, Sudan grass, spring triticale, Scarlet amaranth and fodder beans. The studies were carried out at the experimental field of the Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Eastern Siberia located in the forest-steppe zone of Transbaikalia. The soil of the site is meadow-chernozem mealy-carbonate, light loam by granulometric composition. The studied crops were sown at different dates to determine the degree of influence of the sowing dates on the duration of interphase periods of plant development, their linear growth, foliage and productivity: May 15 and 25, June 15 and 25. The obtained data indicate that by changing the sowing dates it is possible to influence the productivity of the studied crops and the quality of forages made on their basis. The best indicators on fodder productivity and nutritive value were demonstrated by the crops sown on June 15: yield of green mass – 18.9–30.5 t/ha, dry matter – 3.93–5.70 t/ha, yield of fodder units – 3.03–4.67 t/ha, digestible protein content – 306–901 kg/ha, gross energy – 38.12–57.57 GJ/ha, provision of 1 fodder unit with digestible protein – 93–193 g. Crops of fodder beans and Scarlet amaranth had an advantage, characterized by the following indicators: yield of green mass – 29.6–30.5 t/ha, dry matter yield – 5.70–5.95 t/ha, yield of fodder units – 4.20–4.67 t/ha, digestible protein content – 722–901 kg/ha, gross energy – 52.86–57.57 GJ/ha, provision of 1 fodder unit of digestible protein – 172–193 g. Agrocenoses of Poaceae crops (spring triticale, fodder millet, Sudan grass) were inferior in productivity: their green mass yield was 14.4 –18.9 t/ha, dry matter yield – 2.97–3.93 t/ha, yield of fodder units – 2.23–3.03 t/ha, digestible protein content – 207–341 kg/ha, gross energy – 28.51–38.12 GJ/ha, provision of 1 fodder unit with digestible protein – 93–121 g.

METHOD OF ACCOUNTING SOIL-AGROCHEMICAL POTENTIAL FOR OPTIMIZING THE STRUCTURE OF LAND USE OF THE VOLOZHINSK DISTRICT OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

The article discusses one of the ways to assess the condition of soil cover to improve the efficiency of land management using the example of the Volozhin region of the Republic of Belarus. A comprehensive assessment of the agrochemical and natural potential of the soil is proposed by means of typing the soil cover depending on agrochemical indicators (pHKCl, humus content, mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium) and a quality score reflecting the natural state of the soil. Using geostatistical methods, the values of agrochemical indicators were interpolated from elementary areas into areas of soil varieties of agricultural lands and classified according to the degree of content of agrochemical elements that made up the agrochemical potential (AP). After crossing the AP with the bonitet score, 9 groups of soils were identified according to soil-agrochemical potential (SAP), of which the largest share (58,2 %) is occupied by soils with average potential (61,950 ha). Based on the results of a spatial assessment of the PAP, it was determined that sod-podzolic and sod-podzolic swampy soils developing on light loams and cohesive sandy loams have the greatest potential. It was also revealed that areas with low PAP gravitate towards the most dissected areas of the terrain with sandy and cohesive sandy soils. Based on the typification carried out, the main types of preferred land use in the Volozhin region were determined: more than half of the agricultural land can be used for intensive agricultural use for arable land (52,1 %) and meadows (12,5 %), traditional land use is possible for 29,3 % territories and only 6,2 % of lands require the use of soil protection farming systems, primarily focused on erosion-hazardous areas of the area.

GRANULOMETRIC COMPOSITION OF SOIL IN ASTANA CITY

Urban soil is one of the most polluted components of the environment. An increase in anthropogenic load on urban soils, as well as pollution by various wastes, the accumulation and compaction of particularly dangerous non-recyclable substances, covering the soil surface with a waterproof layer during construction provoke a violation of the structure and a change in the physical and chemical composition of the soil.
 Soil serves as a natural filter that absorbs and neutralizes toxic substances released by anthropogenic influences. This activity occurs at different levels depending on the mechanical and granulometric characteristics of the soil. Therefore, when studying the state of pollution of urban soils, it is necessary to pay attention to the species composition of soils.
 This article provides an assessment of the granulometric characteristics of soils in Astana. In the city of Astana, soil samples were analyzed from the microdistricts of Saryarka, Baikonur, Almaty, Yesil, Nura (60 points in total). The soils of the territory of the city of Astana are represented by the following types: dark chestnut soils and their varieties, meadow-chestnut soils and their varieties, solonchaks and urbanozems; according to the granulometric composition of the soil, they are represented by heavy, medium and light loams.

Influence of sowing dates on the phenological development and yield of medicinal crops in Transbaikalia

The results of field and laboratory studies for 2020, 2022 on the creation of agrophytocenosis of valuable and promising medicinal plants: milk thistle (Silybum marianum), common fennel (Foeni culum vulgare) and scorzonera (Scorzonera hispanica L.) are presented. The studies were carried out on meadow-chernozem mealy carbonate soil (light loam by granulometric composition) in the experimental field at different sowing dates in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of Transbaikalia. The work is devoted to the study of the sowing dates influence (II ten-day period of May, II ten-day period of June, II ten-day period of July) on the duration of the interphase periods of plant development, linear growth, foliage, field germination, plant safety and yield of medicinal raw materials. The possibility of formation of different yields of medicinal crops due to different sowing dates has been established. The highest yield of medicinal raw material was formed in the crops of May 15 and June 15. Milk thistle had the yield of the herbage of 15.4–16.0 t/ha, dry mass – 2.46–2.56 t/ha, seeds – 1.69–1.71 t/ha; common fennel herbage – 43.0–43.2 t/ha, dry mass – 6.66–6.71 t/ha; scorzonera – with wet weight of root crops – 32.1 t/ha, leaves – 10.7 t/ha. Plant height by the time of harvesting of milk thistle was 163–166 cm and 54–57%; common fennel – 144–147 cm and 50–54%; scorzonera – 39 cm and 98%, respectively. There was no infestation of medicinal plants by diseases and pests. All crops were resistant to lodging and drought (5 points) in the conditions of Transbaikalia.

Influence of Diatomite, Zeolite and Bentonite Clay on Agrochemical Indicators Sod-Podzolic Soil and Yield Agricultural Crops

In three-year microfield experiments on sod-podzolic light loam soil, the effect of reclamation doses (3, 6 and 12 t/ha) of siliceous rocks (diatomite, zeolite and bentonite clay) on the main agrochemical properties of the soil and crop productivity in the grain link of the crop rotation of winter wheat-spring barley-seed peas was studied. Among other positive effects, a significant effect of diatomite was found in reducing the concentration of exchangeable forms of aluminum in the soil (by 0.11 mg-eq/100 g), increasing the content of exchangeable forms of magnesium (by 0.33 mg-eq/100 g) and phosphates of soil solution (by 225%). Against the background of the influence of diatoms, barley gave the greatest increase in grain yield (by 38%) and straw (by 29%). The most significant effect of zeolite was revealed in a decrease in the actual, metabolic and hydrolytic acidity of the soil (a decrease of 1.11, 0.48 pH units and 0.33 mg-eq/100 g), as well as the concentration of exchange compounds of calcium (an increase of 17.7 mg-eq/100 g), magnesium (by 12.0 mg-eq/100 g) and potassium (by 46%). The introduction of zeolite rock contributed to the greatest increase in the yield of grain (by 32%) and straw (by 23%) of barley. The most significant influence of bentonite clay was established on the indicators of actual soil acidity (their decrease by 0.65 pH units), the content of exchangeable aluminum (decrease by 0.19 mg-eq /100 g) and phosphates of soil solution (increase by 175%). The introduction of clay contributed to the formation of the greatest increase in grain yield (by 33%) and straw (by 19%) of seed peas.

Optimization of nitrogen fertilizer of the dark-gray soldized soil of the western forest steppe for using nitrification inhibitor

Nitrogen is a key element for the growth and yield of all crops. Increased doses of nitrogen do not give the expected return, create a danger of leaching of nitrates, activate the emission of nitrous oxide. These problems make it necessary to solve the urgent issue of optimizing nitrogen nutrition using the nitrogen stabilizer nitrapyrin. The purpose of our research under conditions of sufficient moisture in the Western Forest Steppe was to find out the effect of the urease inhibitor on the agrochemical parameters of the dark gray forest podzolized light loam soil, as well as the effect on the yield of winter barley. We conducted field experiments at the Lviv National University of Nature Management. We used traditional methods of field research and standardized methods of laboratory analysis. A positive effect of the use of the nitrogen stabilizer nitrapyrin on the funds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium available for nutrition, as well as on the reduction of soil acidity, was established. The highest content of easily hydrolyzable nitrogen was achieved when applying N23P60K60 in autumn + N97 in the phase of vegetation recovery with nitrapyrin – 132 mg/kg of soil. This was 28 mg/kg more than the traditional fertilization system without nitrapyrin (N60P60K60). Application of 120 kg/ha of nitrogen in the form of urea created a reserve 3.3 times higher, and ammonium nitrate created a reserve 3.6 times higher than the unfertilized version. Nitrapyrin, a stabilizer of nitrates, made it possible to limit their formation with the introduction of urea by 3 5%, ammonium nitrate by 10 %. The nitrogen application rate of N120 kg/ha per year led to the annual emission of nitrous oxide in the amount of 121.5 kg/ha. Nitrapyrin limited the amount of nitrous oxide emission by 3.3–7.2 kg/ha, depending on the amount of nitrogen application rate. The use of ammonium nitrate at the rate of N120 when applied in the spring caused the highest level of nitrogen oxide emissions (29.5 kg/ha of soil). However, the application of this fertilizer and inhibitor reduced gaseous nitrogen losses to 25.9 kg/ha when applied to restore vegetation. The introduction of N97 (ammonium nitrate) + N-Lok Max under winter barley during the restoration of vegetation on the background of N23P60K60 under plowing gave the highest average yield in the experiment for 2020–2022 – 7.65 t/ha, for 2022 – 7.90 t/ha. The 3D regression model of winter barley grain yield under the influence of the synergistic effect of both forms of nitrogen illustrates the importance of balancing the funds of forms of this nutrient element in the soil.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОСТУ ТА РОЗВИТКУ СОРТІВ НУТУ ЗВИЧАЙНОГО ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД ВНЕСЕННЯ МАКРО- Й МІКРОДОБРИВ

Встановлено, що за проведення позакореневого підживлення мікродобривами у фазі інтенсивного росту й розвитку рослин та, можливо, на початку бутонізації на тлі передпосівного внесення мінеральних добрив тривалість міжфазного періоду нуту від повних сходів до повної стиглості зерна коливалася в межах 89–95 діб, або збільшилася на 4–6 діб порівняно з контролем за нерівномірного вологозабезпечення та зміни температурного режиму в період вегетації. Таким чином, позакореневе внесення бору та молібдену підвищувало енергію проростання насіння нуту і його схожість, а також сприяло збереженню рослин у комплексі з позакореневим підживленням упродовж усього періоду вегетації порівняно з контролем без передпосівного внесення мінеральних добрив.

Reflecting Properties of the Seasonally Thawed Layer during Thawing and Freezing of the Light Loam Soil. Numeric-analytical Study

Reflecting Properties of the Seasonally Thawed Layer during Thawing and Freezing of the Light Loam Soil. Numeric-analytical Study

Soil-geobotanical assessment of the condition of land plots on the example of the forest fund of MSI “Sokolovskoye Forestry”

Work has been carried out on the study of forest areas located on the territory of Northern Kazakhstan. The study of the soil was carried out by the method of laying soil sections and semi-sections with a description of the power of horizons. The soil structure was determined by the method of splitting soil samples. The determination of the granulometric composition was carried out by a wet method with a division into the sand, sandy loam, light loam, medium loam, heavy loam, and clay. According to the structure and chemical analysis, the types of soils for each forestry are determined. Based on the results of the study, recommendations were developed for the categories of areas. The areas of plots Suitable for all major forest species and areas with existing forests and forest crops overgrew with self-seeding were also determined. During the reconnaissance route-loop survey of land plots, types of plant associations were identified. A comprehensive ecological and geographical study the forestry was carried out to carry out afforestation work. Mainly, the identification of types of plant associations made it possible to conduct a preliminary assessment on the ground about the quality of the studied sites for the restoration of forests.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ЗАМАЧИВАНИЯ ПРОСАДОЧНЫХ ГРУНТОВ НА НЕСУЩУЮ СПОСОБНОСТЬ ФУНДАМЕНТОВ ПРИ НАРАЩИВАНИИ ХВОСТОХРАНИЛИЩА ГРО "КАТОКА"

It was revealed that light loams of Kalahari group have subsidence properties on the territory at the concentrating mill. A numerical filtration model has been developed to predict the hydrodynamic regime of groundwater under the conditions of tailing dump exploitation during its heightening. An increase of groundwater levels at the area of the pumping station has been established when the flow is backed up by technical waters of the tailing dump during its filling. The calculation of compressible strata depth under buildings was carried out. The calculation of soil subsidence value at the base of pumping station foundations was carried out under the conditions of soil moisture increasing due to its wetting from below during groundwater rising. Reduction to acceptable values of foundations subsidence is provided by measures connected with lowering the groundwater level.

Yield of winter barley with different systems of mineral fertilizer and use of urease inhibitor

The use of urease inhibitors with nitrogen fertilizers is gaining relevance. There was a need to substantiate the expediency of combining these technology elements when growing winter barley. We conducted field experiments at the Lviv National Environmental University in the Banded Forest of the Western Forest Steppe conditions in 2020–2022. Our research goal is to describe the interaction of mineral fertilizers with the N-LokTM brand inhibitor, which restrains the formation of nitrates but improves the agrochemical parameters of the soil. This had a positive effect on the yield of winter barley. The soil is a dark gray forest gilded light loam with low humus. We used traditional methods of field research and standardized methods of laboratory analyses. The nitrogen fertilization system N97(NH4NO3) during vegetation restoration + N-LokTM (before sowing or during vegetation restoration) on the background of N23P60K60 ensured the initial content of easily hydrolyzable nitrogen in the arable layer of 132–136 mg/kg of soil. Applying N97(NH4NO3) + N-LokTM to winter barley during the restoration of vegetation on the background of N23P60K60 under plowing provided the highest yield in the experiment of 7.69 t/ha on average for 2020–2022. The average grain increase relative to the N97(NH4NO3) control (vegetation restoration) on the N23P60K60 background was 1.08 t/ha. On the other hand, applying N97(NH4NO3) during the restoration of vegetation + N-LokTM in autumn before sowing on the same background contributed to a more significant yield increase – by 1.26 t/ha only in 2021. The absence of a phosphorus-potassium background in the winter barley fertilization system reduced the crop yield by 0.11–0.44 t/ha. The significant importance of mineral fertilizers for obtaining high grain harvests, especially in less good years, is proven by the established high correlation coefficients of the parameters of available compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium at the start of the growing season with the harvest in 2020–2021. The regression 3D model of winter barley grain yield under the influence of the synergistic effect of nitrogen fertilization rates and the resulting enrichment of the soil with easily hydrolyzable nitrogen illustrates the importance of fertilizers for increasing the fertility of the dark-gray podzolized light loam soil in Pasmovy Pobuzhzhia of the Western Forest Steppe.

Phytosanitary conditions of differently biodiversed maize, hemp and faba bean crops

The investigations were carried out at the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy, in 2021. The soil of the experimental site is silty light loam Planosol. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of multi-cropping intensity on the prevalence and damage of diseases and pests, as well as on weed abundance and biomass. The methods of crop diversification were studied:
 1. Maize mono-crop (KU);2. Hemp mono-crop (KA);3. Faba bean mono-crop (PU);4. Maize and hemp binary-crop (KU + KA);5. Maize and faba bean binary-crop (KU + PU);6. Hemp and faba bean binary-crop (KA + PU);7. Maize, hemp and faba bean ternary-crop (KU + KA + PU).
 Contrary to expectations, the number of pests found in the hemp mono-crop (KA) and faba bean mono-crop (PU) was lower and the damage caused was lower than in the binary and ternary crops. Crop diversification has been an effective method of controlling faba bean diseases. The lowest abundance and intensity of Botrytis fabae and Ascochyta fabae were found in hemp and faba bean binary-crop (KA + PU). Binary maize and faba bean crop (KU + PU) were most effective in weed controlling, with the lowest number and biomass of weeds.

A Deep Learning-Based Approach for a Numerical Investigation of Soil–Water Vertical Infiltration with Physics-Informed Neural Networks

The infiltration of water into the soil can lead to slope instability, which is one of the important causes of many geological hazards (such as landslides and debris flows). Therefore, the numerical investigation of the soil–water infiltration process provides the prerequisite for the determination of slope stability, which is of great significance for geological hazard prevention. In this study, we propose a deep learning-based approach for a numerical investigation of soil–water vertical infiltration with physics-informed neural networks and perform a comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the soil–water infiltration process in different soil types. In the proposed approach, the partial differential equation for soil–water infiltration is combined with the neural network based on physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) to obtain numerical analysis of the soil–water infiltration process. The results indicate that (1) compared with the traditional numerical method, the PINN-based method for the numerical investigation of soil–water vertical infiltration proposed in this study has a smaller error and can obtain more accurate numerical results. (2) During vertical infiltration of water in the different soil types, the light loam is the fastest, the heavy-loam the second and the medium loam the slowest. medium-loam soils are less susceptible to water infiltration of the three soil types and are more suitable for the filling of artificial slopes and dams. The proposed approach could be employed for the simulation of soil–water infiltration processes, not only for the discrimination of slope stability under rainfall conditions, but also for the selection of artificial slopes and dams to fill soil to prevent slope instability.

ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ПОЗАКОРЕНЕВОГО ПІДЖИВЛЕННЯ ТА ЗАХИСТУ КУКУРУДЗИ У ЗАХІДНОМУ РЕГІОНІ УКРАЇНИ

The purpose of research is improving the technology of growing corn for grain in the farms of Western Ukraine in the direction of optimizing fertilizer system and crop protection. Research methods: hypothesis, experiment, field observation, laboratory, visual and comparative calculation method. Research results. Research conducted in the conditions of the West of Ukraine. The experimental field was characterized by sod-podzolic light loam soils. During the studies, the effectiveness of foliar fertilization with water-soluble fertilizer Rosasol 18-18-18 + IU (3 kg/ha) and plant protection systems (spraying with insecticide August Borei Neo and fungicide Amistar Extra 280 SC) was determined. The experiments studied hybrids Ajax (FAO 210), Scanner (FAO 250), Exsklam (FAO 270) and Pioneer (FAO 300). For research, 12 sites with different foliar feeding schemes and plant protection systems were established. Mulching tillage was carried out at all sites. Urea (200 kg/ha) and magnesium sulfate (150 kg/ha) were applied for pre-sowing tillage. Sowing was performed with a Väderstad Tempo 8 seeder, which simultaneously with the sowing of seeds carried out intra-soil application of polyphos fertilizer (150 kg/ha). Seed sowing rate 15 kg/ha. To protect plants from weeds, crops were sprayed with Task Extra seed herbicide (0.44 l/ha). According to the results of research, it was found that foliar fertilization with Rosasol 18-18-18 + ME fertilizer contributed to the increase in corn grain yield by 0.78-1.65 t/ha. The highest yield was observed in the hybrid Pioneer (FAO 300), which was 11.68 t/ha (yield increase of 16.0 %), and the lowest in the hybrid Ajax (FAO 210) - 8.20 t/ha (yield increase of 18.0 %). Foliar fertilization and protection of plants from pests and diseases with the use of drugs Rosasol 18-18-18 + ME (3 kg/ha) + insecticide August Borei Neo (0.7 l/ha) + fungicide Amistar Extra 280 SC (0.7 l/ha) allows to obtain an increase in corn grain yield in the range from 2.02 to 2.19 t/ha or by 20.3-29.1 % depending on the hybrid compared to the control. The highest grain productivity of 12.52 t / ha and yield increase compared to the control of 2.19 t/ha was obtained in the hybrid Pioneer (FAO 300). Conclusions. The introduction of a system of plant protection against pests and diseases against the background of foliar fertilization provides an increase in grain yield by 0.84-1.34 t/ha (7.2-12.1 %) compared to options that provide only foliar fertilization. Foliar feeding and plant protection measures increase the grain productivity of corn. The economic effect from the introduction of foliar fertilization during the growing season varied from 4626 to 8730 UAH/ha, and from - fertilization and protection systems – from 11054 to 14844 UAH/ha. Key words: research, corn, water-soluble fertilizer, insecticide, fungicide, foliar fertilization, plant protection system, yield, efficiency.

ВПЛИВ КОЛІСНИХ РУШІЇВ ПОСІВНОГО АГРЕГАТАНА ВРОЖАЙНІСТЬ ЗЕРНА КУКУРУДЗИ

The purpose of research: еstimation of influence of soil compaction by running wheels of the tractor with a row seeder on productivity and economic efficiency of cultivation of corn on grain. Research methods: hypothesis, experiment, field observation, laboratory, visual and comparative calculation method. Research results: Field studies were conducted in soil and climatic conditions of Western Ukraine. The experimental field was characterized by sod-podzolic light loam soils. Climatic conditions of research – the average daily air temperature during the growing season of corn - +16.9 ° C, rainfall – 263 mm. Väderstad's eight-row Tempo 8 seed drill, which was aggregated with a Fendt 722 tractor, was used in the research. In the process of performing the technological operation of such a sowing unit, two sowing machines work on the tracks of the tractor wheels. According to the results of research it was established that the number of cobs in the rows on the tracks of the tractor was 42.2-49.6 thousand pieces. / ha and was lower by 6.4-8.8 thousand units / ha (11.4-17.2 %) compared to uncompacted areas of the field. There was also a decrease in the weight of grain in the cob on the tracks of the tractor by 4-30 g, depending on the hybrid. The grain yield of corn sown on the tracks of the tractor was lower by 2.27-2.51 t/ha (16.5-27.9 %) compared to this figure on uncompacted rows. Seed yield of the studied hybrids (average value for all eight rows of rows) is 8.33-13.21 t/ha. Due to the fact that in ¼ rows (in two rows on the tracks of the tractor) recorded lower yields, the average yield of corn grain decreased by 0.57-0.66 t/ha (4.1-6.9 %) compared to this figure on uncompacted rows. Due to the negative impact of the running energy system on the soil during sowing, the economic indicators of maize cultivation deteriorate. If the soil compaction is eliminated or minimized by the running gear of the energy source, the profit may increase and according to the studied maize hybrids will be 19217-53921 UAH / ha. As a result of soil compaction by running systems of the sowing unit, the profit is reduced by 4104-4536 UAH/ha. Conclusions. In the rows located on the tracks of the tractor, due to soil compaction, the conditions of plant growth and development deteriorate, which is reflected in lower indicators of crop structure elements (number of cobs, grain weight of cobs, etc.) and reduced yield and efficiency of maize cultivation. Key words: research, corn, tractor running system, soil compaction, yield, efficiency.

Comparative Analysis of the Results of Mine Surveying and Numerical Studies of the Running Tunnel of the Kyiv Metro

Purpose. The article is aimed to perform a comparative analysis of the results of mine surveying and numerical studies of the running tunnel of the Kyiv metro and obtain the reliability of the author’s system of parametric analysis. Methodology. The comparative analysis of the results of research on the displacements of the running tunnel was carried out in two directions. In the first direction, the movement of the lining of the running tunnels between the stations «Slavutych» – «Osokorky», «Osokorky» – «Pozniaky» and «Pozniaky» – «Kharkivska» obtained in the course of mine surveying studies was analyzed. In the second direction, a numerical analysis using the finite element method was performed. For this analysis, models of three lining rings were created. These rings were chosen because the maximum level of vertical movements was observed in them. Their reason is the influence of the engineering and geological conditions of the part of the Syretsko-Pecherska line on the left bank of the Dnipro River. These conditions are characterized by the layering of weak and water-saturated soils (sands of various sizes and densities, sandy loams, light loams and clays). The lining of the real tunnel is a standard structure used for shield tunneling of the Kyiv metro. The models reflect the geometric dimensions of the running tunnels, as well as the deformation characteristics and soil density of the surrounding layered massif. Findings. The authors analyzed the characteristics of the layered massif and the maximum displacements of the running tunnels of the part of the Syretsko-Pecherska line on the left bank of the Dnipro River. In the course of the numerical analysis, the vertical displacements of the models of the three lining rings were obtained. A comparative analysis of the results of mine surveying and numerical studies was carried out. The obtained level of error (up to 15 %) between the results of mine surveying and numerical studies proves that the developed bases of parametric analysis are reliable. Originality. For the first time, the theoretical foundations of parametric analysis for a real underground object were introduced. The author’s developments related to the creation of finite-element models based on the real characteristics of the soils of the layered massif provide a high level of similarity to the results of theoretical developments and instrumental mine surveying measurements. Practical value. It consists in the substantiation of the parameters of the deformed state that occurs in the horizontal working during shield tunneling.

Devising recommendations based on a comprehensive assessment of the soil-geobotanical condition of land plots for executing afforestation activities

The land fund is in constant flux. Lands are transferred from one category and land to another. The deterioration of the ecological state of the land, the development of erosion processes, desertification, salinization, pollution by chemical and radioactive substances, forest and shrubland overgrowth of land annually exclude significant areas from use. This paper reports a study of forestry stations located on the territory of Northern Kazakhstan. The soil was investigated by the method of laying soil sections and semi-pits with a description of the power of the horizons. The structure of the soil was determined by the method of breaking down soil samples. The granulometric composition was determined by the wet method with a division into sand, loam, light loam, medium loam, heavy loam, and clay. The chemical analysis of soil samples was carried out in a certified laboratory. Soluble carbonates are present in the samples from the Burluk forestry station. According to the structure and chemical analysis, the types of soils for each forestry station were defined. Based on the study's results, recommendations were devised for the categories of areas. In addition, the areas of plots suitable for all major forest species and areas with existing forests, forest crops, overgrown with self-sowing were determined. During the reconnaissance route-loop survey of land plots, the types of plant associations were identified. A comprehensive ecological and geographical study of a forestry station was carried out to execute afforestation operations. Basically, the identification of types of plant associations has made it possible to conduct a preliminary assessment on the ground about the quality of the studied areas for the restoration of forest areas. General recommendations were compiled from the direct conduct of surveys on the ground; however, systematic monitoring, using remote sensing methods of the Earth, could facilitate the ongoing research. Building on the method of integrated ecological and geographical research could in the future significantly improve the efficiency of forest management activities in general and minimize losses associated with environmental influences

Study of the dynamics of grass yield within the agricultural landscape based on long-term monitoring

Yield monitoring of a five-component grass stand in a breeding field within a moraine hill was carried out in 2003- 2018 in order to find patterns of its dynamics in the agrolandscape. The grass was used in the conditions of the Tver region without fertilizers in a single-cut mode in a field crossing all microlandscape positions of the hill (transcct) and divided into 30 plots. Annual data on productivity of grass mixture on each plot are presented in the form of: 1) absolute yield (specific hay yield); 2) relative yield (expressed as a percentage to maximum yield on a transect in a definite year). It was revealed that the yield of grasses is maximum in the central parts (≈ 6.5 t/ha) and minimal in the upper parts of the hillsides and at the top (≈ 5.2 t/ha). Time variability of yield depends on the geological structure of the soils ‒ increases with the transition from powerful binomials (≈ 40 %) to low-powerful ones (≈ 65 %). Correlation analysis showed that the transition to relative units (% of the yield) can significantly reduce the impact of climate on data variability. The maximum coincidence of temporal dynamics of different yield indicators is noted at the upper elevations ‒ here climatic conditions do not have a significant impact on the yield, as on slopes. Changes in the sum of the active temperatures have the greatest influence on the yield. Average indicators of correlation coefficients of yield and temperature sums are negative on the plots of soil distribution on powerful and medium-powerful binomials and positive on soils of low-powerful binomials. There has been found an inversely proportional dependence of the absolute yield of grasses on the sums of active temperatures in the pre-cut periods and in September and directly proportional in the second half of summer. Increasing the sum of temperatures contributes to a decrease in relative yields on sandy soils and optimizes the production process on loams and light loams. Dispersion analysis has shown that the main influence of temperatures on absolute yield is exerted by soil hydromorphism. The degree of impact of temperatures on relative yield depends on the nature of water exchange in the agrolandscape, the exposure of slopes (energy) and granulometric composition of soils. The results will make it possible to adapt measures for the placement of grass stands, regulation of water and thermal regimes of soils to farm conditions.

Дистанційне визначення величини фотосинтетичного стоку органічного вуглецю (Ph) в агроценозі пшениці озимої залежно від строкатості ґрунтового покриву

The article presents the results of research on the relationship between soil differentiation and remote identification of the amount of photosynthetic runoff of organic carbon (Ph) in winter wheat crops. scientific work is devoted to the development of new and improvement of existing models of accumulation of biomass of agricultural crops, in order to form the structure of these models under different climatic conditions and on different types of soils. Models were developed during the research of carbon runoff values in the agrocenosis of winter wheat on sandy and light loam soils (PhСО2LIG and PhСLIG), medium and heavy loam soils (PhСО2HEAV and PhСHEAV) have been developed, and their accuracy has been assessed. Experimental studies have established and confirmed territorial consistency of the values of organic carbon runoff PhСО2LIG on wheat crops with geomorphological features of the quality of sandy and loamy soils, in particular the particle size distribution, gleying of soil and gley soil, was revealed. It is established that 95.2 % of the value of the error of remote identification of Ph of winter wheat biomass is due to the values of grain yield, straw and root mass. Taking into account the peculiarities of diagnostic phases of photosynthetic runoff of organic carbon phases of organogenesis of winter wheat for remote identification, the recommended average annual time windows of the Sentinel 2A image order in terms of natural and climatic zones of Ukraine have been developed. Thus, it is proposed to develop similar models for other satellites that produce images in the SWIR and NIR bands close to 2080-2350 nm and 1550-1750 nm, respectively. This will provide more images needed to diagnose carbon runoff in winter wheat crops.