Light Intensity Sensor Research Articles

Perancangan Sistem Pemantauan Lokal dan Jarak Jauh bagi Panel Surya

Solar photovoltaic monitoring system can be directly conducted locally for the experimental purposes. However, indirect or remote monitoring is also needed since the solar panel are often installed in a a high place, rural location, or remote area. This study offers a dual solar panel monitoring system i.e. local and remote. Local monitoring system consists of voltage, current, temperature and light intensity sensors that were integrated in a kit called PVmeter. The data in the local monitoring system were displayed on a LCD or on a PC monitor using data logger. While in the remote monitoring system, the data were uploaded to the internet and displayed on Thinkspeak website hence the data are accessible whenever and wherever needed. In the local system, monitored data were successfully displayed on *.txt file format for every 5 minutes. While in the remote system, the data were successfully displayed on Thinkspeak website with a mean transfer rate of 52.5 seconds.

CONTROL SYSTEM OF SWIMMING POOL BASED pH LEVEL, RAINFALL AND LIGHT INTENSITY

Swimming pools have the potential to cause health problems if not properly maintained, one of them is by maintaining the swimming pool water pH. pH is very important as a parameter of water quality, the acidity is called neutral if the pH value is 7, the value of pH 7.8 contains bases. therefore designed a pool level pH control tool based on light intensity and rainfall. This tool aims to produce a neutral outdoor swimming pool water pH, able to design water pH measuring devices using light intensity sensors and rainfall sensors based on ATmega32 microcontroller and analyze the effect of swimming pool water quality on health. Tests carried out with aquarium prototype and measurements carried out for 1 day continuously. The test results show that this tool is able to neutralize the pH of swimming pool water by producing pH 6.8 and 7.1.Thus, the tool designed is efficient in providing information on the acidity of swimming pool water pH and can neutralize pH levels.

Probing of carotenoid-tryptophan hydrogen bonding dynamics in the single-tryptophan photoactive Orange Carotenoid Protein

The photoactive Orange Carotenoid Protein (OCP) plays a key role in cyanobacterial photoprotection. In OCP, a single non-covalently bound keto-carotenoid molecule acts as a light intensity sensor, while the protein is responsible for forming molecular contacts with the light-harvesting antenna, the fluorescence of which is quenched by OCP. Activation of this physiological interaction requires signal transduction from the photoexcited carotenoid to the protein matrix. Recent works revealed an asynchrony between conformational transitions of the carotenoid and the protein. Intrinsic tryptophan (Trp) fluorescence has provided valuable information about the protein part of OCP during its photocycle. However, wild-type OCP contains five Trp residues, which makes extraction of site-specific information impossible. In this work, we overcame this problem by characterizing the photocycle of a fully photoactive OCP variant (OCP-3FH) with only the most critical tryptophan residue (Trp-288) in place. Trp-288 is of special interest because it forms a hydrogen bond to the carotenoid’s keto-oxygen to keep OCP in its dark-adapted state. Using femtosecond pump-probe fluorescence spectroscopy we analyzed the photocycle of OCP-3FH and determined the formation rate of the very first intermediate suggesting that generation of the recently discovered S* state of the carotenoid in OCP precedes the breakage of the hydrogen bonds. Therefore, following Trp fluorescence of the unique photoactive OCP-3FH variant, we identified the rate of the H-bond breakage and provided novel insights into early events accompanying photoactivation of wild-type OCP.

Wireless sensor nodes featuring single or double band directive antennas for agriculture applications

Introduction: This paper presents the design of two wireless sensor nodes, with communications systems that integrate in one case a broadband antenna for operation in the 900MHz and 2.4GHz bands, along with a circuit that allows to select the appropriate radio for operation in some of these bands with the same antenna and the other makes use of a high gain antenna for operation in the 2.4GHz band. The proposed design offers a solution to the problem of propagation of radio frequency (RF) signals in forests and plantations for applications in smart agriculture that make use of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Objective: Design of two wireless sensor nodes, with communications systems that integrate directive antennas in one case for dual band operation (900MHz-2.4GHz) and in the other with high gain antennas (2.4GHz) for applications in smart agriculture. Method: The design of the wireless nodes makes use of the PSoC (programmable chip system) model CY8CKIT-059 5LP, which integrates temperature, humidity, inclination, distance, light intensity and movement sensors that use ZigBee as a wireless communication protocol. The antennas are designed with appropriate electromagnetic simulators and the resulting prototypes from this process are characterized in impedance by means of a vector network analyzer (VNA) and radiation patterns in an anechoic chamber. The full operation of the nodes is validated in the laboratory and in open spaces. Results: The double-band node with logarithmic antenna allows packet transfer at distances of 4.1km (915MHz) and 938m (2.44GHz), along with a switching circuit that allows one of the bands to be selected depending on the propagation characteristics of the medium where the node will be installed. On the other hand, the node with SPA antenna allows transfer of packets up to 2.5km (2.44GHz). The antenna characterization results are as follows: The logarithmic antenna has a maximum gain of 2.74dBi (915MHz) and 3.06dBi (2.44GHz) respectively, with an impedance bandwidth of 3.196:1, for an S11 <-10dB. The SPA antenna resonates at a center frequency of 2.44 GHz with a gain of 7.2 dBi; an impedance bandwidth of 16.8%, for an S11 <-10dB. Conclusions: This proposal improves the performance in wireless sensor networks since the approaches allow modularity, versatility and application in different areas including agriculture, enabling longer reaches and a more extensive coverage compared to the nodes that make use of conventional XBee antennas.

A Novel Approach against Sun Glare to Enhance Driver Safety

The automotive industry is developing continuously, trying to improve, among others, the safety of drivers, passengers, and pedestrians. Using modern technology, the dangers caused by weather hazards like rain, snow, fog, or glare were identified and reduced. This paper presents an anti-glare solution using existing technologies that can be found already in a high-end car like the driver’s eyes tracking systems, light intensity sensors, or head-up displays. In addition to the existing elements, a sun tracking sensor is required to detect the point where the sun light has the maximum intensity on the windshield surface. Knowing the driver’s position and the point on the windshield where the sunlight has a high intensity, a dark spot can be created on the windshield in order to reduce the discomfort created by glare. Depending on the intensity of the light and taking into consideration the traffic safety laws, the spot’s transparency can vary between certain limits. Therefore, the dangers caused by glare will be diminished and the risks of not observing pedestrians, other traffic participants, traffic signs, or sudden curves will be considerably lower. Another advantage of using a digital sunshade based on smart glass or in-glass transparent displays, instead of a regular sunshade, is that the whole windshield can be protected against glare not just the top of it. The results were verified and highlighted using computer simulations done via a MATLAB environment.

IoT Based Root Stress Detection for Lettuce Culture Using Infrared Leaf Temperature Sensor and Light Intensity Sensor

Root stress is a big problem for lettuce farming in tropical climates, especially temperature root stress. Black root rot, a final stage of the temperature root stress, leads to huge production loss. This paper presents the IoTs based root stress detection system for lettuce cultures. The proposed detection algorithm is based on the leaf energy balance and transpiration patterns. Unlike image sensors based detection methods, leaf energy balance principle and transpiration patterns measured from a lettuce leaf are considered as the key features to address the lettuce root stress conditions. The challenge of detecting lettuce stress by using a leaf sensor is to estimate the non-linear function of stomatal conductance. This paper has clarified the concept of detecting lettuce root stress using the transpiration patterns as well. Graphically, the combination of infrared temperature and light intensity sensors is appropriate to deal with the lettuce root stress detection. The proposed detection algorithm has been designed to detect three conditions of root stress problems: normal, root stress, and black root rot conditions. The infrared sensors are very suitable for the sensitive leaf like lettuce. To evaluate the proposed leaf sensor, the experiments are set up to show that the proposed detection algorithm can accurately detect the temperature root stress in different conditions. Moreover, the detection algorithm based leaf area index (LAI) has been discussed to the proposed detection algorithm. In addition, the performance of the proposed detection algorithm has been compared to the LAI based algorithm. The detection accuracy of the proposed detection method is 95% with different root stress conditions.

Monitoring of Environmental Parameters and Automatic Control of Irrigation System

Agriculture is the root to countries economic development. In this project I have tried to focus on the better growth of the plant or crop. For the better growth of the crop, humidity is the main factor. Due to the less humidity, it contributes to problems such as root diseases, loss of quality, less production of crop. In that time the farmer needs to use the more chemicals for the better growth. So, to reduce such problems I tried the project which depends on the humidity level and soil temperature. By providing sufficient water to plant we can prevent the problems such as root diseases. Then we can obtain natural products. This circuit contains three sensors they are Light intensity sensor, humidity sensor, soil temperature sensor. Humidity sensor measures both the temperature and humidity, soil temperature sensor measures the temperature in the soil it displays the values on LCD through the Microcontroller (Arduino board). These three sensors are input sensors. Arduino board is used to output the result by dumping the program. This board displays the result on LCD display. In this project the motor gets ON when the soil temperature is less than the required value in the soil of a crop field. The motor gets OFF when the humidity is reached to required level. Additionally it also displays some environmental parameters such as soil temperature, ambient temperature and Light intensity around the plant in a crop. The values will be displayed on the LCD display and also we can observe the graphs for all these parameters by using Thing Speak the cloud platform.

Evaluating IoT based passive water catchment monitoring system data acquisition and analysis

Water quality is the main aspect to determine the quality of aquatic systems. Poor water quality will pose a health risk for people and ecosystems. The old methods such as collecting samples of water manually and testing and analysing at lab will cause the time consuming, wastage of man power and not economical. A system is needed to provide a real-time data for environmental protection and tracking pollution sources. This paper aims to describe on how to monitor water quality continuously through IoT platform. Water Quality Catchment Monitoring System was introduced to check and monitor water quality continuously. It’s features five sensors which are temperature sensor, light intensity sensor, pH sensor, GPS tracker and Inertia Movement Unit (IMU). IMU is a new feature in the system where the direction of x and y is determined for planning and find out where a water quality problem exists by determining the flow of water. The system uses an internet wireless connection using the ESP8266 Wi-Fi Shield Module as a connection between Arduino Mega2560 and laptop. ThingSpeak application acts as an IoT platform used for real-time data monitoring.

Integrated Multimedia City Data (iMCD): A composite survey and sensing approach to understanding urban living and mobility

We describe the Integrated Multimedia City Data (iMCD), a data platform involving detailed person-level self-reported and sensed information, with additional Internet, remote sensing, crowdsourced and environmental data sources that measure the wider social, economic and physical context of the participant. Selected aspects of the platform, which covers the Glasgow, UK, city-region, are available to other researchers, and allows knowledge discovery on critical urban living themes, for example in transportation, lifelong learning, sustainable behavior, social cohesion, ways of being in a digital age, and other topics. It further allows research into the technological and methodological aspects of emerging forms of urban data. Key highlights of the platform include a multi-topic household and person-level survey; travel and activity diaries; a privacy and personal device sensitivity survey; a rich set of GPS trajectory data; accelerometer, light intensity and other personal environment sensor data from wearable devices; an image data collection at approximately 5-second resolution of participants’ daily lives; multiple forms of text-based and multimedia Internet data; high resolution satellite and LiDAR data; and data from transportation, weather and air quality sensors. We demonstrate the power of the platform in understanding personal behavior and urban patterns by means of three examples: an examination of the links between mobility and literacy/learning using the household survey, a social media analysis of urban activity patterns, and finally, the degree of physical isolation levels using deep learning algorithms on image data. The analysis highlights the importance of purposefully designed multi-construct and multi-instrument data collection approaches that are driven by theoretical frameworks underpinning complex urban challenges, and the need to link to policy frameworks (e.g., Smart Cities, Future Cities, UNESCO Learning Cities agendas) that have the potential to translate data to impactful decision-making.

THE EFFECT OF A STEM TEACHING INTERVENTION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRACTICES FOR PLANNING INVESTIGATIONS

The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the contribution of a STEM teaching intervention to the development of practices for planning investigations in high-school students. STEM instructional material was developed based on the constructivist approach to learning with the use of science and engineering practices. The instructional material included a weather station consisting of a microcontroller with humidity, temperature, pressure, light intensity and raindrop sensors. The instructional material developed was implemented in 38 high-school students and the data was collected through a questionnaire completed by the students before and after the end of the teaching intervention. The research data included students’ answers to the questionnaires. The data analysis showed that the students are able to develop and use practices for planning investigations through the implementation of the instructional material that was constructed. Article visualizations:

A smart wireless sensor network node for fire detection

Fires generally occur due to human carelessness and the change in environmental conditions. The uncontrolled fire results in death incidents of humans and animals as well as severe threats to the ecosystem. The preservation of the natural environment is important. The wireless sensor networks, widely used in different monitoring applications, is used in this work. For fire detection, we use flame, smoke, temperature, humidity, and light intensity sensors in our proposed network node which is low-cost, reduced-size, and power-efficient. The experiments are performed in a well-controlled real-time environment. The proposed node transmits the sensed data to the central node. The central node then transfers the data gathered from all the nodes to the control station using an air interface. To decide whether there is an incident of fire or not, and to have an idea on fire intensity, we combine multiple attributes sensed from a single node using Bayesian approach due to its simplicity and resemblance with human reasoning. In the experimental setup, the conditions for fire with different intensity are generated and the results confirm the validity of the proposed approach in terms of accuracy and less false alarms.

Desain Low-Cost Sistem Monitoring Pengukuran Potensi Tenaga Matahari dan Tenaga Angin

Renewable energy implementation could become the alternative for electrical energy supply in a remote area with no network for electricity and also could be implemented in an urban area to reduce electricity consumption in daily usage. One of the problems to implement renewable energy is how to measure solar power potential and wind power potential to decide the qualification to apply the system in a particular area. This research used Arduino Uno as the main Controller that connected to a Voltage sensor, Current Sensor ACS712 30A dan light intensity sensor BH1750 to measure solar power potential and also anemometer to measure wind power potential. Software design was done using Arduino IDE program that successfully produced stable Low-Cost system that can operate well with all kind of solar panel with maximum Voltage of 34.7 V and current ± 30 A. The results from system testing shows that the system has accuracy for voltage sensor with value of 99.2%, current sensor with value of 95.3% and light intensity sensor with value of 99.8% and also has excellent precision with SDR value for every sensor are 0.034%, 4.58% and 0.026%.

Photo-Rheological Fluid-Based Colorimetric Ultraviolet Light Intensity Sensor.

This study presents an introduction to a new type of ultraviolet (UV) light intensity sensor using photo-rheological (PR) fluids whose properties, such as color, can be changed by UV light. When the PR fluids were irradiated by UV light, colorimetric transitions were observed. Effectively, this means that their color changed gradually from yellow to red. The degree of the color change depended on the UV light intensity and was characterized by the hue value of the images acquired with a compact image sensor. We demonstrated that UV light-responsive capabilities can be readily imparted to PR fluids, and that the colorimetric responses to different UV light intensities can be used to measure the UV light intensities.

Self-driven photodetection based on impedance matching effect between a triboelectric nanogenerator and a MoS2 nanosheets photodetector

Constructing electronic systems without an external power source is urgently required toward self-powered photodetection. In this work, we proposed a self-driven photodetection system with a MoS2 nanosheets photodetector as light intensity sensor, a vertical contact-separate mode triboelectric nanogenerator (CS-TENG) as power source, and several LEDs as alarm. The MoS2 based planar photodetector was fabricated by conventional photolithography technique and lift-off process. It is highly sensitive for visible light illumination with high current on-off ratio and excellent reproducibility characteristics under light on-off switching. When conjuncting these functional devices, the induced output voltage of the CS-TENG is tuned by the load resistance of the photodetector, which is responded to the light intensity. The mechanism can be ascribed to the impedance matching effect between specific output characteristics of TENG and working status of photodetector. By adding a Zener diode acts as a voltage regulator, the self-driven renders the voltage and current varying from 1.58 to 20.60 V and 0.06–4.78 μA in a range of light intensity from 0 to 3.19 W/m2, respectively. Finally, it is demonstrated that the output of CS-TENG varies with the variable working states of the MoS2 photodetector and then accurately reflects on the lighted number of LEDs.

Analysis and Evaluation of the Image Preprocessing Process of a Six-Band Multispectral Camera Mounted on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Winter Wheat Monitoring.

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based multispectral sensors have great potential in crop monitoring due to their high flexibility, high spatial resolution, and ease of operation. Image preprocessing, however, is a prerequisite to make full use of the acquired high-quality data in practical applications. Most crop monitoring studies have focused on specific procedures or applications, and there has been little attempt to examine the accuracy of the data preprocessing steps. This study focuses on the preprocessing process of a six-band multispectral camera (Mini-MCA6) mounted on UAVs. First, we have quantified and analyzed the components of sensor error, including noise, vignetting, and lens distortion. Next, different methods of spectral band registration and radiometric correction were evaluated. Then, an appropriate image preprocessing process was proposed. Finally, the applicability and potential for crop monitoring were assessed in terms of accuracy by measurement of the leaf area index (LAI) and the leaf biomass inversion under variable growth conditions during five critical growth stages of winter wheat. The results show that noise and vignetting could be effectively removed via use of correction coefficients in image processing. The widely used Brown model was suitable for lens distortion correction of a Mini-MCA6. Band registration based on ground control points (GCPs) (Root-Mean-Square Error, RMSE = 1.02 pixels) was superior to that using PixelWrench2 (PW2) software (RMSE = 1.82 pixels). For radiometric correction, the accuracy of the empirical linear correction (ELC) method was significantly higher than that of light intensity sensor correction (ILSC) method. The multispectral images that were processed using optimal correction methods were demonstrated to be reliable for estimating LAI and leaf biomass. This study provides a feasible and semi-automatic image preprocessing process for a UAV-based Mini-MCA6, which also serves as a reference for other array-type multispectral sensors. Moreover, the high-quality data generated in this study may stimulate increased interest in remote high-efficiency monitoring of crop growth status.

Design and optimization of heating, cooling and lightening systems for a residential villa at Saman city, Iran

Purpose This paper, using energy softwares, designed of Iran and optimized a residential villa in Saman city located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Design/methodology/approach Having used the ideas of Climate Consultant software, the basic designing was conducted by Design Builder Software, and the cooling and heating loads and lighting tools and equipment were calculated. Then, the amount of consuming of heating, cooling and lighting load of the building was optimized through insulation of walls and ceiling, using green roof, double glazing UPVC windows, light intensity sensor and variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system. Findings Simulation results for the stated scenarios showed an annual reduction in energy consumption of 21.1, 7.9, 26.41, 27.3 and 72.3 per cent, respectively. Also, by combining all the five scenarios, an optimal state was achieved which, from the results, brought about an annual reduction of 86.9 per cent in the energy consumption. Originality/value The authors hope that the results of the current paper could be helpful for designers and engineers in reduction of energy consumption for designing a building in similar climatic conditions.

Excitation-tailored dual-color emission of manganese(II)-doped perovskite nanocrystals

Manganese(II)-doped perovskite nanocrystals with superior dual-color light emission properties are promising for optoelectronic applications. Here, we report that the emission color of these nanocrystals can be tailored by continuous-wave excitation because of the saturation of dopant emission at a record low light density (∼10 mW/cm2). By detuning the repetition rates of excitation laser sources, we show that the bottleneck of exciton-manganese(II) energy transfer caused by the imbalanced excitation and deexcitation of 4T1 states is the primary mechanism underlying the emission saturation properties. Such a dual-color luminescence tunable by weak excitation is promising for uses in potential applications such as luminescent solar concentrators, light intensity sensors, anti-counterfeit printing, and photo-switchable image markers.

PROTOTYPE PENGENDALIAN DAYA LISTRIK AC DAN LAMPU DENGAN ANALISIS STANDAR KENYAMANAN RUANGAN BERBASIS ATMEGA 2560

The use of air conditioners (AC) and lighting that do not suit the needs and excessive results in a lack of comfort and high use of electrical energy. Ultrasonic Sensor of SRF-04 functions to find out the number of people in the room, temperature sensor of DHT 22 functions to calculate the temperature and humidity inside and outside the room, Light Intensity sensor of GY-302 functions to read the level of light intensity in the room and micro controller of Arduino Mega 2560 functions to process all input sensors become the command for operating the AC units and lights. The AC and lighting control system working well and can determine the time and number of AC and light that is needed. Those are based by Indonesian room comfort standards so that it can increase the comfort of the room in terms of cooling systems and room lighting with a temperature of 22oC to 25 oC and light intensity of 300 lux.

Auto GMS: An Automated Greenhouse Monitoring System of Abiotic Factors for Leafy Vegetables Production

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Noncanonical Photodynamics of the Orange/Green Cyanobacteriochrome Power Sensor NpF2164g7 from the PtxD Phototaxis Regulator of Nostoc punctiforme.

Forward and reverse primary (<10 ns) and secondary (>10 ns) photodynamics of cyanobacteriochrome (CBCR) NpF2164g7 were characterized by global analysis of ultrafast broadband transient absorption measurements. NpF2164g7 is the most C-terminal bilin-binding GAF domain in the Nostoc punctiforme phototaxis sensor PtxD (locus Npun_F2164). Although a member of the canonical red/green CBCR subfamily phylogenetically, NpF2164g7 exhibits an orange-absorbing 15ZPo dark-adapted state instead of the typical red-absorbing 15ZPr dark-adapted state characteristic of this subfamily. The green-absorbing 15EPg photoproduct of NpF2164g7 is unstable, allowing this CBCR domain to function as a power sensor. Photoexcitation of the 15ZPo state triggers inhomogeneous excited-state dynamics with three spectrally and temporally distinguishable pathways to generate the light-adapted 15EPg state in high yield (estimated at 25-30%). Although observed in other CBCR domains, the inhomogeneity in NpF2164g7 extends far into secondary relaxation dynamics (10 ns -1 ms) through to formation of 15EPg. In the reverse direction, the primary dynamics after photoexcitation of 15EPg are qualitatively similar to those of other red/green CBCRs, but secondary dynamics involve a "pre-equilibrium" step before regenerating 15ZPo. The anomalous photodynamics of NpF2164g7 may reflect an evolutionary adaptation of CBCR sensors that function as broadband light intensity sensors.