A silicon carbide (SiC) X-ray beam position monitor is presented, based on a resistive charge-division principle derived from lateral-effect photodiodes and specifically adapted for synchrotron radiation applications. This device, referred to as a resistive X-ray beam position monitor (rXBPM), exploits a free-standing SiC membrane combined with a resistive p+-doped layer, enabling transmission-mode operation while preserving high radiation hardness and mechanical robustness. In contrast to conventional segmented X-ray beam position monitors, whose response depends strongly on the beam spot size and is typically limited to narrow linear regions, the resistive architecture of the rXBPM provides an intrinsically beam-footprint-independent position signal with an extended linear response region. The detector was fabricated using selective electrochemical etching to realize a thin membrane structure and was experimentally characterized at the microfocus beamline (MiFo) in the PTB laboratory at the BESSY II synchrotron facility using 5.4 keV X-rays. An average transmission of approximately 61% was measured, with good spatial uniformity across the membrane area. Raster-scan measurements demonstrate a linear position response over ranges of ±500 µm and ±1 mm around the detector center, with position sensitivities exceeding 0.157 mm-1 and estimated upper-limit noise-equivalent positions of a few micrometres. Three-dimensional COMSOL simulations were used to model charge transport and lateral charge division in the real device geometry, showing excellent agreement with experimental results and confirming the independence of the position sensitivity from the beam spot size over a wide range of operating conditions. These results establish SiC rXBPMs as a compact, beam spot size calibration-free and radiation-hard solution for beam diagnostics at modern synchrotron light sources, with particular relevance for applications requiring large active areas, extended linearity and minimal beam perturbation.

Controllable image-to-video (I2V) generation transforms a reference image into a coherent video guided by user-specified control signals. While precise control over camera motion, object motion, and lighting is essential for high-fidelity creation, existing methods often treat these factors independently. This overlooks the physical coupling among viewpoint, geometry, and illumination in dynamic scenes, leading to visual inconsistencies such as mismatched shadows and perspective drift under simultaneous changes. We present VidCRAFT3, a unified and flexible I2V framework that explicitly models cross-factor interactions among geometry, motion, and illumination, enabling both independent and joint control over camera motion, object motion, and lighting direction. Image2Cloud provides explicit 3D geometric priors for accurate camera motion control. ObjMotionNet encodes sparse object trajectories into multi-scale motion features to guide realistic object motion. A Spatial Triple-Attention Transformer integrates lighting direction through lighting cross-attention for consistent relighting. To address the scarcity of jointly annotated data, we construct the VideoLightingDirection (VLD) dataset with accurate per-frame lighting direction annotations, and introduce a three-stage progressive training strategy that enables robust learning without fully joint annotations. Extensive experiments demonstrate that VidCRAFT3 achieves state-of-the-art performance in control precision and visual coherence across diverse scenarios.

The hypothesis was that variations in pre-grazing light interception (LI) would result in distinct pasture structures, directly affecting the frequency and severity of defoliation by grazing animals. This study evaluated the effects of four LI levels (80, 85, 90, and 95%) on the structural characteristics of zuri grass and on defoliation dynamics during grazing. Sixteen paddocks were grazed for 24h, and defoliation was assessed in 18 tillers per paddock at 4, 8, and 24h. The evaluated variables included grazed area, frequency (FD) and severity of defoliation (SD) by morphological component, bite rate (TB), and number of steps between feeding stations (PE). Both FD and SD increased linearly with increasing LI, particularly for expanded and expanding leaves. Conversely, TB and PE decreased linearly as LI increased, with reductions of 4.74 bites min⁻¹ and 0.15 steps, respectively, indicating lower foraging effort under higher LI. Pastures managed at 90 and 95% LI promoted greater forage mass above the post-grazing residue target and supported higher instantaneous stocking rates, resulting in greater forage utilization efficiency. In contrast, LI levels of 80 and 85% induced more intense foraging behavior and reduced utilization efficiency. Managing zuri grass at 90-95% LI is recommended to optimize pasture structure and maximize forage utilization efficiency in grazing systems.

Digital cameras1 and displays2 use picture elements (pixels3) that perform a single function: detecting or emitting light intensity. To exploit the full information content of electromagnetic waves, more advanced elements are required. This has driven the development of multifunctional components that, for example, simultaneously detect and emit intensity4,5 or extract intensity and spectral information6-8. However, no pixel exists that both senses and generates optical wavefronts with full control over amplitude, phase and polarization, limiting bidirectional control and feedback of sophisticated light fields. Here we present a route to such pixels by demonstrating aversatile platform of miniaturized diffractive elements based on Fourier optics9. We use plasmonic surface waves10, which propagate coherently11 and efficiently12-15 across metallic surfaces. When these plasmons are launched towards wavy microstructures16 designed with simple Fourier analysis, arbitrary and background-free optical wavefronts are generated. Conversely, incoming light can be sensed, and its amplitude, phase and polarization can be fully characterized. By combining or superposing several such components, we create multifunctional 'Fourier pixels' that provide compact and accurate control over the optical field. Our approach, which we extend to photonic waveguide modes, establishes a scalable, universal architecture for vectorially programmable pixels with applications in adaptive optics17,18, holographic displays19-21, optical communication22,23 and quantum information processing24.

The decoupled optimization on sensitivity and linearity is crucial for exploiting high-performance flexible tactile sensors for diversified applications while remaining challenging. Here, a novel design of conductivity-microstructures double gradient effect constructed by the rough surface-based flexible electrode and the arched microstripes-based carbon-Polydimethylsiloxane/silver nanowires (CPDMS/AgNWs) electrode is presented. Different from conventional strategies, the top-down configuration of low-conductivity CPDMS and high-conductivity AgNWs enables the pressure-induced gradient conductivity effect to allow the linearly varied current during the CPDMS deformation. The gradient microstructures of the rough surface and arched microstripes further render the sequential trigger of the gradient conductivity-induced linear current under different pressures, which accordingly contributes to the ultrawide linearity range upon rationally constructed structural gradient. Besides, the gradient conductivity effect can initially grant the dramatically enhanced sensitivity without depending on structural adjustments. The sensitivity and linearity can thus be optimized without mutual restriction. The proposed sensor exhibits the ultrahigh sensitivity of 5642.02 kPa-1 and ultrawide linear response of 0-1560 kPa, which is first reported. The synchronously achieved ultrahigh sensitivity and ultrabroad linearity allow the successful demonstrations of reliable detection of physiological signals for healthcare monitoring, convenient lighting control for smart home, and accurate object identification for intelligent sorting.

Sleep is essential for health and light is an important environmental signal influencing its timing, quality, and regulation. Retinal light exposure reflects the interplay between environmental illumination and behavioral choices, yet it remains unclear which habitual light exposure-related behaviors meaningfully impact sleep outcomes. In this preregistered secondary data analysis, we examined associations between these behaviors, sleep timing, and sleep complaints in a large, international community sample (N = 775, Mage = 32.6 ± 14.6 years). Participants completed the Light Exposure Behavior Assessment (LEBA), with four behavioral domains included in the analyses. Sleep timing, sleep disturbances and sleep-related daytime impairment were measured using established questionnaires. Bayesian analyses indicated that time spent outdoors and device use in bed were most strongly associated with sleep outcomes. Greater time outdoors was linked to earlier sleep timing and fewer sleep complaints, whereas more frequent device use in bed was associated with greater sleep disturbance and daytime impairment. Morning and daytime lighting practices and evening light control showed no conclusive evidence. Together, these findings highlight the relevance of everyday light exposure-related behaviors for sleep and support behavioral approaches to promoting healthy sleep in real-world contexts.

Achieving spatiotemporal control of light at subwavelength and subcycle scales is an important milestone in the development of new photonic materials for signal processing, pulse shaping and ultrafast imaging. Spatiotemporal light modulation currently relies on electronic interband and intraband transitions that yield pronounced refractive index changes but typically suffer from slow, picosecond response times due to carrier relaxation. Here we show that by leveraging resonant light-matter interactions in a high-quality factor metasurface it is possible to use the optical Kerr effect, a weaker but subfemtosecond optoelectronic polarization effect, to achieve ultrafast, reconfigurable light modulation. By the subwavelength all-optical tuning of the refractive index of the dielectric metasurface unit cells with a spatially structured pump beam, we experimentally demonstrate pulse-limited beam steering with a 74-fs response time at angles up to ±13° in the near-infrared, where the deflection angles are programmable by the pump pattern. The steering originates from the Kerr effect, with a background contribution arising from a slower two-photon-excited free carrier absorption. Additionally, we observe pump self-modulation and self-diffraction, linear frequency conversion, and demonstrate arbitrary subpicosecond spatial light modulation in two dimensions.

Metasurfaces enable ultrathin optics through nanoscale light control, yet extending high-efficiency operation from the ultraviolet (UV) to visible has been constrained by material and design limitations. Here, we present a material-selective hybrid metalens platform in which a structurally invariant SiO2 skeleton is conformally coated with nanometer-thick oxide layers, producing high-efficiency metalenses in distinct spectral windows without geometric modification. Low-temperature atomic layer annealing at 80 °C crystallizes TiO2 to raise its refractive index for visible operation while preserving amorphous ZrO2 for UV transparency. Ultrathin coatings establish the modal birefringence required for polarization conversion, yielding average efficiencies of 69% (250-400 nm) and 75% (400-700 nm), with diffraction-limited focusing across the bandwidth. We demonstrate a compact real-scene UV camera revealing sunscreen coverage, authentication markers, and biological structures for dermatology, materials inspection, and forensics, alongside a lightweight full-color virtual-reality eyepiece. These results establish hybrid metasurfaces as scalable, manufacturing-compatible alternatives to bulky refractive optics.

ABSTRACT Electrochromic devices offer a compelling platform for dynamic control of light and heat, with significant potential for energy‐efficient smart windows and adaptive optoelectronic applications. However, their widespread adoption is critically hindered by the lack of competent anodic materials capable of mitigating charge imbalance between the cathodic and anodic layers. Here, we demonstrate a full charge‐balanced electrochromic design based on a WO 3 /LiCoO 2 architecture, enabling highly stable device operation. Unlike the conventional anodic material NiO, which suffers from limited charge capacity and poor reversibility, diffusion‐controlled LiCoO 2 provides a readily tunable charge storage capability through thickness engineering. In addition, the long‐standing challenge in achieving stoichiometric LiCoO 2 via magnetron sputtering can be resolved by introducing a lithium‐supplementation strategy. The resulting WO 3 /LiCoO 2 devices exhibit both effective privacy control and thermal management, delivering high optical modulation alongside excellent cycling stability. This work establishes a viable pathway toward high‐durability, high‐performance electrochromic devices for smart windows and automotive thermal management applications.

Excessive honking and improper use of the headlamp beam significantly impact driving safety at night through visual impairment caused by headlamp beam glare, driver discomfort and noise pollution in urban areas. Current adaptive lighting technologies are mostly aimed at controlling individual headlamps, and are not connected to the rest of the vehicle's response. To overcome this, this paper presents a hybrid control architecture, ALHCV (Automated Light and Honking Control for Vehicles), that integrates both Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based control and Artificial Intelligence (AI) based perception for adaptive lighting and honking based on context. The system closely simulates various vehicle parameters such as speed, steering angle, turn rate and stability duration to perform real-time switching of the beam, alert signal at high speeds and modulation of the honk by PLC ladder logic. The vision module uses an AI algorithm to analyze live camera data to detect vehicles approaching the intersection, and to determine silence-sensitive areas, which are then translated into supervisory constraints that dynamically modify or override deterministic decisions as needed. A 33 rung PLC ladder program is used to implement the control strategy and validated using simulation and HIL testing. Experimental results show excellent performance with 99.3% beam switching accuracy, 96.8% glare prevention accuracy and 97.4% silent-zone honking compliance, with end-to-end latency of less than 60ms. The findings demonstrate the potential of the proposed hybrid PLC-AI framework for next-generation intelligent automotive systems, which prioritize safety, adaptability, and environmental sustainability, while maintaining scalability and practicality.

Light quality is a pivotal environmental signal governing the morphogenesis and metabolic programming of edible fungi. This study evaluated the effects of eight light qualities-red (R), green (G), blue (B), red-green (RG), red-blue (RB), green-blue (GB), red-green-blue (RGB), and dark control (CK)-on the agronomic traits of Lentinula edodes. Among all treatments, blue light (B) emerged as the most effective regulator, yielding the highest productivity per log (228.12 g), and significantly enhancing pileus diameter (45.17 mm) and stipe thickness (29.45 mm). To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed on primordia and mature fruiting bodies. Transcriptomic profiling identified 4280 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under blue light, which were significantly enriched in energy metabolism and structural development pathways. Metabolomic analysis revealed 45 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs), highlighting a 7.64-fold upregulation of 9(S)-HPODE and a marked downregulation of L-arginine at the harvest stage under blue light. Multi-omics integration demonstrated that blue light orchestrates a strategic metabolic shift: it activates arginine and proline metabolism during the primordial stage, maintains linoleic acid metabolism throughout development, and triggers alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism during the transition to maturity. These pathways facilitate the conversion of amino acids into energy precursors and enhance cell membrane fluidity through unsaturated fatty acid synthesis to support rapid growth. Conversely, red light treatment triggered stress-related MAPK signaling, delayed primordium formation, and redirected resources toward stipe elongation via phenylalanine accumulation, resulting in significantly lower yields. In conclusion, this study confirms that blue light is the optimal condition for L. edodes cultivation, providing a robust molecular foundation for precision light-regulation strategies to maximize yield and quality in commercial production.

Accurate fertility detection of photothermal-sensitive genic male sterile (PTGMS) lines is the key to reducing the risk of seed production in two-line rice and improving its yield. At present, there are some problems in the detection of fertility of PTGMS lines in cold water pool facilities, such as low levels of automation, difficulty in temperature control, and imperfect equipment. In this study, the existing cold water pool facilities were improved, and an intelligent temperature and light control system with high precision, independent control, real-time monitoring, and remote operation was developed. The fertility changes and the most sensitive stages of PTGMS lines Y58S, PA64S, and 1892S were investigated. The results showed that, regardless of whether the intelligent temperature and light control system was applied, the fertility trends of different PTGMS lines were consistent. The pollen abortion rate and seed setting rate could be affected by both temperature and treatment time, or by treatment time alone. Further studies showed that the pollen abortion rate was positively correlated with temperature and significantly negatively correlated with treatment time, while the selfed-seed set rate was significantly negatively correlated with temperature and significantly positively correlated with treatment time. The most sensitive stages of 1892S and PA64S were V and III, respectively. Based on the analysis of meteorological data from Hefei over the past 26 years and the critical threshold of 23.5 °C for 6 days identified using the intelligent temperature and light control system, it was preliminarily determined that treatment at 23.5 °C for 6 days could serve as the safety identification condition for PTGMS lines. Furthermore, the safety of PTGMS lines used in local production was evaluated under these conditions. This study provides theoretical and technical support for the efficient and accurate identification of fertility of PTGMS lines in rice.

Hybrid AC-DC microgrids provide a critical architecture to integrate distributed energy resources, energy storage, and DC loads by minimizing power conversion stages, thereby enhancing overall system efficiency and reliability. This paper proposes a scalable hybrid AC-DC microgrid utilizing the untapped potential of isolated distributed solar lighting systems having their own solar PV panels and battery storage. The proposed hybrid microgrid consists of a 50kW solar PV plant and 50 units of solar lighting systems. Each solar lighting system has a 200W photovoltaic panel, a 48V and 2kWh battery capacity, and a bidirectional converter. This forms an aggregated 10kW distributed energy resource having grid-forming capability supporting islanded-mode operation. A virtual impedance-based droop control mechanism is implemented for solar lighting distributed converters to enhance their current sharing accuracy and system stability. The proposed hierarchical control architecture encompasses primary and secondary control, with a 60kW bidirectional interlinking converter facilitating power flow between the 220V DC and 220V AC sides of the hybrid microgrid. In islanded mode, the excess power is managed with the help of an electronic load controller for dump loads. This proposed control strategy enables intensity control of solar LED lights, reducing the lighting load by up to 20 percent during high demand periods to support the grid. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB and results show stable microgrid voltage and proportional current sharing among distributed converters. The microgrid achieves a seamless transition from grid-connected to islanded operation even after unintentional islanding, where the results demonstrate that system restores itself to normal operation within 2cycles with the current overshoot in acceptable limits.

It is now well established that a few femtosecond laser pulse will induce an ultrafast loss of moment in a magnetic material. Here we show that the opposite effect can also occur: an ultrafast increase in moment. Employing both tight-binding and state-of-the-art time dependent density functional theory we find that laser light tuned to the majority spin conduction band in the 2d magnets CrI3 and CrSBr generates an ultrafast giant moment increase, of up to 33% in the case of CrI3 (2 μB). Underpinning this is spin-orbit induced valence band spin texture that, in combination with a strong field light pulse, facilitates an optical spin flip transition involving both intra- and inter-band excitation. Our findings, that establish a general mechanism by which ultrafast light pulses may enhance as well as decrease the magnetic moment, point towards rich possibilities for light control over magnetic matter at femtosecond times.

As the supply of light on Earth is cyclic and asymmetric, living systems that rely on photochemical energy have adapted to accommodate periods of light and darkness. During the day, light energy is available, while throughout the dark phases, thermal relaxation processes can be used to increase functional and structural organization. While light-driven supramolecular assembly has been reported, structural adaptation under alternating light/dark input remains largely unexplored in synthetic supramolecular systems. Here, we show how an oscillating light energy supply can facilitate the structural selection of self-assembling photoswitchable peptides compared to continuous illumination. We demonstrate that polymorphic self-assembled structures are transiently formed and sustained only under light irradiation, while alternating periods of irradiation and darkness favor the formation of a thermodynamically more stable supramolecular architecture. These findings demonstrate the key role that rest (darkness) periods can have in the self-assembly pathway selection of molecular and self-organized supramolecular photosystems.

The Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station (EEJI), a protected area in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome, harbors remarkable biodiversity, including diverse bioluminescent species. These organisms, which include beetles, fungi, and dinoflagellates, play essential ecological roles and hold significant potential for conservation-driven ecotourism. This study aimed to document the diversity of bioluminescent species at the EEJI and explore opportunities for sustainable tourism. Field surveys conducted across diverse habitats identified species of bioluminescent beetles, fungi, and dinoflagellates. Lampyridae dominated the beetle diversity, displaying ecological adaptability to forest and coastal environments, respectively. However, threats such as habitat degradation and light pollution pose significant risks. Inspired by models from Mexico and Malaysia, this study proposes sustainable management strategies, including guided night tours, light pollution control, and community-based conservation initiatives. By leveraging the ecological and aesthetic value of bioluminescent species, the EEJI can enhance biodiversity conservation, foster environmental education, and generate sustainable income for local communities.

To investigate whether exposure to artificial lighting with different correlated color temperatures (CCTs) affects ocular structure and myopia-related molecular signaling pathways before axial elongation in a murine model. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to standard lighting (control) or artificial lighting at 3000, 4000, or 6000 K under a 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle for 21 days. Spectral power distribution and illuminance were recorded. Histological analyses were performed to assess corneal epithelial thickness, retinal outer and inner nuclear layers (ONL and INL), and sclera thickness. Western blotting was used to evaluate phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), TNF-α, and IL-6. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) immunoreactivity in retinal tissues. Exposure to different CCTs did not affect systemic growth, axial length, or ocular structural integrity. Axial length was comparable across groups (P = 0.431), and no significant differences were observed in sclera thickness, ONL, INL, or corneal epithelial thickness. In contrast, molecular analyses revealed CCT-dependent alterations. Exposure to 6000 K lighting increased p-ERK1/2, nNOS, MMP-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression and elevated Iba-1 immunoreactivity in retinal tissues. High-CCT lighting is associated with alterations in myopia-related molecular signaling in the absence of detectable structural or axial changes. These findings highlight early, pre-structural molecular responses to spectral light environments and suggest that CCT influences myopia-relevant pathways before overt ocular remodeling occurs.

High-harmonic generation (HHG) is an extreme form of frequency upconversion that facilitates light-source engineering and ultrafast materials spectroscopy. Here, we broaden the spectroscopic scope of HHG, by demonstrating polarization manipulation of harmonic light in a dielectric, using a two-color field configuration that combines a midinfrared (MIR) driver with a terahertz (THz) perturbation. By varying the relative polarization axes of these fields, the emitted harmonics can be tuned to exhibit either linear or elliptical polarization. Supported by first-principles theory and semiclassical analysis, we show that our approach enables crystal-momentum-resolved dipole-vector spectroscopy across different bands. Crucially, we show that for certain field configurations, harmonic light emission will originate from electron-hole pairs created away from the minimum band gap. Furthermore, crossing MIR and THz polarization at oblique angles generates elliptically polarized harmonics whose microscopic origin is traced to the phase and amplitude imbalances of electron-hole trajectories released during adjacent half-cycles of the MIR field. Our Letter demonstrates new spectroscopy capabilities of HHG, deepens the contemporary microscopic understanding of the process, and paves the way for full polarization control of the harmonic light.

Light-emitting metasurfaces provide a compact, integrated solution for simultaneous light generation and beam shaping, making them a promising candidate for advanced photonic applications. However, existing approaches for tailoring far-field emission patterns either operate in the spontaneous emission regime, where low coherence limits precise light control, or rely on passive holographic metasurfaces that shape externally supplied coherent (or partially coherent) illumination. Here, we present a light-emitting metasurface system with holographic lasing output, composed of a binary-structured metasurface integrated with a gain medium, that enables coherent light generation and precise beam shaping of the output lasing emission within a single device. Through our design approach, the device sustains robust lasing performance despite structural disorder introduced for holographic encoding. With a compact ultraflat footprint, low lasing threshold, and wide field of view, our system offers an exceptional platform for generating design-specified structured lasing emission, with notable potential for miniaturized optical systems.

Dynamic control of light, particularly beam steering, is essential for applications, such as optical communications, LiDAR, and advanced imaging. Optical metasurfaces composed of subwavelength nanostructures provide a powerful platform for ultrathin wavefront engineering. Here, we demonstrate a compact near-infrared beam-steering device based on CMOS-driven liquid-crystal metasurfaces. From the combination of the Mie resonances of silicon nanoantennas with Fabry-Perot cavity-induced phase accumulation, the device enables continuous phase modulation approaching 2π. Enabled by a CMOS backplane with independently addressable electrodes, the device achieves an ultracompact pixel pitch of 0.8 μm and integrates 2500 independently addressable one-dimensional (1D) electrode arrays. As a result, electrically controlled 1D beam steering with a field of view of up to 24° is achieved. The diffraction efficiency reaches ∼40% at small angles and remains above 18% at the maximum deflection. This scalable, CMOS-compatible architecture provides a promising route toward next-generation spatial light modulators for near-infrared photonics.