The selection of materials and corresponding protection decisions for Truss steel bridges are often not dominated by the initial steel cost, but mainly depend on the maintenance demand driven by corrosion, the impact on users and the potential risk consequences. This article innovatively proposes an analytical framework that is publicly available and reproducible. The framework cleverly combines probabilistic corrosion models related to the environment with simplified but truss focused system reliability proxy methods, specifically covering key member multi state capacity loss and weighted k taking n/minimum cut set dilation. This framework is embedded in the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) model, which comprehensively includes daily costs, user interruption costs caused by recoating, and probability weighted consequence costs. Through Monte Carlo simulation, LCC distributions and return probability curves were generated for three different corrosion levels and three alternative materials (painted carbon steel, weathering steel, and stainless steel), highlighting the LCC inversion conditions and quantifying the sensitivity of investment returns and expected savings to discount rates, coating life uncertainties, and system dependencies.

Asset Integrity Management (AIM) is vital for ensuring the safety, reliability, and sustainability of high-risk industrial assets in sectors such as advanced manufacturing, oil and gas, energy, and petrochemicals. As industrial systems grow increasingly complex, interconnected, and digitally enabled, traditional maintenance approaches often struggle to manage dynamic risks, performance variability, and long-term asset health. This study presents a comprehensive review of AIM methodologies and proposes a proactive, integrated framework that unifies Risk-Based Inspection (RBI), Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM), and Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) within a single strategic model. The framework aligns strategic objectives, operational processes, and key performance indicators (KPIs), emphasizing risk mitigation, operational efficiency, workforce capability, and sustainability, while addressing implementation challenges such as leadership engagement, skill gaps, data governance, and digital integration. Conceptually validated across high-reliability industrial contexts, the model enhances Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, and Safety (RAMS) and, by integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and Digital Twins, advances Maintenance 4.0—enabling predictive, intelligent, and sustain-able maintenance ecosystems that minimize unplanned downtime, reduce lifecycle costs, and strengthen organizational resilience and long-term value creation.

Structural vibration control assessment for seismic resilience, sustainability, life cycle cost, and multi-hazard resistance of reinforced concrete frame structures: A state-of-the-art review

Comparison of ammonia with methanol, liquefied natural gas and conventional marine transportation fuels through life cycle cost and emissions analysis

Machine learning–based multi-objective optimisation of low-carbon and profitable hydrogen and diesel production from non-recycled municipal plastic waste: An integrated life cycle assessment and cost–benefit analysis

Bioaugmentation-induced assimilatory sulfate reduction and chain elongation mitigate H2S and CH4 emissions in sewers.

Development of a seismic life cycle cost framework for buried pipelines

Life cycle cost reliability assessment for strategic real estate decision-making

Escalating climate change and the increasing frequency of weather extremes pose a threat to the resilience of urban environments and human health, highlighting the urgent need for implementing energy-efficient interventions and reducing building cooling loads. This study investigates the passive building envelope retrofit technologies of external shading, electrochromic windows, and thermochromic windows through a multi-criteria evaluation analysis based on energy savings, economic performance, and indoor thermal comfort improvement. Thermochromic windows are discerned by a mean colour transition temperature of 34 °C and operate throughout the entire year, while electrochromic windows are activated only during cooling periods. Both technologies present total solar transmittance indices of 72.6% and 8.4% in the bleached and tinted state, respectively. External shading devices are either static or movable, applied with an inclination angle, and are either standalone interventions or combined with chromogenic glazing. Eight retrofit scenarios are investigated for a single-story, fully electrified residential building in Athens, Greece. The building features south- and east-oriented windows, which is an appropriate case to assess the effectiveness of these passive envelope cooling technologies in regulating solar heat gains. Thermal comfort is assessed using Fanger’s PMV (predicted mean vote) and PPD (Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied) indices. The combination of electrochromic windows and movable external shading yields the highest annual electricity savings at 22.2% and reduces the PPD by 15.8%. Local static shading, on the other hand, ranks as the optimal retrofit solution in terms of economic performance, with a life-cycle cost of €6378, a 9.3% improvement in thermal comfort, and a corresponding reduction of 626 thermal discomfort hours. While the proposed multi-criteria framework can be applied to other buildings and climates, the quantitative results reported here are linked to the specific case examined: a residential building with south- and east-facing glazing in Athens, Greece, representing Mediterranean climatic conditions.

This study presents an integrated framework for seismic performance assessment and multi-objective optimization of a G+12 reinforced concrete (RC) high-rise residential building using STAAD.pro and the NSGA-III algorithm. This research contributes a reproducible, automation-based framework for sustainable and code-compliant seismic design, facilitating performance-driven decisions for civil engineers, planners, and stakeholders. Future work may extend toward lifecycle cost modeling, nonlinear time-history analysis, and soil-structure interaction.

This study evaluated the cooling performance of an electric vehicle heat sink manufactured using additive manufacturing (AM) with a topology-optimized design, compared with a conventionally manufactured pin-fin heat sink. The experimental results showed that the topology-optimized heat sink improved the cell cooling coefficient by up to 42.6% compared to the conventional heat sink, leading to an estimated 7.6% extension in battery lifetime. This study also assessed the environmental and life cycle cost (LCC) implications of this extended battery life, revealing that battery production emits approximately seven tons of CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq) greenhouse gases per pack; however, longer battery life reduces the frequency of battery replacement and the overall demand for battery production. Under a scenario where the topology-optimized heat sink achieves a 15% market penetration by 2040, the cumulative reduction in greenhouse-gas emissions is projected to reach 2.4 MtCO2-eq. LCC analysis further indicated that despite the higher manufacturing cost of the AM heat sink, the increased battery longevity lowers total operating cost by approximately 5.3%. These findings show that enhanced functionality of optimized components can simultaneously improve performance and reduce LCC. This study’s evaluation framework for assessing environmental impacts and costs across the product life cycle provides a transparent and consistent basis for selecting appropriate manufacturing technologies for component production.

Greenhouse aquaculture is an increasingly advanced practice in shrimp farming. This study employs Life Cycle Costing (LCC) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to systematically evaluate the economic and environmental performance of greenhouse shrimp farming. Research data were collected from field surveys and enterprise production records to analyze the construction and farming processes of the aquaculture facilities. LCC analysis revealed that the life cycle cost was 3.56 USD kg−1 shrimp. The construction cost of the greenhouse was 4.58 USD m−2, with steel pipes and film materials being the dominant cost components. The total farming cost per cultivation cycle reached USD 3510.76 per greenhouse, of which feed (30.54%) and land rent (15.86%) were the primary expenses. This model achieved a net profit of USD 5.31 per m2 per cycle and a cost-profit ratio of 60.47%, values which are significantly higher than those reported for the Indoor Super-Intensive Culture (ISIC) model. LCA results demonstrated that the environmental impact per kilogram of shrimp produced via greenhouse aquaculture was characterized by a global warming potential (GWP) of 3.279 kg CO2 eq, an acidification potential (AP) of 0.369 kg SO2 eq, and a eutrophication potential (EP) of 0.212 kg PO4 equation Furthermore, the abiotic depletion potential (ADP) and human toxicity potential (HTP) were relatively low, at 0.002 kg Sb eq and 0.093 kg 1,4-DCB eq per kilogram of shrimp, respectively. The construction phase had the highest greenhouse gas emissions (GWP 1940.00 kg CO2 eq), mainly due to the consumption of steel (steel pipes accounting for 71.6% of CO2 emissions) and polymer materials. During the farming phase, the primary emissions per kilogram of shrimp produced were GWP (3.23 kg CO2 eq), AP (0.27 kg SO2 eq), and EP (0.212 kg PO4 eq). The findings indicate that this greenhouse model possesses considerable advantages in balancing economic output and risk management, rendering it suitable for promotion in appropriate regions. Further reductions in cost and environmental impact can be achieved by optimizing building material selection, implementing precision feeding strategies, and improving the energy utilization structure. These measures will enhance the economic and environmental benefits of greenhouse shrimp farming and promote the green development of the entire aquaculture industry.

Aim: This study aims to examine the economic and strategic implications of adopting secure and circular-by-design principles in enterprise networking hardware. The study specifically evaluates the real cost impact of circular design and explores how sustainability can be positioned as both a compliance requirement and a competitive differentiator in the networking and storage industry. Methods: The report draws upon industry data and direct professional experience in the development of networking hardware. It incorporates analysis of lifecycle trends, cost structures, regulatory pressures, and sustainability practices, including buyback programs and compliance-driven replacement cycles. The study also examines shifts in hardware and software lifecycle duration and assesses the financial implications of adopting stronger sustainability practices, particularly in relation to cost of goods sold (COGS) and revenue growth strategies. Results: The findings indicate that adopting strong sustainability and circular design practices typically increases upfront manufacturing costs by approximately 20 percent. This premium place pressure on margins, requiring organizations to offset costs through increased unit bookings and positioning sustainability as a market differentiator. Hardware lifecycles have shortened significantly from approximately 15 years in the 1990 - 2000 period to 5 - 7 years inn 2026. This has been caused by supply chain dynamics, accelerated software optimization, evolving security algorithms, and expanding cyber-attack surfaces. Regulatory fragmentation and frameworks such as NIST guidelines contribute to forced replacement cycles, including “rip and replace” scenarios. Buyback programs emerge as an effective mechanism to reduce e-waste while incentivizing ethical disposal and material reuse. The study highlights the need for hardware capable of achieving an 8 - 10 year agile and future-proof lifecycle. Conclusion: The transition from traditional hardware manufacturing to sustainable, secure, and circular design represents both a structural challenge and a strategic opportunity for the networking industry. Recommendation: The study recommend that product managers, executives, and policymakers adopt secure-circular-by-design frameworks that simultaneously address cybersecurity resilience, sustainability targets, and economic viability.

The textile industry is facing increasing pressure to improve its sustainability performance across environmental, economic, and social dimensions. A substantial share of textile production relies on polymer-based fibers, such as polyester, polyamide, and acrylics, whose production, use, and end-of-life management raise significant sustainability challenges. In this context, life cycle-based assessment tools have become essential for supporting informed decision-making and guiding the transition toward more circular textile systems. This review critically examines the application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Life Cycle Costing (LCC), and Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) within the textile sector, with a specific focus on polymeric textile materials and circular economy strategies. The analysis highlights the strengths and limitations of each methodology, emphasizing persistent challenges related to system boundary definition, data availability and quality, methodological heterogeneity, and limited comparability across studies. Particular attention is given to how methodological choices influence the robustness and interpretability of sustainability outcomes, especially when assessing circular solutions for polymer-based textiles. The review reveals that, despite their conceptual complementarity, LCA, LCC, and S-LCA are often applied in a fragmented manner, limiting their integration into holistic sustainability assessments. Overall, this work underscores the need for greater methodological alignment and integrated frameworks to enhance the decision-making relevance of life cycle-based tools and to effectively support sustainable and circular transitions in the textile industry.

Solid waste management inefficiencies in the coffee processing operations at Kopi Wanoja have generated environmental burdens and operational cost inefficiencies. This study specifically aims to map material flows through Material Flow Analysis (MFA), calculate life cycle costs using Life Cycle Costing (LCC), identify hotspots of material and cost inefficiencies, and formulate a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for solid waste management. The research employed a quantitative descriptive approach with mass balance modeling conducted using STAN 2.7 software, complemented by financial analysis based on the parameters of Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit–Cost Ratio (BCR), and Payback Period (PBP). MFA results identified the pulping stage as the primary hotspot, generating coffee cherry skin waste of 40.63 kg per batch, equivalent to 53.44% of total input. From a financial perspective, LCC analysis indicated that the investment is feasible, yielding an NPV of Rp109,839,471, a BCR of 1.015, and a payback period in the seventh year. In conclusion, the integration of MFA and LCC proved effective in synchronously detecting hidden costs and material inefficiencies compared to conventional cost accounting approaches. These findings provide a scientific basis for developing an SOP aimed at stabilizing green bean yield at approximately ±41.4% while converting disposal costs into revenue through by-product utilization. It is therefore recommended that the company promptly implement the proposed SOP to maintain both economic and environmental sustainability.

Abstract Growing concern over the environmental impacts of synthetic refrigerants has intensified the need to reduce total carbon-equivalent emissions from refrigeration systems. Deep freezing is critical for preserving the seafood cold chain. India, the world's third-largest fish producer, contributed around 8% of global fish output in 2023–2024, with production reaching 17.5 million metric tons, an annual growth of 9.6%. This growth underscores the urgent need for energy-efficient cold chain solutions to enhance sustainability and global competitiveness. This study evaluates three advanced subcooling-integrated dual-evaporator carbon dioxide–ammonia cascade refrigeration systems against a conventional system without subcooling. Configurations include: (1) a system with mechanical subcooling in both low-temperature and high-temperature circuits, (2) a system with economizer-based subcooling in the low-temperature circuit and mechanical subcooling in the high-temperature circuit, and (3) a system with economizer-based subcooling in both circuits. Performance indicators include annual energy consumption, total equivalent warming impact, and life-cycle cost. For low-temperature subcooling of 1–10K, the system with economizer subcooling in both circuits achieves the highest reduction in compressor power (10.5–12.2%) and coefficient of performance improvement (11.8–14%). The combined economizer and mechanical subcooling show moderate gains, while fully DMS system shows the lowest improvement. The fully economizer-based subcooling system also achieves the highest seasonal energy efficiency and lowest life-cycle cost, making it the most energy-efficient and cost-effective solution for high-ambient seafood cold chain applications.

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) provides many potential benefits when compared to conventional manufacturing (CM) for critical systems, including shorter lead times. It is important to quantify the value of the possible time savings associated with AM and to consider this benefit along with the additional capital, material, and labor costs associated with AM when supporting a fleet of critical systems. While existing works primarily focus on either the time-savings impact on inventory or the manufacturing costs of AM, this paper combines both effects into a comprehensive analysis. The model developed in this paper focuses on systems that currently use subsystems with CM parts that need to be returned to their original equipment manufacturer (OEM) for repair when they fail; AM allows some failures to be resolved without requiring the return of the subsystem to the OEM and thereby reduces the spare resupply time. The model monetizes the cost avoidance associated with using AM parts by comparing two scenarios, one using AM parts and the other using CM parts, under the constraint that both achieve the same spare subsystem inventory protection level. Protection level is the probability that at least one spare will be available in the inventory all the time. Models for single-echelon and multi-echelon sparing are developed. A case study of an Electronic Support Measures system used in helicopter fleets deployed on aircraft carriers is provided. The results of the case study demonstrate that although manufacturing costs are larger when using AM parts, the life-cycle cost for a fleet of systems can be substantially less due to decreases in failure resolution times enabled by AM part repairs in the field.

ABSTRACT Stormwater management is essential to safeguard communities, ecosystems and the environment from floods. Although SuDS on hypothetical and conceptual catchments are available in the literature, feasible and integrated systems based on large real-world urban catchments are lacking. Also, failure to incorporate economic analyses considering life-cycle costing is inveterate, and systemic omission of maintenance costs at project inception distorts life-cycle economics, misguides policy priorities and accelerates infrastructure aging and disrepair through neglected upkeep. Therefore, this article evaluated the life-cycle costs and operational performance of grey drainage infrastructure and SuDS in a large urban catchment on a greenfield site of 17.67 acres, for a proposed residential development comprising 780 dwellings across 52 three-storey blocks. Rainfall time series with multiple storm scenarios were developed for the drainage infrastructure design and post-design hydrologic and hydraulic simulations. The operation and maintenance costs contributed over 35% of the total drainage infrastructure cost, demonstrating the fundamental importance of life-cycle costing at project inception. The research found that the SuDS design standards were lagging. Additionally, the combination of fixed safety allowances in the design standards and probabilistic rainfall modelling resulted in overdesign and high marginal costs. The SuDS achieved runoff attenuation regulatory compliance and represented superior economic value.

Background Food waste persists as a global challenge, with upstream preventive technological innovations still insufficiently evaluated for their sustainability performance despite policy pressure and the Sustainable Development Goals. The objective of this article is to present a sustainability assessment, from a life-cycle perspective, of an innovative food waste prevention and reduction (FLWPR) action that integrates multiple technologies within the fresh potato supply chain. The intervention applies to a pilot phase technology that consists of advanced imaging and sensor-based detection system to identify internal defects in potatoes early in the supply chain. Potatoes identified as defective are redirected for valorization using commercially available technology into fifth-range products, animal feed, or starch. Methods The multi-technological FLWPR action is assessed by applying a Sustainability Life Cycle Assessment using the EF 3.1 method for environmental impacts, a SHDB-based method for social impacts, and Life Cycle Costing for the economic dimension. Results Results demonstrate a substantial reduction in food loss and waste, a reduction in the impacts of the three pillars of sustainability and a successful implementation of circular economy practices. Conclusions The contribution of this work lies in providing one of the first holistic life-cycle sustainability evaluations of an upstream preventive technological FLWPR action. It demonstrates how the impacts observed during a pilot phase of a technological intervention can be effectively complemented by already commercialized technologies, thereby generating significant system-wide benefits. Moreover, the work highlights pathways to reinforce circularity and enhance sustainability across food supply chains.

Decarbonizing the transport sector is crucial for achieving global carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. Electric taxis (e-taxis), which play a vital role in urban public transportation, are central to this transition. However, their operational performance deteriorates significantly under extremely cold conditions. Existing planning models for charging infrastructure often overlook the impact of low temperatures, creating a critical research gap. To address this issue, we propose a novel planning framework using Urumqi, China (43.8° N, 87.6° E) as a case study. Urumqi is a major cold-region metropolis, where January temperatures regularly drop below −20 °C. Our methodology includes two key steps: integrating 412 driver questionnaires and 1.2 million high-resolution GPS trajectories to extract temperature-sensitive charging demand profiles; and incorporating these profiles into an integer linear programming (ILP) model to minimize lifecycle costs, considering climatic constraints, taxi operation patterns, and grid limitations. A key innovation is a temperature-correction coefficient, which dynamically adjusts vehicle energy consumption and driving range based on ambient temperature. Results show superiority over conventional (temperature-ignoring) and random plans: 14-fold lower annualized cost, 23-fold shorter average queuing time, 96.2% high-frequency demand coverage (+16.6%), and 78% charging station utilization (+50.0%). It achieves 29.8–32.3% cost savings at −5 °C (over 25.9% even at −35 °C) and scales stably for 5–50% e-taxi penetration, offering a transferable framework for cold-region e-taxi charging optimization.