Collaboration Library Research Articles

Collaboration in Nigerian University Libraries: A Diagnosis

This paper sought to show the potential of collaboration of university libraries in ameliorating the common problems and challenges facing the Nigerian Academic Library System on the basis of the current status of collaboration in Nigerian university libraries. The paper addressed the following questions: what is the status of collaboration of Nigerian University libraries? How can University Libraries achieve meaningful collaboration? And what possible benefits can University libraries in Nigeria attain from effective collaboration? The paper clarified three forms of collaboration within the University Library system to address the indiscriminate use of the term ‘Librarian collaboration’ to pass for library collaboration. Based on literature reviewed, the current level of collaboration in Nigerian University Libraries is below expectation and is to a great extent responsible for poor quality teaching, learning and research bedeviling the Nigerian tertiary education system. University Library leadership and the Committee of University librarian in Nigerian Universities (CULNU) were identified as prime movers whose efforts could improve the level of collaboration in Nigerian University Libraries. The paper revealed that possible areas for collaboration include: resource sharing, inter-library loan, cooperative acquisition, cooperative cataloguing, cooperative referencing, staff development, library exchange and librarian and library user networks. The paper further noted that the key benefits of collaboration are significant reduction in operational costs, increased human cooperation and exposure of Librarians to global library practices. The paper identified factors that pose as either a threat or a challenge to the implementation of effective collaboration in Nigerian university libraries. They include: Inadequate funding, leadership issues, lack of structured library development policies, proliferation of informal collaboration, high competition in library profession and resistance to change. The paper therefore recommended that committee of University Librarian in Nigerian Universities and the Nigerian Library Association should make and implement a policy for all University Library Leadership to develop and implement documented and structured develop plans and policies p to provide strategic direction for University libraries.

Kerja Sama Perpustakaan Berbasis Digital: Membangun Akses dan Kolaborasi untuk Pendidikan dan Inovasi

This study discusses forms of cooperation between domestic libraries and foreign libraries that aim to exchange information and expand collection materials and improve collection services to users so that the insights of visitors who come and access libraries that have collaborated are broader and gain a lot of experience. Methods of data collection using literature (print and non-print). The data obtained is then arranged or classified, analyzed, and interpreted. The results of the study concluded: 1) The forms of library collaboration that can be carried out are: (a) sharing digital collections through a platform that can be accessed by all libraries involved in the collaboration, (b) collaboration in creating and managing joint databases to expand reach and enriching library collections, as well as facilitating access for users to find the information needed, (c) library cooperation in the development of digital technology and infrastructure. 2) The steps for building digital-based library collaboration are as follows: (a) identify libraries that wish to work together, (b) determine the goals and benefits of collaboration, (c) form a work team, (d) discuss and determine standards, (e) infrastructure and system development, (f) collection development and management, (g) monitoring and evaluation.

Spinal Reirradiation-Mediated Myelopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Reirradiation of the spine is carried out in 42% of patients who do not respond to treatment or have recurrent pain. However, there are few studies and data on the effect of reirradiation of the spine and the occurrence of acute and chronic side-effects caused by reirradiation, such as myelopathy, in these patients. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the safe dose in terms of biological effective dose (BED), cumulative dose and dose interval between BED1 and BED2 to decrease or prevent myelopathy and pain control in patients undergoing radiation therapy in the spinal cord. A search was carried out using EMBASE, MEDLINE, PUBMED, Google Scholar, Cochrane Collaboration library electronic databases, Magiran, and SID from 2000 to 2022 to recognise qualified studies. In total, 17 primary studies were applied to estimate the pooled effect size. The random effects model showed that the pooled BED in the first stage, the BED in the second stage and the cumulative BED1 and BED2 were estimated at 77.63, 58.35 and 115.34 Gy, respectively. Studies reported on dose interval. The results of a random effects model showed that the pooled interval was estimated at 13.86 months. The meta-analysis revealed that using appropriate BED1 and/or BED2 in a safe interval between the first and second phases of treatment can have an influential role in preventing or reducing the effects of myelopathy and regional control pain in spinal reirradiation.

Incidence and risk factors for complex regional pain syndrome in radius fractures: meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the incidence and risk factors for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) in radius fractures. The meta-analysis was performed using the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Collaboration Library databases. Studies focusing on patients with conservative or surgically treated radius fractures leading to CRPS were included. A control group consisting of patients with radius fractures and no CRPS (-) was included. The outcome measures were incidence and risk factors. Comparative studies were also included. Data were combined using Review Manager 5.4. Out of 610 studies, nine studies were included. The incidence of CRPS after radius fractures ranged from 0.19 to 13.63% (95% CI: 11.12-16.15%). Open fractures, high-energy mechanisms in radial head fractures, and associations with ulnar fractures were risk factors for CRPS [(RR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.97-1.00), (RR: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.07-0.47), and (RR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.17-1.35), respectively]. Other risk factors were female sex and high body mass index [(RR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.05-1.37) and (MD: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.45-1.88)]. Psychiatric factors also increased the incidence of CRPS (RR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.83-2.28). On the other hand, the type of surgery (external fixation or open reduction and internal fixation) and manipulations; associated comorbidities (diabetes and hypertension) together with tobacco and alcohol abuse; marital status, educational level, employment status, and socioeconomic status were not risk factors (p > 0.05). The incidence of CRPS in radius fractures was 13.63%. Fractures with greater complexity or greater associated tissue damage, female sex, high BMI, and psychiatric disorders were risk factors for the development of CRPS. Meta-analysis of cohort and case series studies; II.

Responding to the Lifelong Learning Targets: collaborative Efforts of Public and School Libraries

This study aims to examine the collaborative efforts of public and school libraries to implement lifelong learning targets. Using data collected from school and public library staff, head teachers and education officers in Zanzibar, this study seeks to obtain opinions regarding public library support provided to school libraries, types of collaborative programs that public and school libraries engaged in to attain lifelong learning targets, and the effectiveness of library joint programs in promoting lifelong learning opportunities. The study used a cross-sectional design, whereas a mixed approach through the convergence method was used to collect, analyze and interpret data. A non-probability sampling under purposive sampling techniques was applied to select respondents for this study. Primary data was collected through a survey method using a structured standardized questionnaire, face-to-face interviews and focus group discussions. A total of 36 public library staff and 94 school library staff filled out questionnaires. Interviews were conducted with 42 respondents while 18 respondents were involved in focus group discussions. Findings revealed the existence of collaborative efforts between public libraries and school libraries. However, there were neither collaborative plans nor assessment and evaluation strategies, thus, the program’s implementation did not guarantee the effective promotion of lifelong learning opportunities for all. The study recommends that the education authorities should address and prioritize the agenda of lifelong learning by introducing a national-wide library collaboration campaign toward the implementation of SDG 4 targets along with the improvement of public and school libraries’ capacity in terms of staff and resources.

Significance of an Online Evidence-Based Practice Education Module for Acute, Ambulatory, Public, and School Health Nurses

Recent surveys of Magnet facilities and nurses found low rates of implementation of evidence-based practice in U.S. health care settings. Nursing Experts: Translating the Evidence (NExT) is a collaboration of nurses and librarians providing free online evidence-based practice nursing education benefiting nurses in all settings. The NExT online modules empowered participants to efficiently access valuable resources to inform and improve their practice in a convenient, accessible, self-paced format. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods and the value of collaboration are discussed. [J Contin Educ Nurs. 2023;54(4):176-184.].

Application of blockchain technology in libraries and information centers services

Purpose As information providers, libraries select, acquire, process, store, preserve and distribute information resources to customers. Innovative technologies like the blockchain have posed major challenges to education and library services. The main goal of the application of blockchain technology (BT) in libraries and information centers is to give all possible users in participating library systems unrestricted access to digital content and print collections while minimizing risk to protect each user’s privacy and identification. A fresh and dependable technology called blockchain aids in the security, reliability and preservation of information. The 21st century’s change agents’ libraries are implementing new technologies to deliver the most knowledge possible in the shortest amount of time. It cannot be overstated how this technology has the potential to transform library services, operations and functions. Design/methodology/approach An extensive review of literature on “smart libraries” was carried to ascertain the emerging technologies in the smart library domain. Literature was searched against various keywords like smart libraries, smart technologies, Internet of Things, electronic resource management, data mining, artificial intelligence, ambient intelligence, BT and augmented reality. Later on, the works citing the literature on smart libraries were also explored to visualize a broad spectrum of emerging concepts about this growing trend in libraries. Findings Blockchain is one of the rapidly expanding and evolving technology. Librarians and library need to understand the opportunities, benefits and risks of blockchain. Perhaps in libraries, BT will become a useful tool for storing, storing and sharing information. This technology also aids in the acquisition of library materials that can improve collection maintenance. Blockchain can protect user and patron records and enhance the privacy of user and research data. This technology also improves collaboration among library patrons and staff. BT is increasingly being adopted by libraries in various ways. It creates an improved metadata system to protect digital-first selling rights, peer-to-peer sharing and more. Apart from what have been already discussed, this technology is perfect for academia and perfect for achieving potential pace in libraries. It can be used to safeguard library user records, retrieve libraries document and improve collection management. A special bulk request enables identification and discovery of unique holdings. Scientific writing is another good use case for blockchain, where researchers can record and time-stamp ideas and spread information. BT presents a significant opportunity for libraries to enhance user privacy, enhance collaboration and transform the manner in which libraries and communities collaborate. The University of San Jose in Toronto, the Reference Library, the Suffolk Collaborative Library System and many other libraries are exploring this technology, and various other libraries are set to follow suit. Originality/value The paper tries to highlight the usage of blockchain technologies in the libraries and information center setups for the efficient working of library setups. Blockchain is one of the emerging technologies that have the potential to bring the technology revolution.

Along Came Google: A History of Library Digitization

In the early 2000s I confidently declared that even as e-books gained popularity, libraries would forever retain their role as repositories of the knowledge they collected and stewarded over many years. After all, who would invest billions to digitize old monographs with tremendous scholarly value but limited commercial appeal? Then, as the authors say, “Along Came Google.” In an engaging and fast-paced account, the authors describe how Google abruptly transformed the scholarly landscape, digitizing books at an unprecedented scale. The authors are well positioned to tell this tale. As members and leaders of organizations including Ithaka S+R, the Library of Congress, and the Council on Library and Information Resources, they took an active role in conversations around the evolving information ecosystem. Their personal knowledge is enriched with the addition of nineteen interviews with key participants from the Internet Archive, Harvard, Michigan, HathiTrust, and others.Before the dramatic Google announcement, the story begins with a brief history of library collaborations, including the famous Farmington Plan adopted after World War II and the creation of OCLC in the 1970s. While not every effort was successful, the pre-digital efforts established a precedent for national library networks and cooperation. In chapter 2, “The Dreamers,” the authors outline the many nascent efforts that sprang up in the 1990s and early 2000s to harness the potential of the internet, from the Million Books Project to Making of America and JSTOR. The authors conclude that, while innovative and laudable, “none of these created a universal library or transformed the nature of the research library” (72). Additionally, the pace was excruciatingly slow. When approached by Google, the University of Michigan estimated it would take more than a thousand years to digitize the library’s eleven million volumes using existing approaches and with the current budget. Google promised to scan the entire collection in six years. (78).The subsequent chapters are the heart of the book, detailing the stunning entrance of Google into the field, the diverse reactions, and potential alternatives. A wide range of issues and concerns are discussed, reflecting the perspectives of various stakeholders, including librarians, publishers, and technologists. The participant interviews provide a personal perspective, including some less-than-flattering accounts of perceived jealousy and positions seemingly motivated by the loss of professional or institutional prestige. Throughout, the authors largely avoid taking sides, offering the arguments advanced by each party in an evenhanded manner. They capture the emotion of the moment, including fears of cultural imperialism, homogenization of the nascent digital library, and entrusting the cultural record to a single commercial entity. These concerns spawned efforts such as the Open Content Alliance, a short-lived collaboration between Yahoo, the Internet Archive, the University of California, the University of Toronto, and others. Publisher and author concerns over copyright, privacy, and piracy fueled the lawsuits that effectively killed the dream of the universal digital library.A pleasure of this work are the many fascinating details—for example, the anecdote that early scanning efforts were stymied by distortion from layers of dust on print books. Even those of us who lived through the era will learn new things. I never knew, or no longer remember, that despite their later objections publishers initially embraced the original Google Print project. They were motivated to ally with Google in part to gain leverage against the growing power of Amazon in book discovery and sales.While riveting throughout, there are some missed opportunities. The account offered is largely descriptive—the authors do not try to advance a thesis or engage much with the existing scholarly literature. Library historians will lament the lack of a bibliography, and there is little information about the interviews other than the date they were conducted. It is not clear if the interviews have been archived or are otherwise available. Clarifying this on the website or in a future edition would be a valuable addition for those who wish to further mine the interviews for insights.Despite these critiques, this concise, engaging work will be of interest to library historians and a general library-informed audience (nonlibrarians may struggle to keep track of the many organizations and their acronyms: OCLC, CRL, ACRL, LC). A few recent monographs cover some of the same ground from a different perspective. Google Rules: The History and Future of Copyright under the Influence of Google (Oxford University Press, 2020) focuses on Google’s interpretation of copyright law and its implications for the public good. The Politics of Mass Digitization (MIT Press, 2018) examines some of the same conflicting public and private interests involved in the preservation of cultural memory at a large scale. While there is some overlap in the issues discussed, Along Came Google is unique in placing librarians and library-allied organizations at the center of the conversation. Library historians will surely appreciate hearing directly from key participants at a pivotal moment in library history.

Komitmen Membangun Jaringan Kerjasama Perpustakaan Perguruan Tinggi

Universities must have libraries to encourage student literacy, the library is a location for a collection of information provided to add insight that is not known, in this study the researchers looked at how library collaboration was built for the sake of fulfilling information in the library, collaboration is one of the supports for libraries to meet information needs which exists. Along with the times, Indonesia is also developing, one of which is technology, so libraries use technology to facilitate collaboration, through library collaboration networks it is very easy to do, even at a long distance, libraries are very easy to access by other people, one example is the establishment of organizations such as FPPTI and FKP2TN. This research shows how universities carry out collaboration through networks such as digital and others.
 Keywords: Libraries, Network cooperation, Universities

An umbrella review of the acceptability of fiscal and pricing policies to reduce diet-related noncommunicable disease.

Poor diet has been implicated in a range of noncommunicable diseases. Fiscal and pricing policies (FPs) may offer a means by which consumption of food and non-alcoholic beverages with links to such diseases can be influenced to improve public health. To examine the acceptability of FPs to reduce diet-related noncommunicable disease, based on systematic review evidence. MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychInfo, SCI, SSCI, Web of Science, Scopus, EconLit, the Cochrane Library, Epistemonikos, and the Campbell Collaboration Library were searched for relevant studies published between January 1, 1990 and June 2021. The studies included systematic reviews of diet-related FPs and: used real-world evidence; examined real or perceived barriers/facilitators; targeted the price of food or non-alcoholic beverages; and applied to entire populations within a jurisdiction. A total of 9996 unique relevant records were identified, which were augmented by a search of bibliographies and recommendations from an external expert advisory panel. Following screening, 4 systematic reviews remained. Quality appraisal was conducted using the AMSTAR 2 tool. A narrative synthesis was undertaken, with outcomes grouped according to the WHO-INTEGRATE criteria. The findings indicated a paucity of high-quality systematic review evidence and limited public support for the use of FPs to change dietary habits. This lack of support was related to a number of factors that included: their perceived potential to be regressive; a lack of transparency, ie, there was mistrust around the use of revenues raised; a paucity of evidence around health benefits; the deliberate choice of rates that were lower than those considered necessary to affect diet; and concerns about the potential of such FPs to harm economic outcomes such as employment. The findings underscore the need for high-quality systematic review evidence on this topic, and the importance of responding to public concerns and putting in place mechanisms to address these when implementing FPs. This study was funded by Safefood [02A-2020]. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021274454.

Jaringan Kerjasama Perpustakaan Sekolah Dalam Upaya Menjaga Eksistensi Perpustakaan

The school library collaboration network is very important considering that the school library is seen as a library that lacks attention, both in terms of collection, arrangement, space, or even the librarian. Given the constraints of the library in general regarding its collection, within the scope of the school, the library is only known as a place to store student textbooks. Then the arrangement is not in accordance with the standard national classification rules, where in the school library the collection is arranged based on color or size. Then a room far from a place that should be able to preserve collections. Then the librarians, most of whom are school librarians are picket teachers, or Indonesian language teachers, or teachers who are about to retire, not librarians who are professions capable of managing libraries properly. So that all aspects in the library are arranged based on the teacher's thoughts, not based on standards that have been set as a quality library. By establishing cooperation between school libraries, it will maintain or even increase the existence of libraries in the public eye. Existence is very important to maintain the good name of the library in the public eye.
 Keywords: Cooperation Network, School Libraries, Library Existence

The Perspective of Library Management in Bhutan: Roles, Challenges and Opportunities

Across all libraries in Bhutan, the development of infrastructures, collections, and professional capacity has been partially neglected resulting in a lack of well-provisioned and responsive services. The advent of modern libraries in Bhutan is relatively new, thus limiting its contribution to achieving the goals of respective parent organizations, in turn, the national goals. This study examined the roles of Bhutanese libraries and librarians, library collaboration mechanisms, challenges and opportunities. Convenience sampling was adopted for this study, and we used a structured online survey questionnaire for data collection from 180 librarians across the country. The results revealed that the main roles of libraries were providing access to information and services, managing resources and supporting learning. Collection developments have evolved from a few scripture collections to scholarly journals and e-resources. Bhutanese library management systems advanced from basic arrangements to card catalogs to Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC). Currently, libraries are transitioning toward web-based integrated library systems using Koha, particularly in academic libraries. Most of the libraries are operated by Library Assistants without prior training or library-related academic qualifications. Administrative assistant, housemaster and examination committee member roles were assigned as ancillary roles for librarians. As a result, for some, the main library role became obsolete. Inter-library collaborations are limited, and professional experiences and best practices are rarely shared. Lack of professional development and funding are the key challenges. This study also demonstrated the need for a national strategic library development plan that prioritizes investment in ICT-based infrastructure, services, and digital resources for netizens.

Building P-16 librarian collaborations through a free professional development workshop

Academic librarians often provide information literacy instruction to first-year students while having little contextual understanding of the preparation students received prior to college. To gain this understanding, an annual free professional development workshop was developed to network and improve collaboration between academic librarians and high school library faculty and staff. This article describes the process of planning, hosting, and evaluating outcomes of three annual workshops, as well as discussing the evolving collaborations between librarians at all educational levels for student success.

Social inclusion of refugees and asylum seekers: The role of public libraries in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area

Social inclusion of refugees and asylum seekers includes addressing their information needs. This research seeks to examine the role of public libraries in this process through the analysis of public librarians’ perceptions. Based on the constructivist paradigm, the case study method, and the semi-directive interview survey technique, 16 public municipal libraries in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (Portugal) are studied. The results highlight that these libraries do not identify forced migrants as their users. Still, they consider that the information needs and behaviors and the use of libraries by these communities are similar to those of economic migrants, with emphasis on the relevance of free access to the internet, foreign language resources, Portuguese language and digital literacy courses, and help to interact with online platforms. The gaps include the existence of few Portuguese courses for foreigners, a limited practice in assisting with job and housing searches, promoting health literacy, and inclusive collaboration with schools, as well as space, financial, and human resources constraints. To overcome these difficulties, librarians emphasize the motivation to fulfill the inclusive social mission of the public library, the universal accessibility and informal environment of the library, and its action to promote social cohesion and social capital. The respondents consider that the mission of public libraries is adjusted to the goal of social inclusion of forced migrants, but that there is room for improvement in the training of librarians. This research points to the need for more initiative-taking public library collaboration with existing inclusion networks. In conclusion, we seek to alert to the urgency of the involvement of Portuguese public libraries in the social inclusion of forced migrants, which will also contribute to their institutional legitimization.

Strategi Pengembangan Kerjasama Perpustakaan Uinsu dengan Perpustakaan Umsu Dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Layanan Perpustakaan

Library services need to always be improved so that visitors feel comfortable and their information needs are met by visiting the library. In order to realize excellent library services, library collaboration is important to do in improving service quality. The North Sumatra State Islamic University Library is a university library that has collaborated with several university libraries, both university libraries in North Sumatra and those outside North Sumatra. However, the one that most often carries out collaboration activities with the UINSU library is the University of Muhammadiyah Sumatra Utara (UMSU) library. The strategy for developing cooperation between the library of the State Islamic University of North Sumatra and the University of Muhammadiyah Sumatra Library consists of developing human resources, resource sharing, preparing for accreditation, collections, and information technology.
 Keywords: Library Collaboration, Library service

Membangun Kerja Sama pada Sistem Jaringan Perpustakaan Umum


 Libraries that provide information. Libraries must be able to provide information for users. Libraries must be able to improve collections and services to be able to meet the needs of very diverse users. To increase a very diverse collection, collaboration within the library is needed. Collaboration is carried out in order to improve library collections and services. Because not every library has a complete collection, collaboration between libraries is needed. Collaboration between libraries is an absolute requirement to fulfill library cooperation. By cooperating, it lightens the work in the library and finishes faster. With advances in technology and all-digital, the needs of users are also increasingly sophisticated, such as electronic books, and can borrow online, it doesn't take much time and saves money because you don't have to come to the library. If there is no cooperation between libraries then the library cannot develop and will just go away, both in terms of collections and services in the library there is no improvement. In this journal, it is also explained how the forms of cooperation in library collaboration are inventory, exchange cooperation, working cooperation, facility provision cooperation, cooperation among librarians. In collaboration, there must also be benefits and improvements both in terms of collection and also services from what develops to progress, and in society. With the existence of a cooperative network, it can also meet the needs of various users. Libraries can also continue and increasingly trend. With the continuing development of the needs of various users, the library also requires several librarians to carry out work in the large number of libraries. In research on building cooperation in public library network systems, researchers use descriptive research methods through journals and books which aim to find out an overview of the benefits of building cooperation in public library network systems.
 Keywords: network system, public library

Rancangan Kerjasama Perpustakaan Sekolah Dalam Memenuhi Kebutuhan Informasi Siswa


 Libraries are the places where information providers and information seekers are most in demand. Libraries cannot fully meet all the needs of information seekers. To overcome this problem, libraries can collaborate between libraries or more than one library. Collaboration in the library should be planned in advance. With the collaboration of libraries to achieve the same goal, namely to find the information needs of users. There are many types of libraries and one of them is the school library. The school library was created to meet the information needs of the community in the school environment. There are many advantages of cooperating with school libraries, and the most important advantage is that it can meet the information needs of students. This study uses a literatur review taken from sereval jouurnals which are summarized and analyzed.
 Keywords: collaboration, information, library,

Open Open Access sebagai Media Jaringan Kerjasama Perpustakaan Perguruan Tinggi

In the current era of openness, the information and data presented are needed to provide the widest possible access to information to the public. The diversity of information needed and the limited information resources and changes in the behavior of information users make no single information institution able to meet the needs of all users. So that in meeting all the needs and optimal services to its users, cooperation is needed. Information institutions that need this collaboration are between libraries. The dissemination and exchange of information was carried out by various institutions. In this paper, we will discuss about open access which is a media for library collaboration. Currently, there are still a few libraries that have not implemented good open access, so there are still many libraries that do not dare to open information in full text. This research method is a qualitative method by collecting data to be used sourced from literature studies. The results of this study are to examine the implementation of open access which is used as a collaboration media, library.

Kerjasama Jaringan Perpustakaan di Indonesia:

Collaborative Partnerships are critical to driving demand and meeting Demand readers. The availability of collaboration and networking services in the system library for all individuals is critical to the success of the push. This increases service user and technical capacity, enhances resource sharing, reduces duplication, and provides efficient services. When creating the basis for collaboration and networking in libraries in general, several factors must be considered.
 Keywords: National Library, Collaboration, Library Network, National Library Collaboration, Collaboration Network

Kerjasama Jaringan Perpustakaan di Indonesia:

Collaborative Partnerships are critical to driving demand and meeting Demand readers. The availability of collaboration and networking services in the system library for all individuals is critical to the success of the push. This increases service user and technical capacity, enhances resource sharing, reduces duplication, and provides efficient services. When creating the basis for collaboration and networking in libraries in general, several factors must be considered.
 Keywords: National Library, Collaboration, Library Network, National Library Collaboration, Collaboration Network