Purpose This paper examines how artificial intelligence (AI), understood as a form of cognitive automation, may reshape the labour structures and social functions of contemporary libraries. It seeks to explain how AI can complement, rather than displace, the library's communal role by supporting its capacity to act as a Third Place. Design/methodology/approach The paper adopts a sociotechnical, conceptual approach, synthesizing research from library automation, social infrastructure and science and technology studies. It develops a theoretical model – the bifunctional institution – to analyse the interaction between algorithmic systems and the social–material dimensions of library work. Findings The study finds that AI may reduce routine interpretive labour and create organisational capacity for librarians to engage in relational, pedagogical and community-oriented activities. However, these benefits are contingent on robust governance, institutional autonomy and professional agency. AI can strengthen the library's social mission when integrated responsibly but may exacerbate inequalities or undermine transparency if adopted uncritically. Research limitations/implications As a conceptual paper, the work does not include empirical data. It highlights the need for future qualitative and organisational studies examining how AI tools are adopted in practice, how labour is redistributed within specific institutions and how governance structures mediate the relationship between automation and community-oriented work. Practical implications The model highlights conditions necessary for responsible AI adoption, including ethical governance, staff training and alignment of AI systems with public values and professional norms. Social implications By enabling a renewed focus on community engagement and shared learning, AI may reinforce libraries as crucial forms of social infrastructure in increasingly digitised and fragmented societies. Originality/value The paper offers one of the first theoretical integrations of automation studies and Third Place scholarship. It advances the concept of functional complementarity and provides a new framework for understanding libraries as bifunctional institutions composed of interdependent algorithmic and social layers.

Islamic boarding school (pesantren) libraries play a strategic role in supporting learning activities, strengthening literacy, and fostering a reading culture within religious educational environments. However, the management of pesantren libraries in Jambi City still faces various challenges, including limited human resources, manual management systems, and minimal utilization of information technology. This community service program aims to improve the management of pesantren libraries through training on the implementation of a library automation system using the Senayan Library Management System (SLiMS). The program was carried out through several stages, including planning, theoretical and practical training, technical assistance, and evaluation. The training materials covered an introduction to library automation, installation and configuration of SLiMS, collection processing, circulation services, and library reporting. The results indicate an improvement in the participants’ understanding and skills in managing library collections and services more effectively, efficiently, and in an integrated technology-based manner. The implementation of SLiMS is expected to enhance the quality of information services, support students’ learning activities, and contribute to the development of digital literacy within pesantren libraries in Jambi City.

This project introduces an autonomous Library Assistant Robot designed to simplify book rack identification and navigation with in libraries. The robot follows a predefined line using a QTR- 8A sensor with PID control and detects rack positions through NFC tags placed along the path. A web dashboard allows users to select the desired rack, and the ESP32 microcontroller processes this command, enabling the robot to navigate, read NFC tag IDs, and stop precisely at the correct track. This system provides a reliable, low-cost, and efficient approach to library automation, minimizing manual search time and improving accessibility.

This study aims to examine research trends in Library and Information Science (LIS) in India through a systematic review of relevant literature. Thirty-three research publications focusing on LIS research trends in the Indian context were evaluated. Each article was reviewed to identify the key topic and the research methodologies employed. All the main LIS themes were then categorised into their respective decade for further analysis. The results indicate a significant focus on bibliometric and scientometric studies, as well as research on information-seeking behavior in recent decades. In the earlier years (1950–1960), LIS research primarily centered on themes such as classification, cataloguing, information retrieval and the LIS profession. However, the prominence of these topics has declined over time. In addition to bibliometric and information-seeking studies, researchers have also explored areas including various types of libraries (academic, university, public and special libraries), LIS education, digital libraries, library automation, electronic resources and webometrics. The study reveals a notable deficiency in methodological transparency, as 58 % of the examined articles do not describe the research methods used to derive their findings. This suggests a need for greater methodological rigor and reporting in LIS research conducted in India.

INLISLite is one of the library automation systems widely used in Indonesia to improve the efficiency of library materials processing and to support modern library services; therefore, its use plays an important role in enhancing the accuracy of collection data and the speed of service delivery. This study aimed to analyze the use of INLISLite in library materials processing at the Library and Archives Office of Tanah Datar Regency based on a literature review. The study employed a literature review of two relevant journal articles published between 2021 and 2023, using content analysis to identify patterns of use, constraints, and the effectiveness of INLISLite in collection management. The findings indicate that INLISLite can improve the efficiency of collection processing, circulation services, and membership management in a faster and more organized manner. The main constraints identified include limited system updates, network integration issues, and librarians’ technical capacity, while training implementation and institutional support were shown to facilitate the optimization of system use. Overall, the study concludes that INLISLite contributes significantly to improving the quality of library materials processing and library services at the Library and Archives Office of Tanah Datar Regency, and it underscores the importance of strengthening technological infrastructure and enhancing human resource competencies to ensure the sustainability of optimal library automation system use.

Libraries remain essential in academic institutions, providing students and educators with access to supplementary resources that enhance learning and research. At Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College (NIPSC), library operations are predominantly manual, leading to inefficiencies in cataloging, borrowing, returning, and reporting across the main and six external campuses. This developmental study aimed to design, develop, and evaluate an ICT-based Library Automation System to improve service efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility. Following the Input–Process–Output (IPO) framework, the system was developed using Python with Tkinter for the desktop interface, React Native for frontend interactions, and Firebase for secure backend data management. Core functionalities include user account management, cataloging and retrieval of books, QR code-based borrowing and returning, borrower and penalty management, and automated report generation. The system was iteratively tested and evaluated using ISO/IEC 25010:2011 software quality standards through a researcher-developed questionnaire administered to librarians, library staff, and a stratified sample of 150 students. Descriptive statistics, including weighted means and frequency counts, were used to analyze evaluators’ perceptions. Results indicated that the system achieved Very Good to Excellent ratings across all quality attributes, demonstrating high functional suitability, usability, reliability, performance efficiency, maintainability, and user satisfaction. The ICT-based library system effectively streamlined operations, reduced manual workload, enhanced data accuracy, and improved service delivery across all campuses. Recommendations include implementing automated notifications, advanced search functions, and continuous system optimization to maintain high performance and adaptability. The study highlights the importance of ICT integration in academic libraries to meet the evolving needs of students and staff.

The creation of digital twins for Library Information Systems (LIS) simulation models provides new insights into the automation, management, efficiency, and user experience of modern-day libraries. A digital twin captures metrics from its real-world counterpart in real time, enabling analysis, monitoring, and optimization. The research is focused on LIS digital twin designs and implementations within the context of IoT, data analytics, and machine learning. Digital twins can simulate user behavior, resource usage, and subsystem interactions, offering great potential to enhance cataloging, circulation, space management, and personal service delivery, thereby augmenting advanced services. The research presents a schema that corresponds to the tangible assets within the library, including books and users, along with the infrastructure for their virtual representations. This enables predictive maintenance of the assets, automated inventory monitoring, and scenario testing. The development supports changing interface elements and user-operated control recommendation systems based on real-time usage data. Initial simulation results suggest improvements in library service delivery and decision-making capabilities within the library ecosystem. This paper addresses major concerns in data harmonization, vulnerability, privacy, and strategies for achieving effective twin deployment. The findings explain how the application of the digital twin disrupts library systems to provide responsive and user-centered information services.

Library automation has become a necessity in today's digital age. This paper reviews the current state of automation in Indian libraries, its benefits, challenges, and future prospects. It also highlights the various automation technologies being used in Indian libraries and provides case studies of successful implementations.

Library Automation and Its Impact on Services: A Case Study of the Central Library, Sido Kanhu Murmu University (SKMU), Dumka, Jharkhand

Background This research paper explores user satisfaction with the Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) services offered by Deemed University Libraries in Tamil Nadu. With libraries undergoing rapid digitization, understanding how users interact with and perceive OPAC systems has become essential. Purpose The primary purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness, accessibility, and usability of OPAC features, including search functionalities, access points, bibliographic displays, user assistance, on-screen help, and the range of services integrated within these systems. Research Design A structured survey method was employed to evaluating how comprehensively OPAC systems support academic and research needs of users. Data Collection Methods and analysis Data were collected via structured survey method, wherein 2500 questionnaires were distributed among OPAC users, yielding a substantial response rate of 95.60% with 2390 valid responses. Results Key findings revealed that 68.43% of users accessed OPAC through their library’s website, while 58.31% utilized OPAC within library automation systems. These statistics indicate moderate to significant integration of OPAC with digital platforms but also suggest opportunities for further enhancement. The study provides detailed insights into user experiences, emphasizing the importance of intuitive design, accessible search tools, and responsive user support. Conclusion The findings aim to guide library administrators and system developers in refining OPAC services to better align with user expectations and information-seeking behavior. Ultimately, this paper contributes to the broader discourse on digital library services, highlighting the critical role of user-centered OPAC development in enhancing library effectiveness and user satisfaction.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this article is to explore the users' knowledge about artificial intelligence in an automated scenario of central library of Banaras Hindu University. According to the study, user awareness is still moderate even though AI is improving cataloguing, resource access, and user services at the Central Library. Scope: This study explores the users’ awareness of Central Library of Banaras Hindu University in intelligent environment as well as the automation of this academic library utilizing AI. Methodology: For this study, a total of 100 questionnaires were distributed, and 85 BHU users answered. The data was analysed using Microsoft Excel to understand user perspectives and experiences, as well as to investigate the impact of AI on library automation. Findings: Of those surveyed, just 45.88% were aware of chatbots and other AI tools. 56.47% of them visited daily, despite this. According to a survey, 64.71% of Central Library patrons are aware of automation. The report highlights how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming traditional library operations by enhancing services and user engagement through intelligent technology. Results demonstrate that AI improves productivity and customization, satisfying the changing requirements of scholars, teachers, and students.

Abstract Open Source Software (OSS) has emerged as a transformative tool in libraries, offering cost-effective, flexible, and community-driven alternatives to proprietary systems. The objective of this paper is to examine the application of OSS in library services, focusing on its role in library automation, digital collection management, institutional repositories, and discovery services. The study adopts a descriptive and review-based approach, drawing on existing literature, case studies, and practical examples to evaluate the scope, benefits, and challenges of OSS adoption in libraries. Key open-source solutions such as Koha and Evergreen for integrated library management, DSpace and Greenstone for digital libraries and repositories, and VuFind for discovery services are highlighted as major contributors to the modernization of library operations. Findings reveal that OSS enhances resource accessibility, supports open access initiatives, and enables libraries to deliver innovative user services while reducing costs. However, challenges such as limited technical expertise, maintenance issues, and staff resistance remain. The paper concludes that OSS offers sustainable pathways for advancing library services, provided adequate training and collaborative support are ensured. Keywords Open Source Software, Library Services, Koha, DSpace, Greenstone, Institutional Repositories, Library Automation

Library Automation and Digitisation of ICSSR-Funded Research Institutions in India – A Study

Purpose This study aims to examine the effectiveness of machine learning models and ensemble approaches for automating Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) assignment to graduate theses and dissertations, aiming to enhance the efficiency, scalability and accuracy of library subject indexing in the digital age. Design/methodology/approach A comparative quasi-experimental framework assessed five machine learning models (DeBERTa-v3-base, all-mpnet-base-v2, FastText, Omikuji Bonsai, term frequency-inverse document frequency [TF-IDF]) and two ensemble strategies (hybrid: DeBERTa + MPNet; ensemble: FastText + Omikuji Bonsai + TF-IDF) on a dataset of 1,104,600 thesis and dissertation titles across 1,578 LCSH labels, integrating organic and synthetic data. Synthetic titles were generated using large language models and rigorously validated to mitigate bias and prevent dataset imbalance. The performance was evaluated using F1, recall@5, NDCG@5, MRR and computational efficiency metrics (RAM usage and prediction time). Paired t-tests were conducted to confirm statistical significance of key performance differences. Findings Transformer-based models (DeBERTa-v3-base: F1 0.7348; all-mpnet-base-v2: F1 0.7277) excelled in accuracy, whereas statistical models (e.g. FastText: 0.36 MiB, 0.0006 s) offered superior efficiency. The hybrid model achieved the highest F1 (0.7413) and NDCG@5 (0.8130) and the ensemble model led in recall@5 (0.8824), demonstrating the value of model integration. Ablation results showed that synthetic data substantially improved classification and ranking performance of models. Synthetic data improved dataset balance, enhancing model generalization. Originality/value This study provides a novel comparison of transformer-based and statistical machine learning models for LCSH assignment, validated through both ablation and statistical significance testing, pioneering the use of synthetic data and probability-weighted ensembles to improve accuracy and ranking. It offers actionable insights for library automation, bridging gaps in prior research focused on narrower model sets.

In the digital age, libraries are undergoing a transformative shift fueled by emerging technologies such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain. These innovations are not merely auxiliary tools but foundational elements in redefining how library systems operate, interact, and deliver services. Cloud computing enables seamless access to digital resources, supports remote services, and reduces physical infrastructure dependency by hosting databases and library management systems on virtual platforms. It fosters scalability, real-time collaboration, and data preservation across institutions. Artificial intelligence enhances user experiences through automated cataloging, intelligent search systems, personalized recommendations, and robotic process automation. AI tools like natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) empower libraries to understand user behaviour and adapt services dynamically. Chat bots and virtual assistants in libraries further optimize information retrieval and user engagement. Blockchain technology introduces transparency, trust, and security to library records. It is instrumental in managing intellectual property, digital rights management (DRM), and authentication of rare or archival documents. Blockchain ensures the integrity and traceability of data transactions, making it suitable for inter-library loan systems, e-book lending, and preserving digital ownership. Together, these technologies create a synergistic model for "Smart Libraries" — agile, intelligent, and resilient to evolving educational and informational demands. Their integration also aids in addressing challenges such as cyber threats, metadata management, and equitable access to knowledge. As libraries continue their digital transformation, these technologies will not only augment traditional services but also redefine the core purpose of libraries as knowledge ecosystems in the 21st century. Keywords: Cloud Computing, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Blockchain, Smart Libraries, Library Automation, Digital Rights Management, Metadata, Virtual Reference Services, Library Management Systems & Information Security etc.

Purpose The increasing demand for efficiency and security in academic libraries has necessitated the adoption of smart inventory management systems powered by Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies. This paper aims to explore how IoT-driven solutions, such as radio-frequency identification (RFID) tracking, cloud-based databases and artificial intelligence (AI)-powered cataloguing, can enhance security, reduce manual errors and improve operational efficiency in Nigerian academic libraries. Design/methodology/approach A critical evaluation of global best practices highlights the success of IoT-based smart inventory management in advanced library systems, demonstrating its potential for improving library operations and resource utilization. Nigerian academic libraries face significant challenges. To bridge these gaps, this study proposes strategic interventions, such as policy formulation, increased funding for library automation, capacity-building programs for library staff and fostering public–private partnerships to drive digital transformation. Findings The findings suggest that smart inventory management is essential for the modernization of Nigerian academic libraries. By embracing IoT-driven solutions, libraries can enhance efficiency, security and accessibility, ensuring they remain relevant and effective in the evolving educational landscape. Research limitations/implications Major limitations include financial constraints, technological gaps, lack of skilled personnel and cybersecurity concerns. Practical implications Smart inventory management systems powered by IoT technologies such as RFID tracking, cloud-based databases and AI-powered cataloguing can enhance security, reduce manual errors and improve operational efficiency in Nigerian academic libraries. Social implications Smart inventory management systems adoption will lead to efficiency and security in academic libraries. Originality/value With several academic libraries in Nigeria experiencing system outdates and being limited in their services to students and researchers alike, now is the best time for the integration of smart inventory management. This paper is novel in the sense that it explores how the adoption and integration of smart inventory management systems serve as a strategic step towards improving academic library operations.

Abstracts: The rapid advancement of technology is significantly reshaping the landscape of library services. This paper examines the evolving role of libraries in the context of Artificial Intelligence (AI), automation, and smart systems. It highlights how libraries are adopting AI for personalized services, automating routine tasks to improve operational efficiency, and integrating smart technologies like IoT, RFID, and cloud systems to create responsive, data-driven environments. The study also explores emerging trends such as virtual reality, blockchain, and sustainable smart infrastructure. While these innovations enhance user engagement and access to information, they also present challenges related to ethics, data privacy, and skill development. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for strategic planning and capacity-building to ensure libraries remain relevant and impactful in the future. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence in Libraries, Library Automation, Emerging Library Technologies, Future of Library Services, Technological Innovations in LIS.

ABSTRACT: Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the emerging technologies of this time. It has been associated with several trades like business, defense, health and education, but its role in library services will foster intelligent decisions. AI is a widely used technology in library services that can transform the best services in the age of information technology. This paper highlights the applications of AI in Library Automation KEYWORDS: Artificial Intelligence, Library Services, Library Technologies, Library Automation

Library management involves organizing and managing all library functions to ensure efficient operations and user satisfaction by providing the required materials and documents. To enhance user services, libraries are transitioning from manual to electronic systems, a process known as library automation. This study conducts a comparative analysis of the functional modules of two popular library management systems: SOUL and Koha. It evaluates key modules, including acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, serial control, OPAC, and administration, to highlight their features and differences. The findings of this study help libraries make informed decisions in selecting the most suitable software for automating their operations. The study concludes that while both SOUL and Koha offer comprehensive functional modules, Koha stands out as a more user-friendly option due to its flexibility.

Abstract: Academic libraries are experiencing a paradigm shift fuelled by Artificial Intelligence (AI), transforming them into adaptive, efficient, and inclusive knowledge hubs. This paper explores the integration of AI technologies in academic libraries with a focus on enhancing sustainability across environmental, economic, and social dimensions. From intelligent cataloguing to personalized user experiences and predictive analytics, AI applications are reshaping service delivery while promoting the broader goals of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study examines global case studies and highlights key challenges such as ethical considerations, algorithmic bias, and the digital skill gap. A strategic roadmap is proposed to facilitate responsible and equitable AI adoption. The findings emphasize that AI, when implemented ethically and inclusively, can redefine the mission of academic libraries in the 21st century. Keywords: Academic Libraries, Artificial Intelligence, Sustainability, Digital Transformation, Library Services, SDGs, Information Access, Ethical AI, Library Automation, Inclusive Technology