Social media has revolutionized the way people communicate, leading to significant shifts in language use across digital platforms. A significant number of studies are available on linguistic expressions and social media usage, but limited research is available on the linguistic impact of social media by reviewing existing literature on lexical innovation, grammatical variation, and discourse transformation in online communication. The research adopts a qualitative, review-based research design. The thematic analysis of the study highlights that social media promotes rapid lexical growth, introducing new words, abbreviations, and hybrid terms. The main focus of the study is on neologisms, slang, acronyms, hashtag language, sentence simplification, punctuation, lowercase usage, informal grammar, emojis, gifs, memes, tone, speech acts, and online identity. Hashtags and emojis also act as semi-lexical tools. Online discourse simplifies syntax and relaxes grammar rules, creating informal, speech-like structures. Social media reshapes how users express tone, intent, and identity. Through multimodal communication, indirect speech acts, and performative language, users adapt traditional pragmatic tools for online spaces.

Introduction. A most challenging question in Samoyedic classifications is the position of Mator. Traditionally, it has been grouped with Kamas. However, in recent years, some scholars have argued that it is most closely related to Tundra Nenets, while others consider Mator to be an earliest branch to have separated from Proto-Samoyedic. Goals. The article attempts an analysis into the relationship of Mator to Kamas and Nenets from the perspectives of glottochronology, phonetic correspondences, and morphological similarities. Materials and methods. The LingvoDoc platform contains dictionaries of 16 Samoyedic languages and dialects, as well as 3 morphological dictionaries for Mator, Kamas, and Tundra Nenets. The dictionaries have been processed by original LingvoDoc-based programs designed to assess linguistic proximities based on glottochronology, phonetics, and morphology. Results. The glottochronological insights tend to confirm the traditional classification: Mator and Kamas do prove to share most of their basic vocabularies (76 %), while coomon basic lexems between Mator and Tundra Nenets are somewhat fewer (from 58 % to 67 % depending on a certain dictionary). However, as for phonetic correspondences, no sound evidence for any long-term existence of a Mator-Kamas branch has been traced. Almost all identified phonetic isoglosses are characteristic for Turkic languages of Siberia as well. In terms of morphology, most shared affixes in Mator, Tundra Nenets and Kamas appear to be essentially archaic. Conclusions. It can be assumed that the phonetic and lexical innovations shared by Mator and Kamas have arisen as a result of language contacts. Genetically, the Mator language exhibits no significant phonetic or morphological innovations shared with other Samoyedic languages.

This study investigates the occurrence and functions of nonstandard language variation in Instagram headlines posted by @folkative, a popular digital media account known for its creative use of informal language. Despite the growing attention to social media discourse, little research has focused on how nonstandard forms operate in short, attention-grabbing digital headlines. Guided by Labov’s (1972) variationist sociolinguistic framework, this study employs a descriptive qualitative method complemented by simple quantification. The data consist of headlines uploaded by @folkative throughout September 2025. The analysis reveals four main types of nonstandard variation: code-mixing, nonstandard spelling, colloquial expressions, and lexical innovation. Among these, code-mixing appears most frequently (33.93%). The use of nonstandard language is not arbitrary but rather reflects deliberate stylistic and social choices. These variations serve several communicative and pragmatic functions, including attracting readers’ attention, conveying humor, saving space within limited character counts, expressing solidarity with followers, and constructing a modern, cosmopolitan online identity. The findings demonstrate that nonstandard language in Instagram headlines contributes to meaning-making and audience engagement, showing how Indonesian users creatively manipulate linguistic resources to suit digital communication norms.

This study examines lexical and semantic variation in isiXhosa as spoken in the Gqeberha and Mthatha speech communities in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province. Although isiXhosa is predominantly spoken in this region, it exhibits substantial dialectal variation influenced by social, historical, and geographical factors. These influences have led to the emergence of distinct regional varieties. The study focuses on comparing lexical and semantic features across these two urban centres, with the aim of understanding the sociolinguistic dynamics shaping their linguistic identities. The research is anchored in the diglossia theory and adopts a qualitative methodology. Data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with isiXhosa speakers from both Gqeberha and Mthatha. The findings reveal significant differences in vocabulary, lexical semantics, grammar, and accent. The variety spoken in Mthatha aligns more closely with the standardised form of isiXhosa, while the Gqeberha variant reflects greater lexical innovation and contact influence. The Gqeberha variety exhibits stylistic innovations in its lexicon where those imaging words are of no semantic significance in speech. These differences have implications for indigenous language education and policy, particularly regarding the accommodation of regional variation. Furthermore, the study highlights how these linguistic differences have contributed to the formation of sub-hegemonies, emerging identities, and underlying tensions among speakers of the different isiXhosa varieties.

A comprehensive approach to studying Brandon Sanderson’s works allows the authors of the article to conduct an original analysis of the methods of forming occasionalisms as derivatives involved in creating unique figurative units within the writer’s worldview. The study of derivational morphology made it possible to identify the features of word-formation processes used in shaping Sanderson’s worldview, including compounding, affixation, complex formation, and blending. The results of the study provide a deeper understanding of the author’s linguistic creativity and its significance for contemporary literature. The findings indicate that compounding is the dominant strategy, enabling semantic transparency and intuitive understanding for readers, while affixation and blending play a minor role in lexical innovation. In the presented work, the authors highlight the role of grounding in the emergence of new lexical units, demonstrating the process of lexical items transitioning from an activated to an established concept. This process influences how occasionalisms are perceived and integrated into the narrative. Initially perceived as foreign or inventive (e.g., spren, chull), such words evolve into functional elements of the fictional world through repetition and narrative embedding. Conversely, already familiar lexical units (e.g., storm, shard, mist) may undergo contextual redefinition, acquiring new in-universe meanings and emotional weight. The study also distinguishes between primary occasionalisms (authorial neologisms serving as base words) and grounded (derived) occasionalisms, which are formed from them through additional semantic or structural transformations. Derived occasionalisms, in turn, are divided into ordinary ones — where existing words undergo shifts in meaning — and pure ones, which arise directly from the original occasionalisms. This classification provides a framework for tracing the semantic and morphological evolution of invented vocabulary. Ultimately, the study underscores the dynamic interplay between language and storytelling, demonstrating how occasionalisms not only function as markers of a linguistic personality but also serve as tools for immersive worldbuilding. The findings contribute to the broader field of fictional morphology and speculative fiction linguistics, illustrating how fictional languages mirror real-world derivation while maintaining their unique narrative functions. The analysis of Sanderson’s lexicon offers valuable insights into the creative potential of neologisms in fiction and emphasizes their role in shaping the overall depth of a fictional universe.

Lexical Innovation and Morphological Productivity in Contemporary English: A Comprehensive Analysis of Word-Formation Mechanisms and Linguistic Evolution

The English language evolves continuously, shaped by each generation. Currently, Generation Z, known as digital natives, significantly impacts this evolution through their unique online lexicon. This study investigates the impact of technological advancements, particularly social media, on the lexical innovation and academic writing of Generation Z students at NISU Ajuy. As digital platforms increasingly influence communication, slang and lexical innovation have become widespread among young users. This study utilized a survey research design to identify the top ten slang terms, top three social media platforms shaping language use, and their effect on academic writing among these students. The sample comprised 50 students. The most popular slang terms identified were BASIC, CLOUT, BTW, SLAY, ASAP, BET, LOWKEY, OTW, LIT, and SQUAD. Facebook, Twitter (X), and Instagram were the leading social media platforms. The study also examined the impact of these digital language trends on academic writing. It found that increased use of slang, particularly among BSHM, BSE, and BSC students, led to more grammatical errors and weaker sentence construction. However, BSEd, and BEEd students were less affected. It also showed the statistical analysis of the impact of slang and social media platform usage on the academic writing of NISU Ajuy Gen Z students, focusing on demographic factors such as sex, course, and age which revealed that there was no significant differences in academic writing performance across these groups, with all significance values exceeding the threshold of 0.05. These findings highlight the importance of being a wise technology user and recognizing the distinction between formal and informal language. While social media platforms are valuable for communication and self-expression, students must learn to differentiate between casual online slang and the formal language required in academic contexts.

Aim. The purpose of the research is to reveal the specificity of the French linguistic picture of the world in the process of the emergence of lexical novelties in the modern French language through linguocultural analysis of the most relevant expressions and collocations verbalising the conceptosphere ‘Environment’ in political and economic contexts.Methodology. The study was conducted based on the analysis of a corpus of contemporary French texts, including official documents, media sources, digital platforms, and lexicographic materials. The following methods were employed: contextual analysis, word-formation analysis, frequency analysis, and comparative analysis.Results. The study identified the main lexical-semantic and word-formation features of French neologisms within the conceptual sphere of “Environment.” It was established that neologisms are primarily formed through calques, affixation, and the lexicalization of syntagms, reflecting both global ecological trends and national cultural values. The findings demonstrate that environmental vocabulary is actively integrated into the French linguistic worldview, representing values such as sustainable development, collective responsibility, and ecological awareness. Particular attention was given to the role of French language policy in regulating borrowings and preserving linguistic and cultural identity.Research implications of the study lies in identifying the mechanisms of neologization in the French language through the lens of environmental vocabulary as a reflection of sociocultural change. The research reveals specific features of word formation, borrowing, and linguistic purism, illustrating how language shapes and codifies the values of sustainable development. The results are relevant to linguistic and cultural studies, sociolinguistics, and the theory of lexical innovation

The aim of the study is to identify the functional features of generational neologisms in English as factors of cognitive and social polarization both between and within generations. The article examines the phenomenon of lexemes marked by cohort affiliation and traces their role in shaping symbolic boundaries and intergenerational opposition in English-language discourse. The semantic and pragmatic characteristics of such units are revealed, and their dichotomizing function in communication is substantiated. The scientific novelty of the research lies in identifying and describing cognitive and discursive mechanisms of generational lexical polarization, manifested in the functioning of neologisms with a pronounced cohort affiliation. The novelty also consists in developing and applying the author’s dynamic conceptual modeling scheme, which makes it possible to reconstruct the transformational trajectory of conflictogenic lexemes from primary affiliation to ambivalent functioning and stable contradiction of cognitive attitudes. In addition, the pragmatic status of such neologisms as instruments of cohort self-identification, symbolic differentiation, and reinterpretation of sociocultural norms is clarified, which expands our understanding of the polarization potential of lexical innovations in English-language discourse. As a result, key cognitive features of conflictogenic generational neologisms, their semantic and pragmatic transformations, as well as the discursive scenarios in which they are actualized, have been identified.

This article investigates the regional variation of the Kazakh language spoken in the Bayan-Ölgii region of Mongolia, focusing on its lexical, phraseological, and word-formation characteristics. Drawing on data collected during a 2022 linguistic expedition, the study explores how historical, political, and educational conditions influenced the preservation and development of the Kazakh language outside Kazakhstan. The findings reveal that, despite several generations of separation, Mongolian Kazakhs have retained a high degree of linguistic identity. Their spoken and written Kazakh demonstrates distinctive features, including archaic vocabulary, synthetically derived word formations, and motivated phraseology. The study highlights the frequent use of lexical items and grammatical constructions that have either fallen out of use in Kazakhstan or evolved differently, as well as the presence of Mongolian loanwords. Special attention is paid to words created through synthetic processes, offering insight into regional creativity in lexical innovation. The research also documents sociolinguistic practices and communicative norms in the diaspora, noting more deliberate and respectful speech patterns compared to Kazakh speakers in Kazakhstan. These findings confirm the linguistic resilience of the Kazakh diaspora in Mongolia and underscore their contribution to maintaining and enriching the broader Kazakh linguistic heritage. This study concludes by emphasizing the need for continued monitoring and support to preserve the regional linguistic identity of Mongolian Kazakhs.

The article deals with the topical issue of developing Romance languages, such as Spanish and French. The article aims to study the evolutionary processes in Spanish and French at phonetic, lexical, grammatical and stylistic levels. The empirical basis of the study is the texts of poetic, folklore and journalistic discourses. The article describes the common genetic origin of the Spanish and French languages, provides a critical review of the scientific literature on this issue, and compares the phonetic composition of the languages under comparison, the similarity of lexical composition, and grammatical and stylistic features in different discourses. The study is based on the following research methods: critical analysis, synchronic and diachronic analysis, comparative, historical and functional, genetic and contextual. The use of ideologemes as modern lexical innovations is a characteristic feature of Spanish and French texts belonging to different types of discourse. It is noted that the frequency of ideologemes in media texts is high due to the peculiarities of the Spaniards' and French national character. Compared to Spanish journalism, French journalism is dominated by a protocol style of presentation and much less subjective assessments. The main characteristics of French journalistic discourse are the tendency to express and standardize simultaneously, the religious orientation of the issues, and the use of precedent-setting phenomena. The folklore and poetic discourses of the languages under comparison are distinguished by national and cultural specificity, as they represent vocabulary with ethnically marked connotations describing the national character of the speakers.

Swahili, as a major lingua franca in East Africa, is undergoing significant transformation through digital communication, particularly on social media platforms. This study explores the morphological and lexical innovations emerging in digital Swahili, with a focus on affixation, compounding, and reduplication. Employing a qualitative approach, the research draws data from 150 social media posts, interviews, and group discussions involving 15 Swahili speakers from urban and rural contexts. The findings reveal increased morphological productivity, with speakers integrating foreign lexical items into Swahili through creative adaptation. Code-mixing and hybrid expressions are also prevalent, reflecting both linguistic innovation and sociocultural identity negotiation. While these developments enhance the expressiveness of Swahili in digital settings, they raise challenges related to language standardization and intergenerational comprehension. This study offers new insights into Swahili’s adaptation to digital environments, highlighting its potential as both a technological and cultural medium. The findings inform ongoing discussions in language policy, digital literacy, and the preservation of African languages in globalized communication.

This essay deals with two colour-related adjectives, badius and baietus, in the Medieval Latin documentary sources of Catalonia studied by the Glossarium Mediae Latinitatis Cataloniae (GMLC). The collection of documental testimonies has been conducted through the lexical database Corpus Documentale Latinum Cataloniae (CODOLCAT), a digital corpus of the Latin texts of this linguistic domain. These sources of notarial and juridical nature contain a considerable amount of colour adjectives, which usually serves to identify and differentiate lexical elements within the same referential class. One of the most attested colour adjectives is badius “bay, brown”, frequently documented with its variant baius and always referring to equines. There are also few occurrences of baietus “brownish”, a lexical innovation derived from badius. To refine their precise definitions, this study explores the forms and uses of both adjectives, taking into consideration the contexts in which they appear. Additionally, this study highlights the importance of the integration of digital tools into lexicographical research and emphasizes the need to incorporate insights from other linguistic domains to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the words under analysis.

This study explores the pathways and methods of lexical renewal within youth art subcultures (graffiti, digital art, furry art). The aim of the research is to demonstrate how lexical innovations reflect the development of subcultural ideas manifested in new genres, techniques, and creative actions, while also identifying the socio-cultural context that underpins these dynamic processes. The research material was selected from online platforms of subcultural communities and social media groups (2005–2025). It incorporates recordings of spontaneous speech from representatives of art subcultures from the authors’ archives, as well as published lexical resources. Employing methods of etymological and word formation analysis, alongside componential and contextual analysis techniques, the study reveals the motivations and means of lexical nomination, clarifies the semantic structure, and elucidates the axiological orientation of new units within the subcultural lexicon. These innovations are presented in relation to the thematic dominants of the subcultural lexicon. The trajectories of development for three art subcultures are illustrated, highlighting the socio-cultural factors that have shaped the specificity of their renewed genres and subcultural practices, which have received lexical representation. It is emphasized that lexical innovations are most prominently represented in new drawing techniques—traditional, digital, and mural — which have emerged due to advancements in the IT sector and the artist goods industry.

This article explores the semantic and conceptual evolution of the educational sphere in Ukrainian and Polish academic and pedagogical discourses from a diachronic and interdisciplinary perspective. Emphasis is placed on the transformation of core educational terms, including “innovation,” “lifelong learning,” “academic culture,” and “praxeology,” and their reflection in legislative, normative, and scholarly frameworks. The study analyzes how lexical innovations and borrowed terms shape the contemporary educational narrative, especially in the context of globalization and the development of human capital. The research draws from legislative texts, academic dictionaries, educational policies, and institutional practices to reconstruct the conceptual framework of education. Particular attention is paid to the role of academic culture and integrity in shaping national educational strategies and in the formation of future PhD researchers through advanced university courses. The application of linguo-pragmatic and praxeological approaches highlights the necessity of communicative competence, ethical conduct, and cognitive-discursive skills in academic settings. The article synthesizes the national and European experiences and articulates the integrative components of academic culture as a crucial element of innovative national security.

The present research examines James Joyce's Finnegans Wake from a stylistic perspective, with a specific emphasis on two of its most striking narrative strategies: neologism and stream-of-consciousness. The study examines how Joyce creates an unconscious-like linguistic atmosphere that imitates yet subverts unconscious mental processes and conventional culture. Based on the stylistic model of Leech and Short (2007) and psychoanalytic models of Freud and Jung, the study illustrates how Joyce's made-up words derived from compounding, portmanteaux, and onomatopoeia work not only as lexical innovation but as an expression of dream logic and psychological richness. Likewise, the stream-of-consciousness narrative of the novel blurs linearity and fixed identity, representing consciousness as fragmented, recursive, and mythic. The paper also investigates how Joyce reworks the motifs of the Irish Literary Revival, deconstructing conventional senses of national identity through radical style. The results emphasise how Joyce's language is not a medium but the very content of meaning, redefining narrative as an enactment of cultural memory and unconscious association. This study adds to modernist scholarship, literary stylistics, and Irish studies by providing a sophisticated insight into the ways in which experimental language is able to reconfigure both narrative shape and cognitive structure.

Foregrounding is a linguistic and stylistic phenomenon that intentionally deviates from conventional language norms to create emphasis, aesthetic appeal, or emotional impact. This paper conducts a comprehensive contrastive analysis of foregrounding techniques in English and Uzbek, examining grammatical structures, lexical innovations, and stylistic devices in literary and media texts. The study reveals that English foregrounding frequently relies on syntactic rearrangements, phonetic patterns, and lexical creativity, whereas Uzbek employs morphological flexibility, proverbial parallelism, and culturally embedded metaphors. By comparing these strategies, the research highlights how linguistic typology and cultural context shape rhetorical expression. The findings contribute to cross-linguistic stylistics, offering insights into how different languages manipulate form and meaning for artistic and communicative effects.

This article investigates the role of neologisms in W.Gibson’s “Sprawl trilogy” (Neuromancer, Count Zero, Mona Lisa Overdrive) as a core linguistic and narrative device for representing technological transformation. Using methods of discourse analysis, semantic interpretation, and semiotic textual analysis, the study examines how neologisms construct alternative realities and mediate posthumanist themes. The research draws on close reading of key neological units in order to evaluate their narrative function, philosophical implications, and cultural symbolism. The findings suggest that Gibson’s neologisms go beyond mere lexical innovation. They generate immersive techno-cultural environments that frame human-machine interactions, identity fragmentation, and the virtualization of reality. These terms do not simply describe futuristic concepts, but actively shape them by establishing new cognitive and semiotic frameworks. The study shows that neologisms in W.Gibson’s fiction serve as instruments of world-building, tools of social critique, and markers of linguistic futurism. Ultimately, the research concludes that neologisms in the Sprawl Trilogy function as a powerful semiotic interface between language, technology, and culture, enabling the articulation of speculative epistemologies and ontologies. Gibson’s use of language exemplifies how science fiction can anticipate and conceptually model the socio-technological dynamics of a posthuman future.

This study examines the morphological processes involved in word formation in Gugbe, a language spoken in West Africa, with particular focus on Nigeria and Benin. Unlike previous research, which has primarily explored Gugbe syntax (Aboh, 2017; 2007; 2005; 1999; 1998), this study shifts focus to morphology, addressing the gap in understanding of word-formation processes in the language. Building on Adjibi’s (2020) work on Gugbe names and words associated with ‘ogú’ (the god of iron), the objectives here are to outline key Gugbe word-formation mechanisms and compare them to English morphological structures. Methodologically, the study analyzes words, phrases, and sentences from everyday speech and native songs, assessing morphological markers. Results show that Gugbe employs diverse processes: prefixation (e.g., otò, ‘country’), suffixation (mítọn, ‘our’), compounding (Gbé-kanlin, ‘wild animal’), reduplication (dagbedagbe, ‘very good’), calquing (Sȩnami, ‘God gave it to me’), clipping under calquing (Mìjoședo), and borrowing (blȩdi, ‘bread’). Notably, while most compound words in Gugbe are right-headed (e.g., gbékanlin, ‘wild animal’), some are left-headed or non-headed. This investigation expands understanding of Gugbe morphology, enriching linguistic resources for Gugbe learners and prompting further research into Gugbe lexical innovation.

This paper presents a comprehensive synchronic and diachronic analysis of the Sino-Vietnamese negative prefixes bất (Chinese 不 bù), vô (無 wú), and phi (非 fēi), examining their historical development and modern usage in Vietnamese, with a comparative perspective on their Chinese equivalents. By investigating the interaction between these prefixes and Vietnamese sentential negators—such as the native chẳng and the Chinese-derived không—the study explores the evolution of negation in Vietnamese over several centuries. The research draws on a corpus of three bilingual Classical Chinese–Vietnamese translations of Confucius’s Analects from the 17th, 19th, and 21st centuries, two written in traditional Nôm script and one in the modern Quốc ngữ alphabet. This corpus provides valuable insights into linguistic shifts driven by language contact in Vietnam. The findings reveal that in the 17th century, the Sino-Vietnamese prefixes bất, vô, and phi were largely absent, with native chẳng dominating. By the 19th century, chẳng persisted, but không emerged as a sentential negator, and bất appeared, both reflecting Chinese forms and demonstrating innovative uses. In the 21st century, không became the dominant negator, with bất and vô seeing increased usage, reflecting broader trends of linguistic modernization. This study situates these changes within the broader context of 20th-century East Asian literacy expansion, where Japan played a pivotal role in disseminating modernized Chinese-based vocabulary. By examining the selective adaptation and integration of Sino-Vietnamese elements, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of language contact, syntactic influence, and lexical innovation in the evolving Vietnamese lexicon.