Abstract This paper presents a sociophonetic investigation of a contested aspect of Assamese vowel phonology, focusing on the mid front vowel space. Drawing on data from the newly developed COCAS corpus, the study investigates whether there is empirical evidence for the proposed two-way phonemic contrast (/e/ and /ɛ/), or whether mid front vowels are better understood as variable realizations of a single phoneme, and if so, whether such realizations are consistent across all contexts. Findings suggest that Assamese has a single mid front vowel phoneme /ɛ/, with systematic phonetic variation shaped by lexical history, speech style (spontaneous vs. controlled speech), and sociolinguistic ecology. These results challenge standard-based and ahistorical descriptions in earlier analyses, and underscore the importance of sociolinguistically grounded approach, with implications for sociolinguistic accounts of vowel variation in contact ecology.

The primary objective of this article is to provide an etymological analysis of four words in the argot of the formerly nomadic Hissar Jugi of Tajikistan. The words čok- ‘to seek (a road), to wander’, čung- ‘to know, to see’, and šamul ‘pilaf’ are identified as Indo-Aryan, whereas dela ‘dwelling, house, tent’ is seen as a word of Semitic origin. The latter must have entered the secret language most likely through one of two routes: one through the Persian language and the other directly from one of the Semitic languages spoken on the Iranian plateau. Words of Indo-Aryan origin show the devoicing and deaspiration of conso– nants, which are typical of the northwest of the Aryan language area, with the resulting voiceless affricate sometimes alternating with a homorganic fricative. The Semitic etymology of dela and its related New Indo-Aryan le– xemes (ḍerā, derā) is preferred to an Indo-Aryan one because no Old or Middle Indic cognates are known, whereas the Semitic root is semantically reliable. A possible phonetically based counterargument is dealt with by explaining the processes that led to the retroflexivisation of the stop in the ḍerā/derā lexical group. All three words identified as Indo-Aryan are on the periphery of the lexical history of the language group. The linguistic section is preceded by a brief ethnological overview. Its purpose is, firstly, to show the historical connection of the Jugi people with the Indian subcontinent as a starting point for the etymological analysis and, secondly, to describe their place among similar argot-speaking Central Asian and Middle Eastern groups.

The Oxford English dictionary’s earliest citation for the coinages Baxterianism and Baxterian to refer to the distinctive ecclesiological and theological thought of the seventeenth-century Puritan divine Richard Baxter is dated 1835, with no examples of use after 1839. This is incorrect. These, and related terms, originated in the 1650s and were in regular use during the intervening 185 years (as well as thereafter to the present day). This essay traces the changing signification and usage of these terms from the religious controversies of the seventeenth-century through the development of denominational identities and of a moderate tradition within eighteenth-century dissent that contributed to the development of Unitarianism.

This study investigates the etymologies of several key Syunik-Artsakh (Nagorno Karabagh) dialectal terms related to agriculture and vegetation, arguing for their Indo-European roots or native Armenian development, particularly for those previously considered non-etymological or of uncertain origin. This dialect area's rich vocabulary offers valuable insights for dialectology, Armenian language history, historical-comparative linguistics, and ethnography. The dialectal Armenian word tsütsün (ծո̈ւծո̈ւն) substantiates linking the base of Armenian tsets (ծեծ) ‘beating’ to the Indo-European root *g՛eg՛-. The Syunik-Artsakh term hashan (հաշան) is proposed to derive from the verb ash || hash (աշ || հաշ) ‘to dry,’ showing etymological similarities with IE *khrs- ‘to burn, heat.’ The pattern pĕ(u) (պը(ու)) < b(e)u- is identified as basic to pĕṛōk (պըռօկ) ‘bud/sprout,’ with elements -ṛ- (ռ) and -t- (տ) likely functioning as frequentative/intensive suffixes. The Turkic origin of jalagh (ջալաղ) ‘grafting’ is contested; while potential Indo-European connections (g'hel- or gel-) exist, phonetic issues with the latter and strong parallels with regional Turkic (calaq) suggest borrowing is more probable. Crucially, the etymology of dögyün || dĕēgün (դօ̈գյո̈ւն || դըէգո̈ւն) ‘branch collar of a tree’ is established as deriving from the native Armenian adjective tokun (տոկուն) 'resilient, firm' (from the root tok (տոկ) < PIE *dewǝ-/dowǝ-), having undergone regular dialectal sound changes. The word K’lpel || kĕlpēl (քլպել || կըլպէլ) ‘to strip, pare, peel’ is linked to the PIE root *(s)kel- ‘tear, pick up, scratch, take out.’ Overall, the study highlights the significance of Syunik-Artsakh dialectal data for reconstructing Armenian lexical history and resolving complex etymologies.

The term σάγαρις is analysed in the article. This word was used in Classical sources to designate a specific Scythian weapon — a battle-axe. The lexical history of the word, its meaning and translation, as well as the ways of representation of Scythian battle-axes in ancient art and their archaeological realities are discussed.

The article analyses how the names Katiuska and Rebeca, associated with characters from theatre and film, became common terms in Spanish fashion vocabulary to describe specific garments.The first term comes from the Spanish operetta Katiuska, la mujer rusa (1931) and refers to high waterproof boots, inspired by the protagonist's attire.The popularity of the work led to the adoption of this name for a practical type of footwear for both adults and children.The name rebeca is derived from Alfred Hitchcock's film Rebecca, adapted from the novel by Daphne du Maurier and released in Spain in 1942.The knit cardigan worn by the protagonist became popular in Spain under this name.Despite their foreign origins, both terms were fully integrated into Spanish and have endured in the language to this day.The lexical history of these terms is studied based on a corpus of 20th-century press, the databases of the RAE and ASALE, and a dictionary corpus with the goal of reconstructing their early stages, diffusion, and consolidation in the Spanish language, as well as identifying various factors that contributed to their success.

This article is a critical engagement with Heiko Motschenbacher’s Linguistic Dimensions of Sexual Normativity (2022), which examines the discursive construction of sexuality through the lens of normativity in the aim of empiricizing queer linguistic data via corpus methods. Underpinned by a lexicalist stance based on a novel Foucauldian argument and a readaptation of sociological “labeling theory”, the book argues for a lexically based construction of sexual normativity through the words used to describe sexual beings or practices. Critiques are proposed here concerning the work’s treatment of Foucauldian theory, labeling theory, and lexical history. By opposing normativity but also enacting it via guidelines for inclusive language use, the work under study raises political questions about linguistic authority. A sociolexicological approach, seeing the lexicon as the site of structured variation as for any other language feature, offers a way out of binary essentialist/constructivist thinking and opens alternate perspectives on interrogating the queer past and present.

Abstract The unprecedented enlargement of the English lexicon in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries included a conspicuous group of new compounds with ‘self’ as the first element. After only a handful of such compounds in Middle English, nearly 150 were coined in the sixteenth century, and then an astonishing 600 or so in the seventeenth (approaching half of all such compounds recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary). This sudden obsession with one compounded element is unparalleled in English lexical history. It signals a very significant conceptual and ideological shift, one which we might expect to herald modernity's positive emphasis on subjectivity and individuality. However, these compounds came into being to express not the potentiality and value of individual experience but deep anxiety and wariness about ‐ even loathing and castigation of ‐ the self as the primary tool of Satan: Adam and Eve fell though becoming ‘selfists’. This paper explores this disquiet through discussion of a range of such compounds recorded in OED from Puritan texts, to conclude that they articulated not a growing confidence in the self and encouragement to self‐reliance and self‐realisation, but a drive towards self‐abnegation and subjection.

France is grappling with séparatisme, which the government has targeted as incompatible with French republican principles and is now sanctioned under a new law. Crucially for scholars and teachers of French, debates about séparatisme reflect substantial cultural differences between France and the United States that can, without sufficient context, lead to errors in translation. This article proffers the meanings of séparatisme, its close cousin laïcité, and related terms based on cultural insights into French society. The lexical history and legacy of these terms are further considered in comparative context, namely regarding American separation of church and state.

Abstract: The term Guominxing (, national character) is undoubtedly an important term in both the history of modern thought and the history of modern vocabulary. However, it seems that the term has never been specifically explored as an object of study in the field of lexical history whereas in the field of intellectual history, the emphasis has often been on the ideas represented by the term as opposed to the term itself, which is in fact marginalised. This article focuses on the Chinese word guominxing, examining both the process of its production and dissemination as well as its current usage, in order to reveal its significance for the history of modern intellectual exchanges between China and Japan and the history of modern Chinese thought.

A Study on the Lexical History Education Related to Culture –Focusing on the lexical hisotry of toilets

본고는 ‘나무’ 이름을 국어 어휘사의 관점에서 검토하여 궁극적으로는 그 어원을 밝히고자 하는 일련의 노력 가운데 하나이다. 본고에서 다룬 나무 이름은 ‘개암나무, 곰솔, 구기자나무, 물푸레나무’이다. ‘개암나무’에 대해서는 ‘개암’이 접두사 ‘개-’와 명사 ‘밤[栗]’의 결합체인 ‘*개ᄫᅡᆷ’에서 온 것이라는 기존의 설을 비판하고, 기원형 ‘*개ᄀᆞᆷ’이 ‘*개ᄋᆞᆷ’을 거쳐 나온 어형임을 추정하였다. ‘곰솔’에 대해서는 ‘곰’을 ‘熊’이나 ‘大’의 뜻으로 보는 기존의 설을 비판하고, 형용사 어간 ‘검-[黑]’의 변화형으로 간주하였다. 곧 기원형을 ‘검솔’로 잡고, 이것이 ‘곰솔’로 변한 것으로 파악하여 나무껍질이 검은색이어서 붙여진 이름으로 해석하였다. ‘구기자나무’에 대해서는 열매 이름 ‘구기자(枸杞子)’와 ‘나무’가 결합된 형태로 보고 ‘구기자가 달리는 나무’로 해석하였다. ‘구기자나무’ 이전에 ‘구긔(枸杞)’와 ‘구긔나모’, 그리고 열매 이름에서 나무 이름으로 전용된 ‘구긔ᄌᆞ’가 있었는데, 이들이 현대국어에 ‘구기, 구기나무, 구기자’로 이어졌으나 ‘구기나무’는 현재 표준어가 아님을 지적하였다. ‘물푸레나무’에 대해서는 기원형을 ‘*믈프레나모’로 잡고 이를 나무 이름 ‘*믈프레’에 ‘나모[木]’가 잉여적으로 결합된 어형으로 보았다. 그리고 ‘*믈프레’는 ‘믈[水]’과 ‘프레(프르-+-에)’로 분석하여 ‘물을 푸르게 하는 것’ 정도로 해석하였다. ‘*믈프레나모’는 ‘무푸레나무’로 변하여 20세기의 얼마간까지 쓰였으나 ‘ㄹ’을 회복한 ‘물푸레나무’를 표준어로 삼으면서 대표성을 잃었음을 밝혔다.The purpose of this paper is trying to review some etymologies of 4 tree names and find out the convincing their original forms by the morphological and semantic analysis of them. The tree names, which are studied here, are ‘개암나무’(Asian hazel), ‘곰솔’(Black pine), ‘구기자나무’(Chinese matrimony vine), ‘물푸레나무’(Asian ash). For the word ‘개암나무’, this paper disproves the existing explanation that ‘개암’(a hazelnut) came from the word ‘*개ᄫᅡᆷ’, the combination of ‘개-’, a prefix and ‘밤[栗]’(a chestnut), a noun. It is assumed that the word came from ‘*개ᄀᆞᆷ’, an original form, and then has become the form of ‘*개ᄋᆞᆷ’. For the word ‘곰솔’, this paper disproves the existing explanation and considers the ‘곰’ is not from ‘熊’(a bear) nor ‘大’(big enough) but from the changed word form of ‘검-[黑]’(a black color), an adjective stem. Therefore, it is assumed that its original form is ‘검솔’ and the word has changed into ‘곰솔’ and the name has been made since the bark of the tree is black color. For the word ‘구기자나무’, it is assumed that ‘枸杞子’, a fruit name combines with ‘나무’(tree), a word. Therefore the word refers to ‘구기자가 달리는 나무’, a tree with the fruit of Chinese matrimony vine. The paper found that before the appearance of the word ‘구기자나무’, the words ‘구긔(枸杞)’ and ‘구긔나모’ were used for referring to the tree. And it has been found that the fruit name ‘구긔ᄌᆞ’ referred to the tree and they remain as ‘구기’, ‘구기나무’, and ‘구기자’ in modern Korean dictionary. But the ‘구기나무’ is not the current standard language. For the word ‘물푸레나무’, it shows up in the early 17th century literature as a form ‘무푸레나모’. It is might be assumed that the word exists as a reconstructed form, ‘*믈프레나모’ in the earlier part of the 15th century, considering a Chinese form, ‘水靑木’, written by a borrowed writing system at that time. It could be assumed that ‘*믈프레나모’ is a word form a tree name, ‘*믈프레’ combined with a redundant word ‘나모’. In addition, ‘*믈프레’ is composed of ‘믈[水, water]’ and ‘프레’, of which ‘프레’ is a root form ‘프르-[靑, blue]’ combined by a suffix, ‘-에’. Consequently, a reconstructed form ‘*믈프레’ is interpreted ‘the thing that makes water blue’, and becoming a tree name in itself. The above naming is reflected by the fact that breaking its branch and putting it in the water, makes the water taking on the blue color drawing from the branch. The form, ‘*믈프레’ had been used until the earlier part of the 20th century through a series of changes, ‘*므프레>무프레>무푸레’, but now ‘물푸레’ is a normative form with a recovered coda ‘ㄹ’. Also a form, ‘*믈프레나모’ had been used during a short time after te 20th century through a series of changes, ‘*므프레나모>무프레나모>무푸레나무’, but it gave its status of a normative form to ‘물푸레나무’ as soon as ‘물푸레’ became a normative form instead of ‘무푸레’.

Bayarma Khabtagaeva, Language Contact in Siberia: Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic Loanwords in Yeniseian. The Languages of Asia Series 19. Brill: Leiden, 2019. xii, 404 pp. ISBN 978-90-04-38594-8 (hardback), 978-90-04-39076-8 (e-book), ISSN 2452-2961.Over the years Bayarma Khabtagaeva has emerged as one of the most prolific authors in the field of comparative Altaic studies, with areal and diachronic lexicology as one of her special fields. Having previously devoted a monographic study to the Mongolic loanwords in Sayan Turkic Tuva (Khabtagaeva 2009), she has now turned her attention to an even more challenging topic: the Turkic,

Este artigo examina a ideia de consciência no Emílio de J.-J. Rousseau a partir de uma perspectiva que combina história da filosofia e história lexical. A análise é contextualizada tanto em relação a outros escritos do autor, sobretudo o Discurso sobre a origem da desigualdade, quanto no interior do quadro histórico das ciências nos séculos XVII e XVIII, com atenção para a teoria empirista de John Locke. Busca-se investigar o processo de constituição semântica de “conscience” e “sentiment intérieur” em língua francesa à luz de certos debates envolvendo o inatismo e o mecanicismo, destacando-se a contribuição do médico cartesiano Louis de la Forge. O objetivo do trabalho é mostrar as vias pelas quais a ideia de consciência no Emílio, combinada a uma interpretação do sentimento interior associada à fisiologia cartesiana, estabelece pilares significativos das estruturas mentais e institucionais que tornaram possível a emergência daquilo que passou a ser denominado subjetividade moderna.

On page 91 of his brilliant book, Domenico Bertoloni Meli presents Robert
\nHooke’s investigation of the striking phenomenon of the beard of wild oats as
\nan example of the latter’s attempt to tie together natural and artificial devices:
\nnot only could plants be mechanized and explained through mechanical instruments,
\nbut “Hooke was [also] inspired by this mechanism occurring in nature
\nto construct a hybrid device to measure humidity” (pp. 91-92).

Le mot grec kéleusma "chant des mariniers" est passé en ltalie sous plusieurs formes: celoma, scialoma etc. Elles sont attestées depuis le XIVe siècle, et toutes ont une consonne initiale palatale. Le catalan saloma et le verbe correspondant salomar (1436) ne sont vraisemblablement pas autochto­nes, mais pris de l'italien. La question se pose surtout pour l'espagnol çaloma (fin du XVIe siècle; plus tard zaloma): du point de vue phonetique il ne peut pas s'agir pour ce dernier d'un emprunt direct de l'italien, ni même du catalan. Cependant, l'histoire lexicale des termes hispaniques (cat. saloma, esp. et portg. zaloma) contredirait ce que les "lois phonetiques" exigent: pour ces mots nautiques, soumis aux avatars de la "lingua franca", on ne devrait pas faire jouer une stricte rigueur linguistique. A en juger par les attestations recueillies, le point de départ vers l'espagnol serait la Catalogne. Néanmoins l’exposition des données philologiques objectives tirées d'une abondante documentation écrite et dialectale permet d'étaler la complexité du problème.

Abstract: Literature has an ethical obligation to respond to the climate change crisis, and scholars have a responsibility to understand how these responses work. Neither the humanities nor the sciences have a good record when it comes to encouraging people to limit their desires, their consumption, or their growth. While there may be genetic reasons for this failure, calls for humanity to limit itself need better responses. Literature can help us to respond better to climate change, but only if we reconceptualize narrative and accord to it the importance it once held as a source not only of entertainment but of knowledge necessary for our very survival

El presente trabajo se entiende como un intento de terminar en parte con la escasez actual de estudios acerca de la historia léxica del español centroamericano; con este propósito, se pretende llevar a cabo el análisis de los americanismos que se pueden descubrir en los capítulos que el arzobispo de Guatemala, el aragonés Pedro Cortés y Larraz, dedica a El Salvador en su Descripción geográfico-moral de la diócesis de Goathemala, redactada en 1770 tras una visita pastoral a su extensísima diócesis.De este modo, y después de facilitar una rápida visión general del vocabulario de la obra, se pasará a analizar aquellas unidades que se pueden considerar americanismos desde una perspectiva de uso y dinámica de este concepto (Company 2010; Ramírez Luengo 2015); en concreto, se tendrán en cuenta cuestiones como los subtipos de americanismos que se descubren y los campos semánticos en que se incorporan, y se prestará una especial atención al uso de los indigenismos como ejemplo del contacto con los pueblos autóctonos, todo ello con la intención final de detectar la presencia de elementos diatópicamente marcados y, por tanto, de subrayar el proceso de dialectalización de este nivel lingüístico que se puede descubrir ya en el español de la región en las postrimerías del siglo XVIII.

Monkey was originally referred by the native word nap in Korean. Jannabi, a derived word of nap, has been used from 16SUPth/SUP century, managed to survive in Present-Day Korean, and probably underwent the changes of nasalization of /s/ and /j/ deletion from the construction [[jʌy(ash)+-s(GENITIVE)#nap(monkey)]+-i(NOMINALIZER)]. Wonsoong-i, another word for monkey, appeared late 18SUPth/SUP century and probably underwent the changes of /j/ deletion and /ʌ/ ＞ /ɯ/ from the construction [[won(monkey)+sʌyng(ape)] +-i(NOMINALIZER)]. The phonological phenomena of /j/ deletion and liquidization of /nn/ from the forms of two words show the necessity of extensive study on the sporadic phonological changes in the history of Korean phonology.

Lan honen helburu nagusia euskarari dagokionean oso gutxi landu izan den lexikologia historikoaren gaia jorratzeko metodologia entsegu bat egitea da. Horrela, euskal lexikoari buruzko etorkizuneko lan sinkroniko zein diakronikoetarako oinarriak sendotu eta ikerlerro berriak zabaltzea dugu jomuga. Bide horretan, Euskara Arkaikoaren lexikoaren analisi sinkroniko bat egin dugu. XV-XVI. mendeetako hamaika testutatik lagin esanguratsu bana hartuta, garai hartako euskal lexikoaren eraketarako bideak aztertu, zehaztu eta neurtu ditugu. Hau da, testuetan lekukotzen den lexiko hori ezaugarritzen saiatu gara. Batez ere, eratorpenean, konposaketan eta mailegutzan jarri da arreta. Lan hau egiteko lanabesa eta oinarria euskararen gaineko lan lexikologiko apurretatik (adib.: Sarasola 1997) eta, bereziki, inguruko hizkuntzetako lexikoaren historia lanetatik (adib.: Barber 1976, Nevalainen 1999) jaso dugu.Analisirako corpus nagusia Sarasolaren Euskal Hiztegia-n agertzen diren Euskara Arkaikoko hitzek osatu dute. Eta, bide honetatik eskuratutako datu orokorrek erakutsi dute XV-XVI. mendeetako lexikoan euskal ondare zaharreko hitzak (%58) direla nagusi. Aldiz, corpus nagusiko hitzei Euskal Hiztegi-tik kanpo geratutakoak gehituz gero, maileguen kopuruak (%44) gora egiten du ondare zaharrekoekiko (%55) aldea txikituz. Lexiko berrigintzarako bideei dagokienez, ostera, mailegaketa da erabiliena (%66); izan ere, maileguak eratorriak (%22) eta konposatuak (%13) batuta (%35) baino nabarmen gehiago dira. Guztiarekin ere, Leizarragak emaitza orokor hauetan duen eragina nabarmena da.