Sustained Levels Research Articles

Designing a sustainability monitoring system for the food and beverage industry in Indonesia using multidimensional scaling (MDS)

The decline in the performance of the food and beverage sector by -3% for the food sector and -26.39% for the beverage sector in the second quarter of 2020 due to the outbreak of Covid-19 necessitated an analysis of the sustainability of the food and beverage industry. This research aimed to analyze the sustainability of the industry. A monitoring system for the sustainability of the food and beverage industry was an essential tool to ensure that the sector operated sustainably and contributed positively to the environment and society. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) could be used to analyze and visualize the sustainability performance of the food and beverage industry based on various relevant dimensions or factors. The simulation results of Rapid Assessment of Food and Beverages (RAP-FB) indicated an overall high level of sustainability at 64.89%. In summary, the research showed that the food and beverage (F&B) industry's sustainability could be assessed through various dimensions and factors (such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), energy efficiency, and workplace safety) contributed significantly to its overall sustainability. The monitoring system based on MDS could provide valuable insights to enhance the industry's performance and ensure its continued positive impact on the environment and society.

ANALISIS AIR CONDITIONER PADA KOMPLEK PERUMAHAN DI KOTA DENPASAR

Green building retrofit is an approach that involves modifying or enhancing existing buildings to achieve higher standards of sustainability and energy efficiency. By conducting an energy audit first, it's possible to identify potential energy savings in the housing, as well as components that need to be upgraded to reach the desired level of sustainability. Retrofit solutions may include the use of implementation of efficient HVAC systems, energy-saving lighting, and better energy management. The aim of this research is to explore the potential improvements that can be applied through Green Building Retrofit with a focus on energy efficiency and sustainability in Jadi Pesona II Barat Housing, comparing the energy consumption conditions of houses before and after the energy audit, as well as calculating the payback period for occupants after the retrofit implementation. After the energy audit and Green Building Retrofit, daily energy usage in homes in Perumahan Jadi Pesona II Barat decreased from 47.45 kWh per day to 36.91 kWh per day. This indicates a reduction of 10.54 kWh per day or approximately 22.22% from the previous conditions, and the payback period analysis results show that almost all air conditioners show values in line with the project investment feasibility parameter, which is below 4.2 years.

HUBUNGAN MODAL SOSIAL TERHADAP KEBERLANJUTAN USAHA NELAYAN DI DESA LAMBANGI KECAMATAN KOLONO TIMUR KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN

This research aims to (1) determine the social capital of fishermen in Lambangi Village, East Kolono District, South Konawe Regency; (2) knowing the business sustainability of fishermen in Lambangi Village, East Kolono District, South Konawe Regency; and (3) determine the relationship between social capital and business sustainability among fishermen in Lambangi Village, East Kolono District, South Konawe Regency. The data analysis used in this research is the class interval formula and spearman rank correlation with the help of SPSS 25. The results of the research show that the elements of social capital of fishermen in Lambangi Village consist of trust, participation and networking and the results of the research show that the application of trust is categorized as high; implementation of participation is categorized as good; and network implementation is categorized as sufficient. The level of sustainability of fishing businesses in Lambangi Village, East Kolono District, South Konawe Regency based on its category is categorized as medium. And there is a relationship between social capital, namely trust, participation and networks, to the sustainability of fishing businesses. Based on the calculation results, it shows that the Spearman rank correlation test results have a correlation coefficient of 0.604 with a significance level of 0.000. This shows that social capital and the sustainability of fishing businesses have a close relationship based on a coefficient value of 0.604 which is seen based on the degree of relationship guidelines. And it can also be a significant or sig value. (2-tailed) 0.001< or smaller than 0.05 then it can be said to be significant.

Sustainability Level Analysis of the Application of 21st Century Skills By University Students

In order to meet the challenge of 21st-century skills, every human resource must be prepared with complex problem-solving skills. Colleges, particularly state colleges in Pekanbaru City, have a vested interest in helping their students develop 21st-century skills. To overcome these problems, we need a 21st-century approach for college students, particularly Riau University students. No one has yet evaluated the long-term viability of the use of 21st-century talents at Riau University. As a result, the author is interested in doing research to develop a strategy to improve students' 21st-century abilities at the University of Riau. The study was conducted solely on Riau University students. The Simple Random Sampling Technique was used to choose the samples. Riau University has a total of 35.785 students spread across the faculty. Based on the necessary sample size chart, the number of samples necessary is 654, with a confidence rating of 99% and a margin of error of 5%. As the results of the analysis, it is possible to identify multidimensional sustainability status at a value of 74.88, where this value is in the range of 50,01–75,00, with a fairly sustainable category. This condition gives the idea that the updating of 21st-century skills by students at Riau University is only in a sufficient category, or, in a state of warning to stakeholders. Riau University can ensure that its students not only have strong academic knowledge but also have the relevant and necessary skills to cope with the complex dynamics of the 21st century by implementing robust strategies and involving all stakeholders.

CIRCULAR BUSINESS MODELS IN AGRICULTURE: ELEMENTS, CREATION DRIVERS AND APPLICATION PERSPECTIVES

The article reveals the organizational and economic principles regarding the elements and drivers of creating circular business models in the agri-food sector of Ukraine. It substantiates the perspective business models of the circular economy for the agri-food sector of Ukraine. It is substantiated that circular business models are new ways of organizing economic ties within the agri-food system, which are tolerant towards the environment and natural resources and form prerequisites for increasing social well-being. The factors that become drivers for the creation of circular business models for the agri-food sector are determined; it is proved that the key to them is the consumer behavior of buyers and the level of social responsibility since consumer behavior and business interests must achieve a balance under the conditions that the result of the system will satisfy all interested parties. The elements of the circular business model of the agri-food sector are defined and focus on specific tools related to the R principles of creating, offering, and realizing value. Prospective agro-circular economy business models for the agri-food sector of Ukraine have been identified, namely: organic farming model, natural farming model, agroforestry improvement, biomass use, innovations in food packaging, eco-design, integrated system of organic farming, integration of value chains within agriculture and the agro-food sector, models of ecological bioprocessing of waste and resources. Modern problems of implementing circular models in the practice of business entities of the agro-food sector are outlined. Their solution is substantiated within the framework of a complex systemic approach to the management of circular transformations, which should be implemented at all levels of economic management and contribute to the achievement of a single strategic goal - increasing the level of sustainability of the domestic agro-food sector and the national economy as a whole.

The impact of local taxes and fees on the financial sustainability of territorial communities in times of war

The paper analyses the impact of local taxes and fees on the financial sustainability of territorial communities. The concept of financial sustainability is considered in relation to financial management, investment planning and debt control. It is noted that in the context of finance, the concept of ‘financial sustainability’ is identified with stability, security and flexibility. The author also analyses the share of local taxes and fees in the tax and total revenues of local budgets of Ukraine for the period 2021-2023. In turn, this allowed us to highlight changes in the structure of local budget revenues, in particular, changes in tax revenues and their relative contribution to total revenues. The calculated coefficients were used to highlight the role of local taxes and fees in ensuring financial sustainability on the example of the budget of the Lviv territorial community. The values of key financial indicators that characterise the level of financial sustainability of the budget of the Lviv city territorial community for the period 2021-2023 are also investigated. Using tables, the author analysed the coefficients such as the coefficient of independence, budget coverage, tax independence, budget security, subsidy and withdrawal of funds to the state budget. Fluctuations in these indicators over three years and their impact on the financial sustainability of local budgets in times of war were studied, i.e., the current state of the system of local taxes and fees was demonstrated. An important aspect of the study was the impact of the military conflict on the local taxation system in Ukraine, as in the context of the war in the country, it was necessary to consider not only the threat to security and stability, but also the economic consequences that significantly affect the financial support of local communities. Particular attention was paid to the efficient allocation of financial resources and the creation of reserve funds to ensure financial stability in unforeseen circumstances. The importance of local taxes as a key mechanism for strengthening the financial base and stability of territorial communities is highlighted, as this aspect contributes to their development and improves the quality of life of residents.

S-Nitroso Human Serum Albumin Enhances Left Ventricle Hemodynamic Performance and Reduces Myocardial Damage after Local Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.

Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production is crucial in maintaining vascular homeostasis. However, in the context of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) can exacerbate reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Supplementation with S-nitroso human serum albumin (S-NO-HSA) offers a potential solution by mitigating eNOS uncoupling, thereby enhancing NO bioavailability. In a study conducted at the University of Verona, male rats underwent thoracotomy followed by 30 min left anterior descendant coronary (LAD) occlusion and subsequent reperfusion. Hemodynamic parameters were meticulously assessed using a conductance catheter inserted via the carotid artery. The rats were stratified into two main groups based on reperfusion duration and the timing of drug infusion, with the effects of S-NO-HSA evaluated after 2 or 24 h. Remarkably, intravenous administration of S-NO-HSA, initiated before or during ischemia, exhibited notable benefits. It significantly improved left ventricular function, safeguarded energetic substrates such as phosphocreatine and ATP, and sustained glutathione levels akin to basal conditions, indicative of diminished oxidative stress. The data from this study strongly suggest a protective role for S-NO-HSA in mitigating I/R injury induced by LAD artery occlusion, a phenomenon observed at both 2 and 24 h post-reperfusion. These findings underscore the promising therapeutic potential of NO supplementation in alleviating myocardial damage subsequent to ischemic insult.

What are the best alternatives for sustainability? A rationalization theme for natural resource depletion and technical innovation

There has been a global upsurge in discussions about environmental sustainability. To fight climate change and attain long-term economic expansion, decreasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is crucial. In addition, these issues take center stage in the Next 11 economies due to the scarcity and overexploitation of natural resources, leading to increased carbon emissions. Advancements in technology are essential to achieving sustainable development. Making technical advances is the only way to guarantee that economic growth at lower environmental cost. In this piece, we'll look at how technological progress and the exhaustion of natural resources have affected CO2 emissions. The research examines the interplay between digitization, human capital, and the rule of law, among other aspects. Researchers analyzed panel series data for the next 11 economies from 2003 to 2022. However, the current study utilizes robust estimators to obtain the desired objective of study. Investigated outcomes describe, digitalization, technical innovation, and human resources hurt sustainability level, although the rule of law and the depletion of natural resources have a beneficial effect. The selected and other rising economies may use the predicted findings to inform policy decisions on how to best go forward with sustainable development.

LCA applied to comparative environmental evaluation of aggregate production from recycled waste materials and virgin sources

Nowadays, all productive sectors, including the construction industry, are facing the challenge of reducing their environmental impact. To achieve this objective, numerous actions are being carried out to access greater levels of environmental and economic sustainability. Techniques as Life Cycle Assessment contribute to quantifying environmental impacts, promoting a circular economy in a sector that consumes a high volume of resources, materials, and energy while generating large amounts of gaseous, liquid, or solid emissions. The present study aims to deepen our understanding of aspects that demonstrate the benefits of using RA instead of natural aggregates. This study not only quantifies the environmental impact but also explores the effects of potential improvements in the productive system and their impact on reducing environmental harm. The Life Cycle Assessment methodology is applied to quantify and compare the environmental impacts generated in the production of a ton of mixed recycled aggregates (MRA) from construction and demolition wastes, based on the data provided by plant managers. This is compared to the environmental impacts generated in the production of one ton of natural aggregates extracted from a quarry. The results revealed that the production of mixed recycled aggregate is more environmentally beneficial, confirming a reduction of 70.66% in environmental impacts during the production of recycled aggregates, in comparison to the natural aggregates extraction. Furthermore, the economic analysis demonstrates the economic advantage since the cost of producing recycled aggregates is over 30% cheaper than natural aggregates, being more competitive even when the transportation distances from the plant to the work sites exceed those of natural aggregates.Graphical

Brand commitment as predecessor to the factors of continuance intention

AbstractJapanese consumers have always been placed as one of the most highly loyal consumers in the world who are committed to purchasing certain brands for products in many different industries, such as automobiles, luxury goods, and electronics, to name a few. However in recent years, there is evidence to suggest that brand commitment in Japan is decreasing. In this study, we collected data from consumers in 2018 and again in 2023 using the same instrument to ascertain the change in brand commitment as a predecessor of consumer satisfaction, loyalty, and habit and ultimately their impacts on continuance behavior in using mobile wallet applications. We did not find the relationship between satisfaction and continuance intention to be significant in the 2023 model, unlike earlier. The results of this 5-year study comparison revealed that brand commitment was found to be a predecessor construct to both Japanese consumer satisfaction and habit across the years. It was also found that loyalty mediated the relationship between both habit and consumer satisfaction with continuance intention of mobile wallet applications usage. In summary, we found that brand commitment was significant in its relationship to satisfaction, loyalty and habit both in the 2018 and 2023 studies. This indicates a sustained and strong level of brand commitment in the mobile applications context by Japanese consumers. With this research, the knowledge on the well-known constructs of brand commitment, consumer satisfaction, loyalty, habit, and continuance intention have been extended in the area of mobile wallet applications. The findings provide up-to-date insights that have high relevance and important managerial implications in the international marketing research context beyond Japan.

Mental Health in Healthcare Workers Post-COVID-19: A Latin American Review and Insights into Personalized Management Strategies.

Over the COVID-19 pandemic, the impact of enduring mental health on healthcare workers has become increasingly evident. This review focuses on post-pandemic mental health challenges faced by healthcare personnel in Latin America. This highlights the persistent burden on healthcare workers, especially women, which is exacerbated by economic disparities, inadequacies in the healthcare system, and ongoing occupational stressors. Our literature review, utilizing databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, scrutinized the mental health status of healthcare professionals in the region after the pandemic's peak. The analysis indicated sustained levels of psychological distress, with frontline workers and women continuing to be affected disproportionately. These findings emphasize the urgent need for personalized interventions to effectively address the complex mental health challenges in this context. This review advocates strategic interventions, including tailored psychological support, innovative diagnostics, and technological solutions, integrated into patient-centered care models. Such approaches aim to enhance the mental resilience and overall well-being of healthcare professionals across Latin America in the post-COVID era.

Beta-adrenergic stimulation promotes an endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent inflammatory program in salivary gland epithelial cells.

The effect of beta-adrenergic stimulation on human labial minor salivary gland epithelial cells (LMSGEC) on IL-6 production and its dependency on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were investigated. Primary LMSGEC from Sjögren's syndrome (SS) patients and controls in culture were stimulated with epinephrine and IL-6 expression was evaluated by qPCR and ELISA. The expression of β-ARs in cultured LMSGEC was tested by qPCR, while adrenoceptors and cAMP levels were examined in LMSGs by immunofluorescence. ER evaluation was performed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ER stress by western blot. Epinephrine-induced IL-6 production by cultured LMSGEC was evaluated after alleviation of the ER stress by applying tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and silencing of PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) RNAs. Expression of IL-6 by LMSGEC was upregulated after β-adrenergic stimulation, while the silencing of adrenoreceptors downregulated IL-6. The amelioration of ER stress, as well as the silencing of PERK/ATF4, prevented epinephrine-induced upregulation of IL-6. Adrenergic stimulation led to higher and sustained IL-6 levels secreted by LMSGEC of SS patients compared to controls. Adrenergic signaling was endogenously enhanced in LMSGEC of SS patients (expression of β-ARs in situ, intracellular cAMP in cultured LMSGEC). In parallel, SS-LMSGEC expressed dilated ER (TEM) and higher levels of GRP78/BiP. PERK/ATF4 pathway of the ER stress emerged as a considerable mediator of adrenergic stimulation for IL-6 production by the LMSGEC. An enhanced endogenous adrenergic activation and a stressed ER observed in SS-LMSGEC may contribute to a sustained IL-6 production by these cells after adrenergic stimulation.

Nanosuspensions in Breast Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Overview

Nanosuspensions offer a promising avenue for enhancing breast cancer treatment through improved drug delivery, solubility, and targeting. These colloidal dispersions contain submicron drug particles, significantly increasing surface area and enhancing drug solubility and dissolution rates. This improvement can lead to increased drug bioavailability, enabling lower doses and reduced side effects. It is also possible to engineer nanosuspensions so that they are controlled-release drugs, providing sustained therapeutic levels at the tumor site. Nanosuspensions facilitate targeted drug delivery, which is one of their key advantages. In order to minimize systemic toxicity, nanosuspensions contain targeting ligands or antibodies that adhere to the surface of nanoparticles in order to deliver drugs specifically to breast cancer cells. The nanosuspension platform also allows a combination therapy approach to be used, allowing multiple drugs to be delivered simultaneously in order to achieve synergistic effects and combat drug resistance. Nanosuspension treatments can be beneficial both therapeutically and for imaging and diagnostic purposes. Using nanoparticles labeled with imaging agents, it is possible to visualize tumors and monitor treatment responses. Nanosuspensions may reduce side effects associated with traditional chemotherapy by improving drug targeting and reducing systemic exposure. A nanosuspension represents a promising treatment option for breast cancer. Nanosuspensions must be fully exploited for their full potential to improve outcomes and quality of life for patients.

Enhancing Financial Performance Evaluation: The MEREC-RBNAR Hybrid Method for Sustainability-Indexed Companies

Todays, companies are evaluated not only based on their financial activities but also in terms of their attitudes towards environmental, social, and governance (ESG) activities. In this context, companies are indexed based on their sustainability levels, striving to improve both their sustainability and financial levels simultaneously. The main objective of this research is to evaluate and compare the financial performance of companies listed in the sustainability index. To determine the financial performance of companies in the sustainability index, this research develops and proposes the MEREC (Method Based on the Removal Effects of Criteria) - RBNAR (Reference-Based Normalization Alternative Ranking) hybrid method. Additionally, financial ratios are used as criteria for evaluating companies' financial performance. The weights of financial ratios are calculated using the MEREC method, while the RBNAR method determines companies' financial performances. The application of the MEREC-RBNAR hybrid method is presented through a case study aiming to identify the financial performance of companies listed in the Istanbul Stock Exchange's sustainability index for the year 2022. Furthermore, in this research, companies' financial performance levels are determined by considering the averages of financial ratios of companies listed in the sustainability index, using reference-based normalization processes. The research concludes that the most critical criterion in determining the financial performance of companies in the sustainability index is Return on Equity (ROE). MAVI Clothing Industry and Trade Inc. is identified as the company with the highest financial performance level.

Upaya Peningkatan Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup di Kota Yogyakarta

The purpose of this study is to compare Yogyakarta's environmental quality index in 2023 with the environmental quality index in 2022. The study identified the parties responsible for the local environmental sector as well as the causes and solutions to problems related to air and water pollution. This was measured using a qualitative approach in this study, with the components of the Water Quality Index (WQI), Air Quality Index (AQI), and Environmental Quality Index (EQI) covered in the literature review. The conclusion of this study shows that the environmental quality index of Yogyakarta City still needs improvement to increase the quality of the environment to a better and more sustainable level.

Green Finance and Sustainable Development Nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa

This study comprehensively assesses the influence of green finance on sustainabledevelopment in sub-Saharan African countries from 1999-2023. The sub-Saharan Africancountries are considered most vulnerable to climate change due to their individual countries’ geographical location, economic structure, population density, limited adaptive capacitytoclimate change, and social vulnerability. By examining the intricate linkages between greenfinance measured by financial development indicators, and institutional frameworks, technology, urbanization, and educational levels, the study aims to address environmental, social, and economic challenges and the trajectory of green development in sub-SaharanAfrican countries. The pool mean group autoregressive distributed lags (PMG/ARDL) method was employed for its ability to rheostat endogeneity and serial autocorrelation, neglected by previous studies. The findings underscore the pivotal role of green finance, proxied by bank credit to the private sector, in promoting sustainable practices, throughtechnological advancements and educational levels to increase investment in industries that prioritize sustainability, conservation, and biodiversity preservation. The negative nexusbetween foreign direct investment and the potential adverse consequences is associatedwiththe influx of multinational corporations to sub-Saharan African countries, particularly duetolax environmental regulations linked to weak regulatory frameworks. In light of thesefindings, this study recommends aligning investments with sustainable development goals, enhancing regulatory oversight to improve environmental quality, and balancing economicgrowth and environmental stewardship through sustainable development strategies, giventheir countries' vulnerability to climate change.

65% cover is the sustainable vegetation threshold on the Loess Plateau

Global temperatures will continue to increase in the future. The ∼640,000-km2 Loess Plateau (LP) is a typical arid and semi-arid region in China. Similar regions cover ∼41% of the Earth, and its soils are some of the most severely eroded anywhere in the world. It is very important to understand the vegetation change and its ecological threshold under climate change on the LP for the sustainable development in the Yellow River Basin. However, little is known about how vegetation on the LP will respond to climate change and what is the sustainable threshold level of vegetation cover on the LP. Here we show that the temperature on the LP has risen 0.27 °C per decade over the past 50 years, a rate that is 30% higher than the average warming rate across China. During historical times, vegetation change was regulated by environmental factors and anthropogenic activities. Vegetation coverage was about 53% on the LP from the Xia Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period. Over the past 70 years, however, the environment has gradually improved and the vegetation cover had increased to ∼65% by 2021. We forecast future changes of vegetation cover on the LP in 2030s, in 2050s and in 2070s using SDM (Species Distribution Model) under Low-emission scenarios, Medium-emission scenarios and High-emission scenarios. An average value of vegetation cover under the three emission scenarios will be 64.67%, 62.70% and 61.47%, respectively. According to the historical record and SDM forecasts, the threshold level of vegetation cover on the LP is estimated to be 53–65%. Currently, vegetation cover on the LP has increased to the upper limit of the threshold value (∼65%). We conclude that the risk of ecosystem collapse on the LP will increase with further temperature increases once the vegetated area and density exceed the threshold value. It is urgent to adopt sustainable strategies such as stopping expanding vegetation area and scientifically optimizing the vegetation structure on the LP to improve the ecological sustainability of the Yellow River Basin.

DIPG-82. RADIOSENSITIZATION WITH RAD52 INHIBITION IN DIFFUSE MIDLINE GLIOMA

Abstract BACKGROUND Diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is one of the most devastating childhood cancers that limited response to radiation therapy (RT). There is a critical need for new therapeutics that enhance the radiation effect. We, therefore, tested the hypothesis that targeting RAD52 activity sensitizes the radiation response of DMG. METHODS Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening was performed to identify the potential therapeutic target. RAD52 inhibition was used by shRNA-mediated RAD52 depletion and treatment with RAD52 inhibitor, D-I03. The protein expression, cell proliferation, DNA damage marker expression, DNA repair pathway, and transcriptional alteration were analyzed by western blotting, MTS assay, colony formation assay, immunocytochemistry, DNA repair pathway assay, and RNA sequencing. Mice with DMG patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models were treated with RAD52 inhibitor alone or combination with RT. RESULTS Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening identified RAD52 as a potential therapeutic target in DMG cells. RAD52 inhibition suppressed DMG cell proliferation. Importantly, RAD52 inhibition in combination with RT further increased the radiosensitivity of DMG cells. Immunocytochemistry of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) marker γH2AX and repair marker 53BP1 showed that RAD52 inhibition sustained DNA damage with high levels of γH2AX at 24 hours following radiation while the level of 53BPI was decreased, thereby inhibiting DNA DSB repair. Western blotting also revealed that RAD52 inhibition causes a sustained level of phosphorylated Rad50 and γH2AX in irradiated DIPG cells over 24 hours. DNA repair assay showed that RAD52 inhibition suppressed homologous recombination DNA repair pathway. RNA sequencing showed that RAD52 inhibition downregulated genes associated with the DNA repair pathway. Finally, the combination therapy of RAD52 inhibitor and RT further suppressed tumor growth and increased survival of mice bearing DMG PDXs, outperforming either monotherapy. CONCLUSIONS these results highlight RAD52 inhibition as a potential radiosensitization and provide a rationale for developing combination therapy with radiation in the treatment of DMG.

What were the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of global land use carbon emission efficiency? A case study of the 136 countries

Nations worldwide must collaborate to tackle the challenge of improving carbon emission efficiency and optimizing land use effectively. This study extends the study area from provinces and cities, regional city clusters, and countries to 136 major countries in the world, and shows the differences between countries. The paper analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of land use carbon emission efficiency (LCEE) in these 136 countries from 2000 to 2019 using the super-efficiency slacks-based measure data envelopment analysis (Super-SBM DEA) model, global malmquist index, spatial autocorrelation measurement tools and Spatial Durbin model. It can help to promote low-carbon and green development while simultaneously improving the global LCEE. The findings indicate that: (1) Over the study period, there is a trend toward a decline in the LCEE worldwide. (2) The primary cause of the worldwide LCEE’s declining trend during the study period is the reduction in technical efficiency. (3) The low-low cluster type accounts for more, while the high-high agglomeration type accounts for less and exhibits a sluggish growth pattern. On the whole, there is a phenomenon of non-aggregation and non-uniformity. It is necessary to increase the driving effect of high-high cluster radiation. (4) Economic development level, investment level, population size, public service level and environmental sustainability level all have a significant impact on LCEE, while industrial development level has no significant impact on LCEE. From a global perspective, the radiation driving role of countries with high LCEE should be increased. Improve the efficiency and technological level of land use emission in light of local conditions, and promote independent innovation in green and low-carbon technologies. This is conducive to the establishment of long-term low-carbon growth.

Carbon reduction through renewable energy and digitalization in emerging economies: Moderating role of public debt.

Utilizing renewable energy (RE) and embracing the digital economy (DIG) can significantly contribute to achieving economic, energy, and climate goals by promoting carbon reduction. In this regard, public debt (DEB) is particularly important since it provides the funds required to achieve these goals by investing in renewable energy and digital economy projects. Thisstudy examines the impact of public debt on the link between renewable energy and carbon emissions (CE), as well as the association between the digital economy and carbon emissions in emerging economies from 2003 to 2022. The study employed cross-sectional augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) estimation to check the relationship between the variables. The findings of our study suggest that the integration of renewable energy sources and the growth of the digital economy have a positive impact on reducing carbon emissions. On the other hand, public debt has a positive effect on carbon emissions. In addition, the findings support the notion that interaction terms (RE × DEB) and (DIG × DEB) have a diminishing effect on carbon emissions. It can be concluded that the reduction of carbon emissions is contingent upon the utilization of public debt to promote the growth of renewable energy and the digital economy. Based on our study, it is recommended that emerging economies' needs focus on boosting renewable energy usage and digital economy initiatives. Additionally, it is necessary for these economies to maintain a sustainable level of debt.