Levels Of Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

Analysis of Phenolic Content in Green Tea Kombucha and Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Kombucha Using Spectrophotometer Uv-Vis

Phenolic compounds are compounds that have hydroxyl groups and are most abundant in plants. Green tea and rosella flowers are types of plants that contain phenolic compounds and can be used as ingredients to make kombucha tea drinks. Kombucha is a fermented drink made from tea and sugar which is fermented by a colony of bacteria and yeast. The aim of this research was to determine the levels of phenolic compounds in green tea kombucha and rosella flowers through experimental tests using spectrophotometry uv-vis. The results showed that the phenolic content of green tea kombucha was 162.35 mg/L GAE, while rosella kombucha had a level of 101.30 mg/L GAE. Thus, the phenolic content of green tea kombucha is higher compared to rosella kombucha.

Araucaria angustifolia and Picrasma crenata extracts as potential agents for the control of phytopathogenic fungi of agricultural interest

To expand knowledge about native species in southern Brazil, different types of extracts from the thin vinaceous bark of A. angustifolia and fragments of branches of P. crenata were evaluated. These were crushed and kept for fifteen days in contact with hydroalcoholic solutions at 70 % v/v and ethanolic (96 % v/v), seven days in the cold aqueous extract, and through the decoction process for 10 min. Afterward, they were evaluated at concentrations of 1.0 %, 2.5 %, 5.0 %, 10.0 %, and 20.0 % v/v on the mycelial development of the phytopathogenic fungi Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Botrytis cinerea, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The levels of phenolic compounds and total flavonoids were evaluated, and the alcoholic extracts of A. angustifolia had the highest total phenolic content. The main phenolic compounds identified in the P. crenata extract were resveratrol, followed by herperidin, rutin, ferulic acid, and kaempferol, and the main chemical compounds identified in the extracts of A. angustifolia were quercetin, rutin, ferulic acid, kaempferol, and gallic acid. A. angustifolia extracts and P. crenata, during the decoction, were more effective in controlling the phytopathogens C. gloeosporioides and B. cinerea from a concentration of 5 % v/v. The fungus S. sclerotiorum was moderately inhibited in hydroalcoholic extracts at 70 % v/v of P. crenata and A. angustifolia at 1.0 % and 2.5 % v/v concentrations. Effectively controlling these phytopathogenic fungi of agricultural importance confers importance on the conservation of these native species of socio-biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil.

Effect of solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger on bitter and bioactive compounds of Moringa oleifera seed flour

Moringa seeds are a valuable source of phenolics and antioxidants when incorporated into food formulations. However, they also have a characteristic bitter taste attributed to the presence of glucosinolate compounds. This study aimed to assess the impact of solid-state fermentation (SSF) with monocultures and co-cultures of Aspergillus oryzae (AO) and Aspergillus niger (AN) on the levels of glucosinolate and phenolic compounds in moringa seed flour. After autoclave sterilization, the most significant reduction of glucosinolates was observed in samples fermented via AO:AN (1:1) co-culture, accompanied by a notable increase in myrosinase activity. Meanwhile, total phenolic and tannin content were most markedly increased with AO:AN (1:2) co-culture following autoclave sterilization. Assays measuring antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) also showed substantial enhancement after fermentation. Pearson Correlation analysis indicated tannins to feature prominently in the antioxidant activity of moringa seed flour. All told, the results demonstrate SSF with AO:AN co-culture to be effective in reducing glucosinolates, elevating phenolic compounds, and enhancing antioxidants, the fermented flour also exhibited a noteworthy increase in protein content. These findings highlight the promising potential of fermented moringa seed flour in developing food products.

Olive Mill Wastewater Extract: In Vitro Genotoxicity/Antigenotoxicity Assessment on HepaRG Cells.

Olive mill wastewater (OMWW), with its high level of phenolic compounds, simultaneously represents a serious environmental challenge and a great resource with potential nutraceutical activities. To increase the knowledge of OMWW's biological effects, with an aim to developing a food supplement, we performed a chemical characterisation of the extract using the Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-flight spectrometry (LC-QTOF) and an in vitro genotoxicity/antigenotoxicity assessment on HepaRG ™ cells. Chemical analysis revealed that the most abundant phenolic compound was hydroxytyrosol. Biological tests showed that the extract was not cytotoxic at the lowest tested concentrations (from 0.25 to 2.5 mg/mL), unlike the highest concentrations (from 5 to 20 mg/mL). Regarding genotoxic activity, when tested at non-cytotoxic concentrations, the extract did not display any effect. Additionally, the lowest tested OMWW concentrations showed antigenotoxic activity (J-shaped dose-response effect) against a known mutagenic substance, reducing the extent of DNA damage in the co-exposure treatment. The antigenotoxic effect was also obtained in the post-exposure procedure, although only at the extract concentrations of 0.015625 and 0.03125 mg/mL. This behaviour was not confirmed in the pre-exposure protocol. In conclusion, the present study established a maximum non-toxic OMWW extract dose for the HepaRG cell model, smoothing the path for future research.

Investigation of the phytochemical profiling and antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and MDA-MB-231 cell line antiproliferative potentials of extracts from Ephedra alata Decne

Ephedra is one of the many medicinal herbs that have been used as folk/traditional medicine in Jordan and other countries to cure various illnesses. Plants of this genus are well known for their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. In this study, three different solvents were used to obtain Ephedra extracts. When evaluated, the Ephedra alata Decne ethanolic extract reportedly had the greatest levels of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total flavonoid compounds (TFC). The aqueous extracts displayed the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH and ABTS assays, demonstrating their considerable capacity to neutralize free radicals. However, when evaluated using the FRAP method, the acetone extracts showed the strongest antioxidant activity, indicating their high reducing power. LC–MS/MS, a potent method of analysis that combines the liquid chromatographic separation properties with mass spectrometry detection and identification capabilities, was used in this study to detect and measure phytochemical content of a total of 24 phenolic compounds and 16 terpene compounds present in the extracts of Ephedra alata Decne. Various concentrations of these chemicals were found in these extracts. The extracts’ inhibitory effects on albumin denaturation and alpha-amylase activity were also assessed; the findings demonstrated the potentials of these extracts as anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic medicines, with the acetone extract having the lowest IC50 values in the concomitant tests (306.45 µg/ml and 851.23 µg/ml, respectively). Furthermore, the lowest IC50 value (of 364.59 ± 0.45 µg/ml) for the 80% ethanol extract demonstrated that it has the strongest antiproliferative impact regarding the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. This finding indicates that this particular extract can be potentially used to treat cancer.

Characterization of Marigold Flower (Tagetes erecta) Extracts and Microcapsules: Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Subsequent Microencapsulation by Spray Drying.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction using response surface methodology was employed to extract marigold flower, resulting in a marigold flower extract (MFE) with elevated levels of total phenolic compounds (TPCs), total flavonoid content (TFC), total carotenoid content (TCC), and antioxidant activity, as assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, under conditions of 40 °C temperature, 15 min extraction time, and 68% ethanol concentration. The MFE was subsequently encapsulated using spray drying with 45% maltodextrin (MD) (MFE-MD; 1:1, 1:2) and 20% gum arabic (GA) (MFE-GA; 1:2, 1:3). The MD (1:2 ratio) sample showed the highest encapsulation yield, while the 45% MD (1:1 ratio) sample exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency (p ≤ 0.05). Samples containing 45% MD (1:1 ratio) and 20% GA (1:2 ratio) had the highest moisture content, with the 45% MD (1:1 ratio) sample showing the lowest water activity (p > 0.05). These samples also displayed higher L* and a* values compared to the 20% GA samples, which had increased b* values (p ≤ 0.05). Micrographs of the 20% GA (1:3 ratio) and 45% MD (1:2 ratio) samples revealed spherical shapes with smooth surfaces. The 20% GA (1:2 ratio) microcapsules exhibited the highest total phenolic content (TPC) among the samples (p ≤ 0.05). Thus, ultrasound-enhanced extraction combined with response surface methodology proved effective in producing functional food ingredients from plants.

Antioxidant Activities and Laxative Effect of Bioactive Compounds from Cynara cardunculus var. sylvestris

The present study aims to investigate the antioxidant and anti-constipation activities of the derived phenolic extracts in ribs wild cardoon (Cynara sylvestris). Analysed extracts (acetone, methanol and aqueous) exhibited high level of phenolic compounds and excellent antioxidant activities with significant IC50 values (p ≤0.05), as assessed by the DPPH radical-scavenging activity (0.84±0.08 - 2.44±0.007 μg/mL), ABTS cationic radical test (0.96 ±0.01- 136.67±6.75 μg/mL) and β-carotene bleaching assay (2.09±0.02-51.12±1.32 μg/mL). Also, higher levels of insoluble dietary fibers were found (56.18 ± 0.91% DW of neutral detergent fiber). The in vivo investigation was performed on Wistar rats to explore the ability of C. sylvestris aqueous extract (CSAE) in the enhancement of the gastrointestinal transit and the treatment of induced constipation by Loperamide (commercialized as Idium). A significant increase of 15, 24.5 and 32.4% in gastrointestinal motility was recordedwhen doses of CSAE increased (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg b.w, respectively). Food intake, water consumption, number and weight of stools were also increased in a dose-dependent manner, compared to the positive control (untreated). Moreover, CSAE provided significantly (p ≤0.05) and dose-dependently protection against oxidative stress by preserving normal antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD and GPx) in intestinal and colonic mucosa, and resorted hepatic enzymes (AST and ALT) and renal (urea and creatinine) levels to normal values. These results can be explained by the abundance of phenolic compounds and insoluble fibers in this plant. Therefore, its use can be encouraged in alimentary and pharmaceutical applications as antioxidant and laxative food supplements.

Involvement of glucosinolates and phenolics in the promotion of broccoli seedling growth through the modulation of primary and secondary metabolism

Secondary metabolites play an essential role in plant defense. However, the role of glucosinolates and phenols in brassica crop yield in the context of environmentally friendly agricultural practices has not been established. Our study investigated the effects of a Brassica extract, rich in these metabolites, on the physiology and metabolism of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) seedlings and the subsequent development of the plants in adult stages. The results showed an increase in growth in the extract-treated seedlings, which was associated with an alteration of primary and secondary metabolism. In particular, there was an increase in the levels of amino acids, phenolic compounds and hormones, while the levels of glucosinolates decreased. Lipid peroxidation diminished in treated plants, indicating improved membrane integrity. Treated plants subsequently grown in hydroponically showed increased water use efficiency, transpiration, and internal carbon, which contributed to the improved growth of these plants. Overall, our findings underscore the potential of the glucosinolates and phenols ratio as essential to improve crop growth and stress tolerance, as well as revealed the interest of studying the mechanisms involved in the possible uptake and integration of GSLs by broccoli seedlings after external application.

The Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, and Antioxidant Effects of Polyphenols from Brassica oleracea var. capitata Extract on Induced Inflammation in Rodents.

This study investigates the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of polyphenols extracted from Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage) ethanolic extract (BOE). Given the historical use of cabbage in traditional medicine for treating various ailments, this research aims to validate these effects scientifically. The study involved the characterization of BOE's bioactive compounds using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection-Electro-Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI MS) analysis. We assessed the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of topical and oral BOE administration on rodent models with acute and subacute inflammation. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity of orally administered BOE was evaluated. The results showed that BOE possesses significant levels of phenolic compounds with a potent antioxidant activity. The topical administration of BOE demonstrated notable anti-inflammatory effects in the tested rodent models, which were comparable with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These findings suggest that BOE could be a valuable natural remedy for inflammation-related conditions, supporting its traditional uses and highlighting its potential for further pharmacological development.

Assessment of Phenolic Compound Bioaccessibility in Yerba Mate-Supplemented Bread via in vitro Gastrointestinal Simulation

ABSTRACT This research investigated how incorporating yerba mate (YM) affects whole grain bread’s phenolic profile and in vitro antioxidant activity following simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Three samples were prepared: BWWF (control), B1, and B2 (2.5 and 4.5% YM, respectively). Some phenolic compounds in breads, such as chlorogenic, benzoic, syringic, p-coumaric, and syringaldehyde acid, showed bioaccessible potential since they appeared during the three phases of gastrointestinal digestion. In the gastric phase the compounds present, ferulic acid (bread WWF) was the major compound with 6960 µg/g, for bread with 2.5% YM and bread with 4.5% YM was rutin and chlorogenic acid with 14,945 µg/g and 7881 µg/g, respectively. In the intestinal phase, there was a significant reduction in the levels of phenolic compounds. Bioaccessibility was influenced by the addition of YM, indicating that including this plant in food could add value to this regional product.

Sequential extraction as a pioneering method to separate resin from bacuri fruit shell

Sequential extraction (SE) using supercritical CO2 plus ethanol was applied to separate resin from bacuri fruit shell, where process parameters such as particle size, pressure and cosolvent use were studied. The extracts obtained were also analyzed for phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. The extraction results showed that SE was able to separate the resin, which is the first report described in the literature, resulting in a patent. Furthermore, the smaller particle size (0.25 mm) showed the higher extraction rates, providing good yields of lipid extracts (up to 10.09 wt%) and ethanolic extracts (up to 13.78 wt%). The extracts presented good levels of phenolic compounds, which was associated with its high antioxidant capacity. Thus, the application of SE added value to bacuri fruit shell, enabling new strands for potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, placing this by-product in the Amazon bioeconomy scenario.

Chemical characterization and antibacterial activities of Brazilian propolis extracts from Apis mellifera bees and stingless bees (Meliponini).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical composition and antibacterial activity of Brazilian propolis extracts from different types, concentrations, and extraction solvents and from different regions in Brazil. A total of 21 samples were analyzed, comprising 14 samples from Apis mellifera (12 green, 1 brown, and 1 red) and 7 samples from stingless bees (3 mandaçaia, 2 jataí, 1 hebora, and 1 tubuna). The analyses performed were dry extract, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS). The antibacterial activity was performed by Determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The results showed that very low levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity decreased the antimicrobial activity of the propolis extracts from tubuna and jataí. However, there was no correlation between the increase in propolis concentration in the extract, and the increase in antimicrobial activity. The highest TPC and antioxidant activity was obtained for green propolis extract made with 70% raw propolis that presented similar antibacterial activity to the samples formulated with 30% or less raw propolis. The aqueous propolis extract showed lower antimicrobial activity compared to the alcoholic extracts, indicating that ethanol is a better solvent for extracting the active compounds from propolis. It was observed that the MIC (0.06 to 0.2 mg/mL) and MBC (0.2 to 0.5 mg/mL) values for Gram-negative bacteria were higher compared to Gram-positive bacteria (MIC 0.001-0.2 mg/mL, and the MBC 0.02-0.5 mg/mL). The propolis extracts that exhibited the highest antimicrobial activities were from stingless bees hebora from the Distrito Federal (DF) and mandaçaia from Santa Catarina, showing comparable efficacy to samples 5, 6, and 7, which were the green propolis from the DF. Hence, these products can be considered an excellent source of bioactive compounds with the potential for utilization in both the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Morpho- and Chemotyping of Holopelagic Sargassum Species Causing Massive Strandings in the Caribbean Region

The specific identification of three major morphotypes of the tropical holopelagic Sargassum species causing massive strandings on the African and Caribbean coastlines was attempted by morphological characterisation as well as quantitative and qualitative analyses of several metabolites. Of the 25 morphological variables studied on 208 samples from the North Atlantic Ocean, 22 were used to establish a dichotomous identification key, allowing without any doubt the identification of each morphotype based on their morphological criteria alone. We also attempted to differentiate morphotypes using chemical fingerprintings (HR-MAS NMR) and markers by analysing pigment level and composition using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography, terpene profiles by Thin Layer Chromatography, phenolic compound levels by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and structures by 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, and fatty acid composition by Gas Chromatography. While pigment level and composition, terpene profiles, and phenolic contents were not discriminating, quantification of eight fatty acids enabled the differentiation of the three morphotypes. Furthermore, phlorotannin purification permitted their structural characterisation allowing discrimination between the three morphotypes. Our study highlights the potential of the free fatty acid profile and phlorotannin structure as good chemomarkers in order to discriminate between the three morphotypes of holopelagic Sargassum.

Short-Term Liquid Nitrogen Storage of Pyrostegia venusta Embryos: Effects on Germination, Phenotypic and Biochemical Characteristics, and In Vitro Secondary Metabolite Production

In this study, short-term liquid nitrogen (LN) storage was used as a strategy to conserve Pyrostegia venusta embryos, and its effects on in vitro germination, phenotypic and biochemical characteristics, and in vitro secondary metabolite production were assessed. Embryos stored in LN for 1 and 7 days presented a higher germination rate and germination speed index compared to those of the control (non-cryostored embryos). Short-term LN storage also favored the phenotypic characteristics of seedlings. LN storage significantly affected the proteins (PTN), soluble sugar (SS) and reducing sugar (RS) contents, oxidative metabolism, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, as well as the total phenolic compound, flavonoid, phytosterol, and alkaloid levels in seedlings regenerated from embryos cryostored for 7 days. Benzoic acid derivatives and flavonoids were observed in regenerated non-acclimatized seedlings. LN storage did not affect the survival rate or phenotypic characteristics of seedlings during acclimatization. Acclimatization promoted significant changes in PTN, SS and RS contents, oxidative metabolism, and PAL activity in seedlings from embryos cryostored for 7 days. Roots from acclimatized seedlings exhibited the highest phenolic, phytosterol, and total alkaloid levels. Differences in the chromatographic profiles of the acclimatized seedlings compared with the non-acclimatized seedlings were observed. LN storage can be an effective means of ex situ conservation of P. venusta genetic resources.

Determination of flavonoid content in Grammatophyllum speciosum and in vitro evaluation of their anti-skin cancer and antibacterial activities

Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume, a plant of significant pharmacological and cultural importance in its native regions, has been the subject of traditional medicinal use. This study, however, delves deeper into the unique attributes of G. speciosum aerial part and root extracts, particularly their phytochemical content, antioxidant potential, antibacterial activity, and anticancer properties against human skin cancer cells. The results unveiled a promising aspect-higher flavonoid and phenolic compound levels in the aerial part compared to the root extracts. Both aerial part and root extracts demonstrated significant antioxidant activities, as evidenced by their ability to scavenge DPPH radicals and reduce ferric ions in the FRAP assay. Moreover, the ethanolic extract derived from G. speciosum aerial parts showed promising antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, hinting at its potential therapeutic efficacy. Notably, this extract also demonstrates a capacity to impede the viability of human skin cancer cells (A375). Collectively, these results demonstrated the potential applications of the G. speciosum aerial part extracts. Further investigation is imperative to elucidate the intricate molecular mechanisms underpinning these diverse effects, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of the pharmacological potential of G. speciosum and its prospective applications in medicine and beyond.

Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Wound-healing Properties of the Methanolic Extracts from Hedera helix Fruits and Leaves

Common Ivy (Hedera helix L.) is an ornamental plant that is known for its aesthetic qualities and ability to provide natural greenery. It is also associated with potential health benefits. When evaluating the phytochemical constituents of H. helix methanolic extracts, the fruit extract had the highest levels of total phenolic compounds (TPC) at 100 GAE mg/g extract, compared to 89.47 GAE mg/g in the leaves extract. In contrast, total flavonoid compounds and total tannin were higher in leaves extracts, 37.14 TE mg/g extract and 24.79 GAE mg/g extract respectively. fruit extracts showed the greatest level of antioxidant properties in the FRAP test 75.5 and 62.35 AscE mg/g extract also in DPPH tests, the IC50 were 3.49 and 8.79 mg/ml for fruit and leaves respectively, demonstrating their potent capacity to neutralize free radicals and high reducing power. However, when evaluated by the ABTS method, the leaves extracts indicated the strongest antioxidant activity, suggesting their potent capacity to neutralize free radicals, the IC50 were 4.54 and 8.69 mg/ml for fruit and leaves respectively, the extracts' inhibitory effects on albumin denaturation were also assessed. The findings demonstrated the potential of the extracts as anti-inflammatory, with the leaf extract having the lowest IC50 values in these tests 75.26± 3.87 µg/ml and 115.62± 56.47 µg/ml, for ripe fruit extract. Furthermore, the lowest contraction value was 81.12% for pure ointment alone, followed by drug ointment and fruit ointment at 86.43 %and 90.21%, respectively, and the extract had the highest contraction rate at 95.82%, which demonstrated the strongest wound healing activity.

Impact of Different Technologies and Methods to Increase the Shelf Life and Maintain the Sulforaphane Content in Broccoli: A Review

Broccoli, a nutrient-rich vegetable known for its sulforaphane content and health benefits, faces challenges related to its short shelf life and susceptibility to spoilage. This study explores various techniques to maintain sulforaphane content and extend broccoli's shelf life. Freezing, although effective for long-term preservation, involves blanching that inactivates myrosinase, preventing sulforaphane formation. Cold storage at 4-5°C slows respiration and senescence, extending shelf life up to 14 days while preserving bioactive compounds. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) enhances shelf life by altering the package atmosphere, with active packaging using 15% CO2 and 7.5% O2 at 0°C proving particularly effective in reducing bacterial growth and preserving quality. Light exposure, especially with yellow LED lights and moderate UV treatment, retains high levels of glucosinolates and phenolic compounds. Irradiation effectively eliminates pathogens and preserves visual quality, with gamma irradiation slowing the oxidation of phenols and ascorbic acid, although further research is needed on its sensory and nutritional effects. High-pressure processing (HPP), a non-thermal method, significantly boosts sulforaphane bioactivity by converting glucosinolates at pressures up to 600 MPa, despite challenges such as high costs and operational safety, and prevents microbial growth, extending shelf life while maintaining nutritional quality. Additionally, techniques like steaming for optimal durations, microwaving at high power for short times, and stir-frying help preserve sulforaphane content during cooking. Preharvest chemical treatments like chitosan and calcium also enhance broccoli's defence mechanisms and bioactive compound levels. Overall, these methods offer a comprehensive approach to preserving sulforaphane content and extending broccoli's shelf life, providing valuable insights to enhance the storage, quality, and health benefits of broccoli for consumers.

Use of waste fermented black carrot powder dried by different methods as a substitute in noodle production

This study delved into various aspects of noodle production, emphasizing the impact of waste fermented black carrot powder (WFBCP) concentration and drying techniques. Higher concentrations of WFBCP increased cooking times, particularly in freeze-dried (FD) samples, resulting in varying water absorption and notable cooking losses. Color variations, influenced by both WFBCP concentration and drying methods, led to generally darker hues in the FD samples. Significant differences in the water content were observed across treatments. Ash content increased significantly with higher WFBCP concentrations, particularly at 40%, indicating the impact of WFBCP on ash formation. Noodle samples exhibited a significant rise in oil content with increasing WFBCP concentration, reaching a peak at 20%. Total Phenolic Content notably increased at higher WFBCP concentrations, peaking at 40%, suggesting potential nutritional benefits. Similarly, antioxidant activity increased significantly with higher WFBCP concentrations, indicating enhanced protection against food oxidation. Total monomeric anthocyanin content surged with increased WFBCP concentration, establishing WFBCP as a noteworthy source of anthocyanins. HPLC analysis revealed elevated levels of phenolic compounds when WFBCP was added to noodles, with FD-WFBCP showing the highest content. Freeze-drying effectively preserved the phenolic compounds, while the protein content remained stable. Sensory analysis, conducted using a 0–10 scale, emphasized the impact of processing methods and WFBCP concentrations on attributes such as color, stickiness, chewing, flavor, and overall rating. This study underscores the importance of precise control over WFBCP concentrations and processing for enhancing noodle attributes. Principal component analysis, explaining 90.8% of the total variation, highlights distinct differences between control and treated samples.

Essential oil compounds modulate nutritional quality and stress response in Botrytis cinerea-infected grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Karaerik’)

Grapes, rich in vitamins and minerals, could offer a healthy alternative. However, their potential contamination by the fungus Botrytis cinerea poses serious health risks, necessitating cautious consumption, particularly among those on restricted diets, to mitigate adverse effects. Therefore, the study investigated the effects of individual and combined application of individual components of essential oils (EOs) such as thymol, eugenol, and 1,8-cineole on various parameters such as antioxidant enzymes, mineral elements, anthocyanins, and phenolic compounds in the treatment of B. cinerea infection in 'Karaerik' grapes. Our study provided important information about physiology and pathogen response, and results indicated that the pathogen-infected groups had higher levels of oxidative stress indicators, such as proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). On the other hand, EOs elevate the activity of antioxidant enzymes, notably superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), whereas thymol treatments effectively reduced oxidative stress to levels comparable to the control group. Under thymol and eugenol treatments, nitrogen (N), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), boron were significantly higher than the control groups. Increases were also determined in the concentrations of mineral elements such as (B) and copper (Cu). Anthocyanin profiles were preserved by EO treatments, with combined EO applications yielding higher anthocyanin profiles percentages compared to individual treatments. In our results, there were notable differences in the overall quantities of phenolic compounds, and the combination of EO applications caused higher levels of phenolic compounds, especially in the groups that include the fungal infection. Overall, the study showed how effective EO treatments are at reducing B. cinerea infections and maintaining grape quality, which has significance for long-term disease control plans and maintaining berry quality in viticulture.

Dynamic analysis of nutrients and phenolic compounds in different growth stages of Lanzhou lily bulbs

Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor), a perennial herb stands as a crucial economic crop in northwest China. However, the influence of growth stages on its nutritional profile remains uncertain. Hence, this study aimed to shed light on the physicochemical characteristics of Lanzhou lily bulbs by harvesting them at different growth stages. Collectively, total dietary fiber (TDF) and reducing sugar exhibited the highest levels in the 4th year. Meanwhile, the levels of soluble sugar, phenolic compounds and child essential amino acids (CEAA) demonstrated the highest content in the 5th year. Dry matter (DM), total amino acids (TAA) and starch reached peak concentrations in the 6th year (Y6). Medical amino acids (MAA) constituted a significant portion of TAA (> 80 %) across all growth stages. Starch and sweet amino acids (SAA) exhibited a notably positive correlation (r = 0.87 and 0.89, respectively) with growth stages. Interestingly, soluble dietary fiber (SDF), TDF and soluble sugar displayed a negative correlation (r = −0.69, −0.64 and −0.58, respectively). Starch, soluble sugar, SDF and amino acids (AAs) were particularly sensitive to growth stage effects. Taken together, the results showed that Lanzhou lily bulbs cultivated over a 5-year period emerged as the top-tier choice, elevated levels of CEAA, MAA and phenolic compounds.