Levels Of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Geographical location and cultivar-linked changes on chemical properties of olive oils from Algeria.

In the present work, we are assessing the geographical origin and cultivar‐related changes on olive oil quality and composition in East Algeria. Fruits from the main local olive varieties (Sigoise and Chemlal) were harvested in autumn 2019 growing season from three different geographic areas: semiarid (Setif), arid (Batna), and Saharan (Eloued). Obtained results showed that Chemlal and Sigoise olive oils from Eloued area were the most enriched in tocopherols and phenolic contents, respectively. Sigoise olive oil from Batna area showed the highest values of pigments (carotenoids, chlorophylls). Identified fatty acids using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) indicated that Chemlal cultivar olive oil from Batna was the most enriched in saturated fatty acid. However, higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acid were recorded for olive from Eloued and Setif areas. Sigoise cultivar oil displayed higher contents of unsaturated fatty acid in Batna, but higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid from Eloued location. These outcomes highlighted an actual impact of geographical location on each cultivar olive oil chemical proprieties. According to these data and relative to the International Olive Council (IOC) standards, all the analyzed olive oils could be categorized as extra virgin olive oils. Overall, statistical analysis showed that physicochemical parameters were influenced by the cultivar, the region of collection, as well as the interactions between them.

Effects of fatty acid composition on pork sensory characteristics using minced pork or subcutaneous fat mass

The effects of fatty acid composition on pork sensory characteristics were investigated by two analytical panel tests using minced pork or subcutaneous fat mass. Longissimus muscles (n＝36) with various fatty properties obtained from meat markets were used. For cooking, the muscles were roasted in an oven at 165°C until the center temperature of the meat reached 70°C. For both tests using the minced meat or subcutaneous fat mass, the proportion of panelists who detected “rancid odor” was higher in pork with higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids than in pork with lower levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (p＜0.05). The intensities of “off-flavor” in both tests were higher in pork with higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids than in pork with lower levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. For the test with subcutaneous fat mass, the correlation coefficient between level of monounsaturated fatty acids and “positive aroma intensity” was 0.42 (p＜0.05); the correlation coefficients between saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and “off-flavor intensity” were −0.39 and 0.34 (p＜0.05), respectively. These results suggest that high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids tends to increase “off-flavor” in pork, whereas high level of saturated fatty acids tends to decrease “off-flavor”; furthermore, high level of monounsaturated fatty acids is possibly related to “positive aroma intensity”.

Rapid Detection of Avocado Oil Adulteration Using Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.

Avocado oil (AO) has been found to be adulterated by low-price oil in the market, calling for an efficient method to detect the authenticity of AO. In this work, a rapid and nondestructive method was developed to detect adulterated AO based on low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR, 43 MHz) detection and chemometrics analysis. PCA analysis revealed that the relaxation components area (S23) and relative contribution (P22 and P23) were crucial LF-NMR parameters to distinguish AO from AO adulterated by soybean oil (SO), corn oil (CO) or rapeseed oil (RO). A Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) model was established to identify the types of adulterated oils with a high calibration (0.98) and validation accuracy (0.93). Compared with partial least squares regression (PLSR) models, the support vector regression (SVR) model showed better prediction performance to calculate the adulteration levels when AO was adulterated by SO, CO and RO, with high square correlation coefficient of calibration (R2C > 0.98) and low root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC < 0.04) as well as root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP < 0.09) values. Compared with SO- and CO-adulterated AO, RO-adulterated AO was more difficult to detect due to the greatest similarity in fatty acids’ composition being between AO and RO, which is characterized by the high level of monounsaturated fatty acids and viscosity. This study could provide an effective method for detecting the authenticity of AO.

Association of Dietary Intakes and Genetically Determined Serum Concentrations of Mono and Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids on Chronic Kidney Disease: Insights from Dietary Analysis and Mendelian Randomization.

Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake is generally associated with better renal function, while the association of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) remains unconfirmed. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to obtain unconfounded estimates of the causal association of dietary intake and genetically determined serum PUFA and MUFA levels with measures of renal function. Data from participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) from 2005 to 2010 were used. Data from the largest genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on MUFAs, PUFAs, eGFR, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) were analysed for the entire sample. A total of 16,025 participants were included. eGFR improved across increasing quartiles of total PUFA intake from 86.3 ± 0.5 (Q1) to 96.2 ± 0.5 mL/min/1.73 m² (Q4), (p < 0.001). Conversely, there was no association between MUFA intake and measures of renal function (all p > 0.21). In multivariable models, the top quartile of PUFA intake had a 21% lower risk for CKD, but there was no significant association between CKD risk and MUFA intake. Genetically determined serum MUFA (heptadecenoate (17:1), myristoleic acid (14:1), and palmitoleic acid (16:1)) and PUFA (α-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid) concentrations had no significant association with eGFR and CKD risk. Additionally, no association was found in the analyses stratified by diabetes status. Higher dietary PUFA intake is associated with lower risk of CKD, while there was no association with serum levels of MUFAs or PUFAs. Additional studies including clinical trials are warranted.

Effects of dietary lipid reduction on lipid composition, fatty acid profile, plasma lipoproteins and antioxidant status in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

ABSTRACT In the aquaculture industry, the transfer of lipids from the diet to fish to consumer is of great importance. Special attention is being given by researchers, feed manufactures and farmers to optimize the use of feeds to provide efficient production and the best use of dietary resources in the growth of healthy and nutritious aquaculture species. In this sense, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lipid reduction in seabream (Sparus aurata) and to assess whether reducing dietary lipid level could improve the quality of the fish without impairing their welfare. Two diets were formulated containing 20% (control) and 10% (hypolidimic) lipid levels. Fish were fed the formulated diets for nine weeks and sampling was conducted after three, six and nine weeks in order to follow the trend of the different parameters studied according to the rearing period. The results showed that the decreased dietary lipid did not significantly affect fish growth level. The total lipid content, diminished significantly by 11% and 8% after six and nine weeks, respectively, in fish fed on the lower lipid diet compared with fish fed the higher lipid level. Plasma cholesterol (CHOL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were significantly reduced only after nine weeks. The total saturated fatty acid (SFA), total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels were significantly reduced after six and nine weeks. The oxidative state, as a biomarker welfare was investigated and the results show that catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and sulfhydryl proteins (PSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were not affected significantly during the study. It may be concluded that, under the experimental conditions, the decrease of dietary lipid levels from 20% to 10% could improve the fish quality without impairing fish welfare.

Lower caprylate and acetate levels in the breast milk is associated with atopic dermatitis in infancy.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) occurs in exclusively breastfed infants. As fatty acids have some immunomodulatory effect, we aimed to investigate the influence of fatty acid compositions in breast milk (BM) on the development of AD in exclusively breastfed infants. We enrolled two- to four-month-old exclusively breastfed infants. The objective SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (objSCORAD) was evaluated. The lipid layer of BM was analyzed by gas chromatography for fatty acid levels. Medical charts were reviewed. Forty-seven AD infants and 47healthy controls were enrolled. The objSCORAD was 20.5±1.7 (shown as mean±SEM) in the AD group. The age, sex, parental atopy history, and nutrient intake of mothers were not significantly different between two groups. The palmitate and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) levels in BM positively correlated with objSCORAD, while caprylate, acetate, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels negatively correlated with objSCORAD (p=.031, .019, .039, .013, .022, respectively). However, the butyrate levels in BM were not significantly different. The caprylate and acetate levels in BM were significantly associated with the presence of infantile AD (p=.021 and .015, respectively) after adjusting for age, sex, parental allergy history, MUFA, palmitate, and SCFA levels in BM. ObjSCORAD in infancy was significantly associated with persistent AD (p=.026) after adjusting for age, sex, parental atopy history, caprylate, palmitate, MUFA, acetate, and SCFA levels in BM. Caprylate and acetate levels in BM for exclusively breastfed infants were negatively associated with objSCORAD. Lower caprylate and acetate in BM might be the risk factors for infantile AD, while butyrate in BM was not associated with infantile AD.

The inclusion of detoxified castor bean meal in sugarcane silage increases the carcass weight and the content of unsaturated fatty acids in lamb meat.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and meat quality of lambs fed sugarcane silage containing increasing levels of detoxified castor bean meal (DCBM). Twenty-four Santa Inês male sheep were used, with initial body weight of 25.34 ± 2.57 kg, distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 70, 140, and 210 g/kg of DCBM in the sugarcane silage). Intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were positively influenced (P < 0.05) by the levels of DCBM. There was a linear increase (P < 0.05) on the intake and digestibility of neutral detergent fiber with the inclusion of DCBM. The daily and total gains showed a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) with the inclusion of DCBM, with a maximum point of 241.64 g/d and 18.12 kg at the level of 161.9g/kg of DCBM. There was a linear increase (P < 0.01) on the hot carcass with the inclusion of DCBM. The inclusion of DCBM did not influence (P > 0.05) the levels of total lipids (2.1%) in lamb meat, but the levels of oleic acid (C18:1 n-6c) and total monounsaturated fatty acids presented a quadratic effect (P < 0.05). It is recommended to include 160 g/kg of detoxified castor bean meal in sugarcane silage.

Effects of Rice Bran Oil on Lipid Profiles of Hypercholesterolemic Junior High School Teachers

Rice Bran Oil (RBO) is an abundant food source in Indonesia. RBO contains high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids and rich in antioxidants. However, clinical trials on this material are still very limited. This research aims to assess the differences of effect of rice bran oil (RBO) and olive oil (OO) on lipid profile alteration of hypercholesterolemia junior high school teachers. This study used a quasi-experimental method with a non-randomized pre-test and post-test design. A total of 28 junior high school teachers in the Tamalanrea District of Makassar City who experienced hypercholesterolemia were recruited in this study and were divided into 2 groups. The two groups were at different research locations and received different interventions. The intervention group was given rice bran oil (30 ml/day) while the control group was given olive oil (30 ml/day) for 30 days. The pair t test was used to determine the difference in lipid profile before and after giving RBO and OO. The analysis was continued by comparing the results in the two groups using the independent t test. The level of confidence was set at 95% with a significance value less than 0.05 (p &lt;0.05). After giving RBO for 30 days, the results were a decrease in total cholesterol by 4.59%, triglycerides by 15.8%, LDL by 4.87%, but HDL levels also decreased, although in insignificant amounts (3.41%). Meanwhile, giving OO as a control reduced total cholesterol by 5.04% and triglycerides by 28.2%. In addition, there was also a slight increase in HDL levels by 0.45%, in contrast to LDL levels which did not show any difference at all. At the end of the study of the four lipid profile parameters observed, significant improvements were observed in the reduction of total cholesterol and triglyceride levels significantly after administration of RBO and OO (p &lt;0.05). The results also showed that there was no significant difference between RBO and OO on changes in lipid profile (p&gt; 0.05). From this study, we can conclude that rice bran oil and olive oil have the same effect in improving lipid profiles by significantly lowering total cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Identification of high seed oil yield and high oleic acid content in Brazilian germplasm of winter squash (Cucurbita moschata D.)

Cucurbita moschata D. seed oil contains approximately 75% unsaturated fatty acids, with high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant compounds such as vitamin E and carotenoids, constituting a promising food in nutritional terms. In addition, the Brazilian germplasm of C. moschata exhibits remarkable variability, representing an important source for the genetic breeding of this vegetable and other cucurbits. The present study evaluated the productivity and profile of the seed oil of 91C. moschata accessions from different regions of Brazil maintained in the Vegetable Germplasm Bank of the Federal University of Viçosa (BGH-UFV). A field experiment was conducted between January and July 2016. The accessions showed high genetic variability in terms of characteristics related to seed oil productivity (SOP), such as the weight of seeds per fruit and productivity of seeds, providing predicted selection gains of 29.39 g and 0.26 t ha−1, respectively. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic correlations, a greater SOP can be achieved while maintaining a high oleic acid concentration and low linoleic acid concentration, providing oil of better nutritional and chemical quality. In the variability analysis, the accessions were clustered into five groups, which had different averages for SOP and fatty acid concentration of seed oil, an approach that will guide the use of appropriate germplasm in programs aimed at genetic breeding for SOP and seed oil profile. Per se analysis identified BGH-4610, BGH-5485A, BGH-6590, BGH-5556A, BGH-5472A, and BGH-5544A as the most promising accessions in terms of SOP, with an average (μ + g) of approximately 0.20 t ha−1. The most promising accessions for a higher oleic acid concentration of seed oil were BGH-5456A, BGH-3333A, BGH-5361A, BGH-5472A, BGH-5544A, BGH-5453A, and BGH-1749, with an average (μ + g) of approximately 30%, almost all of which were also the most promising in terms of a lower linoleic acid concentration of the seed oil, with an average (μ + g) of approximately 45%. Part of the C. moschata accessions evaluated in the present study can serve as a promising resource in genetic breeding programs for SOP and fatty acid profile, aiming at the production of oil with better nutritional and physicochemical quality.

Influence of Drying Techniques on the Physicochemical, Nutritional, and Morphological Properties of Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) Fillets.

Different experiment analyses were performed to evaluate the influence of two drying techniques (oven drying and microwave drying) on the fillets of bighead carp fish (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis). The processed and fresh samples were subjected to the chemical analysis of (amino acids, minerals, volatile compounds, fatty acids, and vitamins) as well as scanning electron microscopy, thermal analysis, and color measurement, in order to identify nutritional components that can be additives or supplementary in food industries. The drying techniques increased the protein content significantly. Amino acids were identified, and the level of essential amino acid (EAA) was higher under the microwave treatment compared with the oven drying process. The Ca+2 and K+1 were presented in high values, followed by Na+1 and Mg+2. In addition, the drying techniques showed and released more volatile compounds in the processed samples compared with the unprocessed samples. Under the drying process, polyunsaturated fatty acids were increased in the processed fillets, whereas the level of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids reduced. Thermal degradation occurred from 100 to 150 °C. However, the processed samples were subjected to an intensive endothermic response, but remained stable until 100 °C. Therefore, the microwave technique showed some enhancements in the nutritional value and has the potential to be applied as an effective preservation method of bighead carp fish. Furthermore, dried fillets could be an alternative source of bighead carp fish for the food industry.

TAMI-37. STEAROYL-COA DESATURASE 1 IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF IDH MUTANT GLIOMA

Abstract BACKGROUND Increased de novo lipogenesis is a hallmark of cancer metabolism. In this study, we interrogated the role of de novo lipogenesis in IDH1 mutated glioma’s growth and identified the key enzyme, Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) that provides this growth advantage. MATERIALS ANDMETHODS We prepared genetically engineered glioma cell lines (U251 wild-type: U251WT and U251 IDHR132H mutant: U251RH) and normal human astrocytes (empty vector induced-NHA: NHAEV and IDHR132H mutant: NHARH). Lipid metabolic analysis was conducted by using LC-MS and Raman imaging microscopy. SCD1 expression was investigated by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data analysis and Western-blotting method. Knock-out of SCD1 was conducted by using CRISPR/Cas9 and shRNA. RESULTS Previously, we showed that IDH1 mut glioma cells have increased monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). TCGA data revealed IDH mut glioma shows significantly higher SCD1 mRNA expression than wild-type glioma. Our model systems of IDH1 mut (U251RH, NHARH) showed increased expression of this enzyme compared with their wild-type counterpart. Moreover, addition of D-2HG to U251WT increased SCD1 expression. Herein, we showed that inhibition of SCD1 with CAY10566 decreased relative cell number and sphere forming capacity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, addition of MUFAs were able to rescue the SCD1 inhibitor induced-cell death and sphere forming capacity. Knock out of SCD1 revealed decreased cell proliferation and sphere forming ability. Decreasing lipid content from the media did not alter the growth of these cells, suggesting that glioma cells rely on de novo lipid synthesis rather than scavenging them from the microenvironment. CONCLUSION Overexpression of IDH mutant gene altered lipid composition in U251 cells to enrich MUFA levels and we confirmed that D-2HG caused SCD1 upregulation in U251WT. We demonstrated the glioma cell growth requires SCD1 expression and the results of the present study may provide novel insights into the role of SCD1 in IDH mut gliomas growth.

72. Increasing monounsaturated fatty acid levels in pork improved the “pleasantness” of grilled loins in panellists with Chinese background

72. Increasing monounsaturated fatty acid levels in pork improved the “pleasantness” of grilled loins in panellists with Chinese background

Effects of concentrate level and chromium-methionine supplementation on the performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and meat quality of Tan lambs.

ObjectiveThis study was conducted to evaluate the effects of concentrate level and chromium-methionine (Cr-Met) supplementation on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acid composition of Tan lambs.MethodsSixty male Tan lambs (21±1.23 kg body weight) fed a finishing diet (concentrate-to-forage ratio: 35:65 [LC group] or 55:45 [HC group]) with daily Cr-Met supplementation (0, 0.75, or 1.50 g) were used in a completely randomized design with a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments.ResultsLambs from the HC group had higher average daily gain, dry matter (DM) digestibility, dressing percentages, leg proportions, intramuscular fat (IMF) contents, and saturated fatty acid levels, but lower feed conversion ratios, globulin (GLB) and total protein (TP) concentrations, shear force, and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) levels (all p<0.05). Cr-Met supplementation increased the DM digestibility, GLB and TP concentrations, rack and loin percentages, and cooking loss, but decreased the IMF contents and leg proportions (all p<0.05). Cr-Met supplementation at 0.75 g/d increased the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in both the HC and LC groups (p<0.01). Significant interactions between the concentrate level and Cr-Met dosage were observed for MUFA (p<0.01) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (p<0.01) levels. Meat from the lambs fed an unsupplemented LC diet presented the highest PUFA and MUFA levels (p<0.01). However, the MUFA and PUFA levels decreased significantly with increasing Cr-Met supplementation levels in the LC group (p<0.01), whereas the opposite trend was seen in the HC group.ConclusionThe HC diet improved the growth performance of Tan lambs, increased their profitability by increasing leg and rack joint proportions, and improved meat quality by promoting an IMF content that was more visibly acceptable to consumers. Cr-Met supplementation at 0.75 g/d in a HC diet was the best choice and may be economically beneficial.

Health lipid indices of dry fermented sausages made of pork meat

This research presents the results of a comparison assessment of the cholesterol content, fatty acid profile, and atherogenic (IA) and thrombogenic (IT) health lipid parameters of four dry fermented sausages produced from Mangalitsa and Swedish Landrace pork meat. The highest cholesterol level was found in Sremska sausage prepared from Landrace meat (64.92 mg/100g). Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels were considerably greater in Landrace meat sausages than in other kinds. The main cause of these variations was a higher overall n-6 PUFA concentration. The sausages made from Mangalitsa meat had the highest levels of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and unsaturated fatty acid (USFA). The highest saturated fatty acid (SFA) level was found in sausages prepared from Landrace meat. Fermented sausages made from Mangalitsa pork meat show better health lipid indices, atherogenic (IA), thrombogenic (IT), and PUFA/SFA ratios.

Dietary Curcumin Improves Energy Metabolism, Brain Monoamines, Carcass Traits, Muscle Oxidative Stability and Fatty Acid Profile in Heat-Stressed Broiler Chickens.

The aim of the present study was to elucidate the impacts of dietary curcumin supplementation on energy metabolism, brain monoamines and muscle oxidative stability in heat-stressed broilers. In total, 120 day-old chicks were allocated into three equal groups of four replicates. The first group (T1) was maintained on a thermoneutral condition, while the second group (T2) was subjected to 8 h of thermal stress (34 °C), and both groups fed the basal diet with no supplement. The third group (T3) was exposed to the same thermal stress conditions and fed the basal diet supplemented with curcumin (100 mg kg−1 diet). The dietary curcumin supplementation significantly increased the breast yield (p = 0.004), but reduced the percentage of abdominal fat (p = 0.017) compared with the T2 group. The addition of curcumin to broiler diets significantly improved the levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in breast and thigh muscles compared with the T2 group (p < 0.05). The curcumin-supplemented group showed significantly lower levels of malondialdehyde in the breast and thigh muscles than that of the T2 group (p = 0.001 and 0.015, respectively). The dietary curcumin supplementation significantly improved the levels of ATP and CoQ10 in liver tissues (p = 0.012 and 0.001, respectively) and brain serotonin (p = 0.006) as compared to the T2 group. Meanwhile, the heat-stressed group showed significantly higher levels of ADP and Na,K-ATPase in the liver tissues than that of the other experimental groups (p = 0.011 and 0.027, respectively). It could be concluded that dietary curcumin supplementation may improve carcass yield, energy biomarkers, brain serotonin and muscle oxidative stability of heat-stressed broiler chickens.

Characterization of virgin olive oils obtained from minor Tunisian varieties for their valorization

Several compositional parameters (fatty acids, tocopherols, polar phenols and volatiles) in virgin olive oils from varieties located at the center of Tunisia, namely Baldi, Chemchali, Neb Jmel, Tounsi and Besbessi from Gafsa and Chemchali and Sehli cultivated in Sidi Bouzid, were studied. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study focusing on the chemical composition of virgin olive oils (VOO) from Sidi Bouzid. Significant differences were found between varieties from Sidi Bouzid and Gafsa in monounsaturated saturated fatty acid levels, some volatile compounds and γ-tocopherol amounts. Notably, Tounsi and Baldi VOOs showed the highest six carbon atoms alcohol contents, whereas Neb Jmel VOO revealed the highest aldehyde six carbon atoms content. Fatty acid composition, as well as tocopherol content, showed differences among different VOO. Principal component analysis and hierarchical component analysis on polar phenols, fatty acids, tocopherols and volatiles data evidenced a good discrimination among oils from the different investigated varieties.

Increasing Monounsaturated Fatty Acid Contents in Hexaploid Camelina sativa Seed Oil by FAD2 Gene Knockout Using CRISPR-Cas9.

Seed oils are used as edible oils and increasingly also for industrial applications. Although high-oleic seed oil is preferred for industrial use, most seed oil is high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and low in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) such as oleic acid. Oil from Camelina, an emerging oilseed crop with a high seed oil content and resistance to environmental stress, contains 60% PUFAs and 30% MUFAs. Hexaploid Camelina carries three homoeologs of FAD2, encoding fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2), which is responsible for the synthesis of linoleic acid from oleic acid. In this study, to increase the MUFA contents of Camelina seed oil, we generated CsFAD2 knockout plants via CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing using the pRedU6fad2EcCas9 vector containing DsRed as a selection marker, the U6 promoter to drive a single guide RNA (sgRNA) covering the common region of the three CsFAD2 homoeologs, and an egg-cell-specific promoter to drive Cas9 expression. We analyzed CsFAD2 homoeolog-specific sequences by PCR using genomic DNA from transformed Camelina leaves. Knockout of all three pairs of FAD2 homoeologs led to a stunted bushy phenotype, but greatly enhanced MUFA levels (by 80%) in seeds. However, transformants with two pairs of CsFAD2 homoeologs knocked out but the other pair wild-type heterozygous showed normal growth and a seed MUFAs production increased up to 60%. These results provide a basis for the metabolic engineering of genes that affect growth in polyploid crops through genome editing.

Effect of Regional Differences on Fatty Acid Profiles of Ulva linza (Linnaeus 1753), Enteromorpha flexuosa (Agardh, 1883) and Taonia atomaria (Agardh, 1848)

Total fat and fatty acid levels of Ulva linza (Linnaeus 1753), Enteromorpha flexuosa (Agardh, 1883), and Taonia atomaria (Agardh, 1848) collected from Viranşehir, Taşkıran, and Karaduvar coasts were determined. The total oil level of the samples was found to be 1.31-1.91%, 1.23%, 7.78% for U. linza, E. flexuosa and T. atomaria, respectively. The dominant saturated fatty acids are palmitic acid and stearic acid. The highest level of palmitic acid (32.27%) was found in E. flexuosa in Viranşehir beach. The highest level of stearic acid was found on the coast of Viranşehir (7.20%), U. linza. The highest level of ΣSFA was found in the U. linza species on Taşkıran coast (37.89%), and the lowest level was determined in the T. atomaria species on the Taşkıran coast (18.13%). It is oleic acid that has a high level of monounsaturated fatty acids. The highest level of this fatty acid (10.35%) was found in E. flexuosa species in Viranşehir beach. The highest level of ΣMUFA was found in the Viranşehir coast (16.67%) and the lowest level (11.39%) in the U. linza on the Viranşehir beach. The highest level of linolelaidic acid in polyunsaturated fatty acids was found in E. flexuosa in Viranşehir beach (3.34%). The highest level of linoleic acid (4.85%) was found in U. linza on the coast of Viranşehir. The highest level of ΣPUFA was found in T. atomaria on the Taşkıran coast (16.56%), and the lowest level (7.03%) was found in U. linza.

Causal association of monounsaturated fatty acids with rheumatoid arthritis but not osteoarthritis: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study

ObjectivesPrevious studies have indicated that dietary monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) are associated with decreased risk of osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the causality of the observed associations is largely undetermined. We sought to ascertain the potential causal roles of two of the most common MUFAs, oleic acid and palmitoleic acid, in RA and OA risk using a two-sample Mendelian randomization approach. MethodsFor the outcomes, we used summary-level data for RA (14 361 people with RA and 43 923 controls) and OA (10 083 people with OA and 40 425 controls) from two genome-wide association studies in European ancestry. For the exposures, five single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with palmitoleic acid and one associated with oleic acid with genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10−8) were selected as instrumental variables. The causal effects were estimated using the inverse-variance weighted method with several sensitivity analyses. ResultsFor genetically predicted levels, an increase of one SD in palmitoleic acid (odds ratio, 0.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.10–0.59; P = 0.002) and oleic acid (odds ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.67–0.90; P < 0.001) was significantly associated with lower risk of RA. However, genetic predisposition to either of the two individual MUFAs was not associated with OA risk. Sensitivity analyses yielded similar results. ConclusionsOur Mendelian randomization analyses suggest a causal relationship between higher genetically predicted MUFA levels and lower risks of RA. However, the causality between MUFAs and OA cannot be inferred from this study. Further research is required to unravel the role of MUFA supplementation in arthritis prevention.

Different saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids levels in fish oil-free diets to cobia (Rachycentron canadum) juveniles: Effects in growth performance and lipid metabolism

This study aimed to investigate the influences of alternative lipid sources rich in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (SFA and MUFA) supplemented with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) on production performance and lipid metabolism of Rachycentron canadum (cobia) juveniles. An 8-week feeding trial was carried out using four isoproteic and isolipidic diets as follows: FO-D (fish oil, as control diet), SFA-D (rich in SFA), MIX-D (same levels of SFA and MUFA), and MUFA-D (rich in MUFA). Experimental diets were supplemented with arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (3, 5, and 10 g kg1, respectively). The growth performance, fatty acid (FA) profile of liver and muscle, hepatocyte morphology, and gene expression related to the FA synthesis and oxidation on the liver were examined. In general, production performance was not impaired in fish-fed FO-free diets, supporting the hypothesis that alternative lipid sources could be used in cobia's aquafeed formulations when the LC-PUFA are adequately supplemented. High dietary SFA levels were disproportionally deposited the liver and muscle. Contrariwise MUFA was mainly deposited in the liver and muscle, reflecting the dietary inclusion levels. The main FA influencing this pattern were 12:0 and 18:1n-9. The expression of fatty acid synthase (fas) was up-regulated in the FO-D group compared to SFA-D and MIX-D groups. There were no differences in the relative expressions of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (cpt-1α) and lipase lipoprotein (lpl). The liver morphology results indicated that fish-fed SFA-D presented a smaller lipid vacuoles area than those fed other experimental diets. This study shows that SFA with shorter carbon chains such as 12:0 can be administered in cobia aquafeeds to stimulate these molecules' catabolism, providing energy for growth, and retaining LC-PUFAs in tissues, especially in the muscle, exhibiting a healthier fillet for consumers.