Levels Of Marker Enzymes Research Articles

Red Rice DE 40 Alleviates High-fat Diet-induced Hyperlipemia by Lowering Lipid Profiles in Rats

Background Hyperlipidaemia is characterised by an abnormal increase in one or more lipids in plasma, and is a major contributor to obesity, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke if they are not treated promptly. Objectives In this study, we intended to discover the therapeutic actions of Red Rice DE 40 (RR DE 40) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced rats. Materials and Methods The experimental rats were fed with HFD for 90 days to initiate the hyperlipidaemia and subsequently treated with 250 and 500 mg/kg of RR DE 40 from 60th to 90 days. The body weight of the rats was measured regularly. After the scarification, the blood, liver, and adipose tissue specimens were collected for biochemical assays. The liver and adipose tissues were weighed properly. The levels of haematological indices were counted using a haemocytometer. The levels of biochemical markers and liver marker enzymes were assessed using standard methods. The levels of lipid profiles were determined by standard methods. The excised liver and adipose tissues were analysed microscopically by histopathological analysis. Results RR DE 40 treatment effectively decreased the body weight gain in the HFD-induced rats. The liver and adipose tissue weight was also reduced by the RR DE 40 treatment. The changes in the haematological parameters such as RBC, WBC, Hb, monocytes, lymphocytes, and polymorphs were modulated by the RR DE 40 treatment on EG-induced rats. The levels of total protein, albumin, glucose, and urea and activities of SGOT and SGPT were substantially decreased by the RR DE 40 treatment. The RR DE 40 treatment also diminished the status of TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL in the HFD-treated rats. The findings of histopathological analysis also witnessed the therapeutic effects of RR DE 40. Conclusion The findings of this work highlighted that RR DE 40 is effective in HFD-induced hyperlipidaemia, probably due to its lipid-lowering potential. Hence, it may be used for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia-associated diseases.

Hypolipidemic and Cardioprotective Efficacy of Peltophorum pterocarpum Linn in Doxorubicin Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to a common group of illnesses affecting the heart and blood arteries. It encompasses heart valve problems, atherosclerosis, angina, cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease (CAD), and infections of the heart which are considered the main causes of death. Modern medications have some success but they typically come with unfavorable side effects. Researchers are paying attention to herbal remedies because of their limited or no negative effects. This study was conducted to find out the hypolipidemic and cardioprotective potential of the ethanolic extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum (P. pterocarpum) Linn leaves in doxorubicin-induced cardiac damage in rats. Methods: The ethanolic extract of P. pterocarpum leaves was subjected to compound identification by GC-MS analysis. For in vivo analyses, the rats were divided into six groups. Cardiac damage was induced by doxorubicin at a dosage of 1.5 ml/kg b.wt. various dosages of extract (200 and 300 mg/kg b.wt.) were injected and propranolol (25 mg/kg b.wt.) is used as a standard drug. After the treatment of the extract, biochemical parameters were evaluated followed by in silico analysis. Result: The levels of cardiac marker and lysosomal enzymes significantly increased in toxin-treated rats, and the mitochondrial enzyme levels were significantly reduced. After treatment with P. pterocarpum leaf extract, the levels significantly (P less than 0.05) returned to normal. These results may prove the cardiac protective effect of the ethanolic extract of P. pterocarpum leaves in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity rats.

Evaluation of Cardioprotective Activity of <i>Corchorus aestuans</i> L. Leaves

Background: The effectiveness of several medicinal herbs with antioxidant qualities in MI has been assessed and demonstrated. Corchorus aestuans L. is one such medicinal plant that has been shown to have hypocholesteremic and antioxidant properties. C. aestuans L. is also well-known for its bitter tonic, cardiotonic, and stomach relieving properties. Aim: In order to assess the impact of C. aestuans methanol extract against ISO-induced changes in myocardial enzymes, antioxidant status, and cardiac pathology in experimentally induced myocardial infarction, this study was conducted. Methods: Male wistar albino rats were used to create an Isoproterenol (ISO) induced Myocardial Infarction (MI) in order to study the possible cardiovascular preventative effects of the methanol extract of the medicinal plant C. aestuans. Six groups of eight animals each were created from the 180-250 g range of animals, and during the study, the animals in groups one (normal control) and two (model control) were given distilled water. Group three received ascorbic acid (250 mg/kg), while groups four to six received methanol extract of C. aestuans (MECA; 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg, respectively) once a day for 28 days. Animals in group’s two to six received the first dosage of ISO (100 mg/kg, S.C.) on day 27 and the second dose 24 hours later. Rats were anesthetized using chloroform, then their hearts were isolated and serum was collected. Twelve hours following the second large dose, the rats anesthetized, killed, and samples of their hearts and serum were taken. After the heart was cleaned with ice-cold saline, it was weighed. A histology study was conducted on heart tissue, while biochemical markers were analyzed in serum and heart homogenate. Results: When isoproterenol was administered, the concentrations of CK-MB (Creatinine Kinase - Myocardial Band), LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase), and NA+ (Sodium) increased dramatically, but the concentrations of K+ (Potassium) and MDA (Malondialdehyde) dropped. The incidence of these alterations was dramatically decreased by ascorbic acid and MECA (Methanol extract of C. aestuans) treatment. Consequently, the cardioprotective effect can be explained by decreased levels of cardiac marker enzymes. Conclusion: MECA (50 mg / kg, 100 mg / kg and 150 mg /kg p.o. once for 28 days) attenuated serum enzymes and marker, increased tissue calcium and sodium levels, decreased potassium levels, and inhibited lipid peroxidation to significantly counteract the effect of experimentally induced MI.

Mild therapeutic hypothermic protection activates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to inhibit TRPM7 and suppress ferroptosis induced by myocardial ischemia‑reperfusion injury.

The present study aimed to investigate the role of PI3K‑mediated ferroptosis signaling induced by mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH), which was defined as a temperature of 34˚C, in protecting against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury (MIRI). To meet this aim, H9C2 cells underwent hypoxia‑reperfusion (H/R) and/or MTH. The MTT assay was used to assess cell viability, cytotoxicity was measured using a lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay, and Annexin V‑FITC/PI flow cytometric analysis was used to analyze early and late cell apoptosis. In addition, 84 healthy adult male Sprague‑Dawley rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n=12), and underwent I/R and various treatments. Hemodynamics were monitored, and the levels of myocardial injury marker enzymes and oxidative stress markers in myocardial tissue were measured using ELISA. The expression levels of PI3K, AKT, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 7 (TRPM7), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and acyl‑CoA synthetase long chain family member 4 (ACSL4) in animals and cells were measured using western blot analysis. These experiments revealed that MTH could effectively reduce myocardial infarct size, improve hemodynamic performance following MIRI and suppress myocardial apoptosis, thereby contributing to the recovery from H/R injury. Mechanistically, MTH was revealed to be able to activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in cells, upregulating GPX4, and downregulating the expression levels of TRPM7 and ACSL4. Treatment with 2‑aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (an inhibitor of TRPM7) could further strengthen the myocardial protective effects of MTH, whereas treatment with erastin (promoter of ferroptosis) and wortmannin (inhibitor of PI3K) led to the effective elimination of the myocardial protective effects of MTH. Compared with in the I/R group, the PI3K/AKT activation level and the expression levels of GPX4 were both significantly increased, whereas the expression levels of TRPM7 and ACSL4 were significantly decreased in the I/R + MTH group. Taken together, the results of the present study indicated that MTH may activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to inhibit TRPM7 and suppress ferroptosis induced by MIRI.

Evaluation of Low-Dose Effects and Non-Monotonous Dose Response of Butyl p-hydroxybenzoate, or Butylparaben on Female Wistar Rats

Butylparaben (BP) is an extensively used synthetic preservative that has been testified as an endocrine disruptor and speculated to be toxic for the body all together. The present study evaluated the possible noxious impact of BP at minimum doses, i.e., 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg BW/day, on female Wistar rats following consecutive subcutaneous exposure for 7 and 21 days. The results of the genotoxic study exhibited that BP at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW/day significantly (p ˂ 0.05) induced micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) formation in bone marrow of rats, both in short (7.3 ± 0.87 MNPCEs/1000 PCEs) and long-term exposures (6.6 ± 0.33 MNPCEs/1000 PCEs), which was in line with the results obtained for 17β-estradiol (E2)-treated reference control rats. Levels of hepatic toxicity marker enzymes, i.e., aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), were not altered substantially in any of the study durations, but the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level increased significantly (p ˂ 0.05) at all BP doses, including E2. Variations in the serum HDL as well as cholesterol levels were found to be non-monotonous with respect to the applied BP doses. However, contrasting specifics were observed for triglycerides in terms of the study durations. Conclusively, the current study established that BP, even at low doses, could evidently disturb the circulating lipid content, hepatic enzyme levels, and even cause genotoxicity, and also pointed toward its non-monotonous dose response.

Therapeutic Potential of Rosa davurica Pall. Root Extract as an Antidiabetic Agent: A Comprehensive Analysis from Molecular Mechanisms to In Vivo Efficacy.

Rosa davurica Pall. is widely used in traditional oriental herbal therapy, but its components and molecular mechanisms of action remain unclear. This study investigates the antidiabetic potential of Rosa davurica Pall. root extract (RDR) and elucidates its underlying molecular mechanisms with in vitro and in vivo models. Data from the current study show that RDR exhibits strong antioxidant activity and glucose homeostasis regulatory effects. It significantly impacts glucose homeostasis in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells by inhibiting α-glucosidase activity. Further molecular mechanistic studies revealed that RDR promoted glucose uptake by phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), but not Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)/Akt in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. These actions increased the expression and translocation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane. In addition, RDR treatment in the STZ-induced diabetic rats remarkably improved the low body weight, polydipsia, polyphagia, hyperglycemia, and islet architecture and increased the insulin/glucose ratio. The liver (ALT and AST) and kidney marker enzyme (BUN and creatinine) levels were restored by RDR treatment as well. Phytochemical analysis identified eight major constituents in RDR, crucial for its antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. Through the molecular docking of representative glucose transporter GLUT4 with these compounds, it was confirmed that the components of RDR had a significantly high binding score in terms of structural binding. These findings from the current study highlight the antidiabetic effects of RDR. Collectively, our data suggest that RDR might be a potential pharmaceutical natural product for diabetic patients.

<i>In Vitro</i> Evaluation of Cytotoxicity Induced by Indoxacarb and its Amelioration with <i>Cassia fistula</i> Bark Extract

The primary objective of the study is to evaluate the cytotoxic effect and biochemical alteration on exposure to the Indoxacarb (IDC) in the Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cell line and its amelioration by Ethanolic Bark Extract of Cassia fistula (EBECF). The MTT assay was used to study the cell viability and determine the IC50 value. The cells were further treated with IC25, IC12.5 and IC6.25 values of IDC alone and in combination with EBECF for 24, 48 and 72 hours. IDC-induced cytotoxicity was evident by cellular morphological changes such as rounding of cells, cellular swelling, blebs formation, nuclear degradation, intracytoplasmic changes and loss of intracytoplasmic contents. The biochemical alteration was observed as a significant increase (p<0.05) in the levels of Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) and cytotoxicity marker enzymes namely Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALKP), Acid Phosphatase (ACP) and Creatine Kinase (CK). These changes were dose-dependent in IDC-treated groups. EBECF intervention in IDC-treated cells ameliorated the toxicity against lower concentrations. Thus, the present study suggested that C. fistula bark has the potential to protect the cells from IDC-mediated toxicity to a limited extent.

Mentha spicata assisted Ag–CuO nanocomposite enables anti-diabetic and vitamin-C sensing activities

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a multifactorial chronic health condition, affects a sizable portion of the global population, and more people are expected to contract it in the future, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). Diabetes mellitus can be treated with conventional drugs, but most of the medications have a variety of side effects. The use of nanocomposites (NCs) to treat diabetes has been prioritized in this scenario. In this study, Ag–CuO NCs were synthesized using a green method using Mentha spicata leaf extract and their physicochemical properties were investigated with a variety of analytical techniques. According to an extensive in vivo and in vitro analysis of the biological activities of as-synthesized Ag–CuO NCs, Ag–CuO NCs possess effective antibacterial, anti-diabetic, and anti-hyperlipidemic characteristics. When Ag–CuO NCs are administered to STZ-induced animals in a concentration-based manner, the blood levels of inflammatory and liver marker enzymes are reduced and antioxidant enzyme levels are increased. Besides, Ag–CuO NCs exhibit excellent sensing activity with a limit of detection of 86 nM against Vitamin-C. This study reveals that Ag–CuO NCs derived from Mentha spicata may, therefore, prove to be a very successful anti-diabetic and biosensor candidate in the future.

Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity of Stem and Leaves Parts of Cissus woodrowii (Stapf ex Cooke) Santapau

The contemporary investigation aimed to assess the hepatoprotective potential of Cissus woodrowii (Stapf ex Cooke) Santapau against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. Through evaluating antioxidant levels in liver tissues and blood marker enzymes, it was observed that administration of the plant extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly mitigated liver damage caused by carbon tetrachloride. The study found that carbon tetrachloride-induced reductions in total protein, catalase, glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, while increasing levels of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, lipid peroxidation, and aspartate aminotransferase. However, rats treated with varying doses of the plant extract exhibited restoration towards normal levels of serum marker enzymes and antioxidants, contrasting with those solely exposed to carbon tetrachloride. These findings collectively suggest that C. woodrowii (Stapf ex Cooke) Santapau possesses antioxidant properties and exerts a hepato-protective effect against CCl4-induced liver impairment in rats.

Effects of Multivitamin-Mineral Supplementation on Chronic Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Swiss Albino Mice.

Stress is a hazardous occurrence that causes a variety of physiological and behavioral responses in a person. It increases energy metabolism and enhances oxidative stress, both of which are implicated in the pathophysiology of several diseases. Numerous vitamins and minerals have the ability to modulate oxidative stress. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a multivitamin-mineral (MM) supplement in addressing oxidative imbalances caused by chronic stress in the plasma, hepatic, and renal tissues of Swiss albino mice. Thirty healthy male Swiss albino mice were randomly assigned to one of the three groups, with 10 animals each: control, unpredictable chronic stress (UCS), and MM + UCS. The experiment lasted for four weeks, after which all the animals underwent cervical decapitation, and samples of their blood, liver, and kidney were taken for biochemical studies. DNA damage analysis was performed on lymphocytes. Exposure to UCS negatively affected all biochemical markers, as indicated by reduced levels of antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione) in the plasma, liver, and kidney tissues, along with enhanced levels of lipid peroxidation and marker enzymes. MM supplementation normalized the deranged biochemical markers in stress-exposed mice. The results of DNA damage supported the biochemical findings mentioned above. The findings suggest that MM supplementation could help reduce oxidative disturbances caused by stress in both healthy and diseased conditions.

H-ras-targeted genetic therapy remarkably surpassed docetaxel treatment in inhibiting chemically induced hepatic tumors in rats

AimsHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. But its chemotherapeutic options are far from expectation. We here compared H-ras targeted genetic therapy to a commercial docetaxel formulation (DXT) in inhibiting HCC in rats. Main methodsAfter the physicochemical characterization of phosphorothioate-antisense oligomer (PS-ASO) against H-ras mutated gene, the PS-ASO-mediated in vitro hemolysis, in vivo hepatic uptake, its pharmacokinetic profile, tissue distribution in some highly perfused organs, its effect in normal rats, antineoplastic efficacy in carcinogen-induced HCC in rats were evaluated and compared against DXT treatment. Mutated H-ras expression by in situ hybridization, hep-par-I, CK-7, CD-15, p53 expression patterns by immunohistochemical methods, scanning electron microscopic evaluation of hepatic architecture, various hepatic marker enzyme levels and caspase-3/9 apoptotic enzyme activities were also carried out in the experimental rats. Key findingsPS-ASO showed low in vitro hemolysis (<3 %), and had a sustained PS-ASO blood residence time in vivo compared to DTX, with a time-dependent hepatic uptake. It showed no toxic manifestations in normal rats. PS-ASO distribution was although initially less in the lung than liver and kidney, but at 8 h it accumulated more in lung than kidney. Antineoplastic potential of PS-ASO (treated for 6 weeks) excelled in inhibiting chemically induced tumorigenesis compared to DTX in rats, by inhibiting H-ras gene expression, some immonohistochemical modulations, and inducing caspase-3/9–mediated apoptosis. It prevented HCC-mediated lung metastatic tumor in the experimental rats. SignificancePS-ASO genetic therapy showed potential to inhibit HCC far more effectively than DXT in rats.

Sinensetin mitigates polystyrene nanoplastics induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats: A biochemical and histopathological study

Polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) are environmental pollutants that induce oxidative stress (OS) in multiple organs particularly, liver. Sinensetin (SNS) is a naturally present flavones that shows diverse pharmaceutical properties i.e., anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic role of SNS against PS-NPs induced hepatotoxicity. 48 rats were distributed into 4 groups i.e., control, PS-NPs (50 µgkg−1) treated, PS-NPs + SNS (50 µgkg−1 + 20 mgkg−1) co-treated and only SNS (20 mgkg−1) treated group. PS-NPs intoxication reduced the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidases (GPx) glutathione reductase (GSR) and glutathione (GSH) level, whereas increased the levels of ROS and MDA. Additionally, PS-NPs increased the levels of liver serum marker enzymes i.e., alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Moreover, the level of inflammatory makers such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity were increased following the PS-NPS exposure. The intoxication of PS-NPs elevated Caspase-3, Bax and Caspase-9 levels, while reducing the Bcl-2 level. Furthermore, the exposure of PS-NPs induced significant histopathological damages in hepatic tissue of rats. However, the supplementation of SNS considerably improved the PS-NPs induced damages as well as histological changes due to its hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant nature.

Hepatoprotective effect of D-Limonene Against Adriamycin Induced Hepatotoxicity in Experimental Rats

The presence study is to evaluate hepatoprotective function of d-limonene against adraimycin induced hepatotoxicity. Monoterpenes plays an essential role to fight against various diseases. Among the various monoterpenes an efficient d-Limonene plays a fundamental role to fight against hepatotoxicity caused by cancer chemotheraphy treatment. Male albino Wistar rats were administrated with ADR (15mg/Kg body weight) in six equal injections and the protection efficacy of d-limonene (100mg/Kg body weight) was examined with reference to tissue AST level and the pathological studies was examined by microscopic study. Rats treated with ADR results in elevated level of liver AST marker enzymes, whereas the level of AST was controlled when administrated with d-Limonene. However Histopathological proof added more protective role of rats treated with d-limonene against hepatotoxicity. ADR administration of 15mg/Kg body weight of rats increase the level of hepatotoxicity by increasing the marker enzyme activity and show severe morphological changes. The final outcome from our result suggests that d-limonene (100mg/Kg body weight) a vibrant monoterpene act as latent hepatoprotective negotiator by attenuating ADR induced hepatotoxicity.

Grewia asiatica fruit extract-based kalari cheese for enhanced storage stability and functional value

The study aimed to develop a functional cheese using Grewia asiatica fruit extract as a novel additive and demonstrated its functional value in oxidative-stress-induced [single dose of CCl4 (1 mL/kg) given intraperitoneally] male Wistar rats. The kalari cheese was developed using buffalo milk containing different levels of the fruit extract (0.0, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 %) and an optimum level of 0.7 % was found sensorily. The products (0.0 and 0.7 %) were stored in a refrigerator for 4 weeks and evaluated for storage quality. The extract improved the lipid (TBARS and free-fatty acids) and microbial (total plate and psychrophilic counts) stability and sensory quality of the cheese. The extract-enriched cheese-based diet ameliorated the impact of oxidative stress in the rats during a 4-week feeding trial and significantly (P < 0.05) increased the levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) and body weight whereas significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the levels of liver marker enzymes (ALT and AST), lipid peroxidation, and relative liver and spleen weights compared to the control. The extract improved the lipid and microbial stability of the cheese and the cheese-based diet ameliorated the effect of oxidative stress in rats, indicating the functional value of the developed product.

Ameliorative effects of &lt;i&gt;Cnestis ferruginea&lt;/i&gt; root extract on carbon tetrachloride nephrotoxicity in albino Wistar rats

The objective of this research was to assess the potential protective properties of ethanol extract derived from Cnestis ferruginea against the toxic effects by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in the kidneys of rats. In this study, male albino Wistar rats were pre-treated with C. ferruginea at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) on a daily basis for a duration of 14 days. Subsequently, a single dosage of CCl4 was administered intraperitoneally on the 7th day of the experiment. The rats were euthanized 24 hours after they were subjected to treatments using the extract on the 15th day. Subsequently, serum and kidneys were obtained and utilized for the analysis of biochemical parameters. Rats grouped as the control which were administered CCl4 experienced kidney damage, as indicated by a statistically significant increase (P &lt; 0.05) in the measured parameters (urea, creatinine, uric acid in serum and malondialdehyde in kidney tissue), and a significant reduction in the levels of oxidative stress marker enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase). It is worth noting that the administration of C. ferruginea to rats exposed to CCl4 resulted in a significant reversal of the aforementioned changes, bringing them closer to a state of normalcy. The result obtained from this study suggest that C. ferruginea possess therapeutic properties which could protect the kidney against renal deterioration and its associated dysfunction.

Strontium Chloride Improves Reproductive Function and Alters Gut Microbiota in Male Rats.

Strontium (Sr) is an essential trace element in the human body and plays an important role in regulating male reproductive health. Recent studies have shown that gut flora plays a key role in maintaining spermatogenesis, as well as testicular health, through the gut-testis axis. At present, it is unclear whether gut microbiota can mediate the effects of Sr on sperm quality, and what the underlying mechanisms may be. We investigated the effects of different concentrations of strontium chloride (SrCl2) solutions (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW) on reproductive function and gut microbiota in male Wistar rats (6-8 weeks, 250 ± 20 g). All the animals were euthanized after 37 days of treatment. The Sr-50 group significantly increased sperm concentration, sperm motility, and sperm viability in rats. After Sr treatment, serum and testicular testosterone (T) and Sr levels increased in a dose-dependent manner with increasing Sr concentration. At the same time, we also found that testicular marker enzymes (ACP, LDH) and testosterone marker genes (StAR, 3β-HSD, and Cyp11a1) increased significantly in varying degrees after Sr treatment, while serum NO levels decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. Further investigation of intestinal flora showed that SrCl2 affected the composition of gut microbiome, but did not affect the richness and diversity of gut microbiota. Sr treatment reduced the number of bacteria with negative effects on reproductive health, such as Bacteroidetes, Tenericutes, Romboutsia, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014, Weissella, and Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group, and added bacteria with negative effects on reproductive health, such as Jeotgalicoccus. To further explore the Sr and the relationship between the gut microbiota, we conducted a Spearman correlation analysis, and the results showed that the gut microbiota was closely correlated with Sr content in serum and testicular tissue, sex hormone levels, and testicular marker enzymes. Additionally, gut microbiota can also regulate each other and jointly maintain the homeostasis of the body's internal environment. However, we found no significant correlation between intestinal flora and sperm quality in this study, which may be related to the small sample size of our 16S rDNA sequencing. In conclusion, the Sr-50 group significantly increased T levels and sperm quality, and improved the levels of testicular marker enzymes and testosterone marker genes in the rats. Sr treatment altered the gut flora of the rats. However, further analysis of the effects of gut microbiota in mediating the effects of SrCl2 on male reproductive function is needed. This study may improve the current understanding of the interaction between Sr, reproductive health, and gut microbiota, providing evidence for the development of Sr-rich foods and the prevention of male fertility decline.

Comparative Cardioprotective Effect of Herbs of Hridya dashemani (Karamarda- Carissa carandas L., Badara- Ziziphus jujuba Lam.) versus Arjuna-Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.ex.DC.) Wight&amp;Arn. against Isoprenaline induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats

Hridya dashemani (ten cardioprotective herbs) includes fruits of Amra, Amrataka, Lakucha, Karamarda, Vrukshamla, Amlavetasa, Kuvala, Badara, Dadima and Matulunga. In Ayurveda, these herbs have been known to be conducive to heart. The present study was designed to evaluate the cardioprotective action of two herbs of Hridya dashemani fruits of Karamarda (Carissa carandas L.) and fruits of Badara (Ziziphus jujuba Lam.)] on the basis of biochemical&amp;histopathological parameters in isoprenaline (ISO) induced myocardial infarction (MI) in experimental rats and to compare with stem bark of Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.ex.DC.) Wight&amp;Arn.), a well-known cardioprotective herb. Total 36 male wistar albino rats were randomly divided into six groups. Group I- normal control (NC), group II- ISO induced MI, group IIIpositive control with hesperidin (100 mg/kg b.w), group IV- Badara (Z. jujuba – 450 mg/kg b.w), group V- Karamarda (C. carandus – 450 mg/kg b.w), group VI- Arjuna (T. arjuna – 450 mg/kg b.w). After 21 days of pre-treatment, experimental MI was induced in all groups except NC by injecting ISO subcutaneously (85 mg/kg) on 19th&amp;20th day at an interval of 24 hours. Serum biochemical parameters, including cardiac biomarkers and histopathological examination of heart tissues were evaluated. ISO treated rats had a significant (p &lt; 0.05) elevation in serum levels of diagnostic marker enzymes (AST, ALT, CK-MB, LDH, ALP) when compared to NC. All the pre-treated groups had significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced marker enzyme serum levels compared to the ISO treated control. The protective role of these herbs was further confirmed by histopathological examination. The comparison revealed that Karamarda (C. carandus) pre-treated had similar protective effect as Arjuna (T. arjuna) in various biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, CK-MB, HDL, cholesterol, creatinine). It may be concluded from the present study that 450 mg/kg b.w of water extract of the above herbs have cardioprotective action against isoprenaline induced MI, with Karamarda (C. carandus), Arjuna (T. arjuna) having almost similar effects. The study paves way to further evaluate these herbs as preventive and curative in cardiovascular disease (CVD) clinical management.

Liver Enzyme Correlated with C-Reactive Protein as a Biomarker of Metabolic Syndrome in Elderly Patients

Metabolic syndrome is a multifactorial disease with various risk factors that arise from insulin resistance associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemias. Objective: To investigate the association between C-Reactive Protein and various risk factors related to CVS and metabolic health in elderly adults. Increased levels of various liver enzymes were found to be indicative of the progression of metabolic syndrome. Methods: In this study, total of 150 individuals with diagnosed metabolic syndrome were included, and they were compared to an equal number of control cases. The participants were selected from individuals visiting the Pathology and Molecular Biology Laboratories in Karachi for lab investigations. before collecting blood samples, basic vital signs, blood pressure, height, and waist circumference measurements were recorded to determine the participants' body mass index. The blood samples were then taken to assess liver enzyme levels and CRP. Results: The study examined and compared the levels of inflammatory marker and liver enzymes in both cases of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the control group. The findings revealed a significant association (p-value of 0.001) between metabolic syndrome and elevated levels of liver enzymes and CRP. Specifically, the suspected cases of metabolic syndrome showed strong correlations with alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and aspartate aminotransferase. However, alkaline phosphatase did not show substantial differences between the two groups. Conclusions: Our research revealed correlation between metabolic syndrome, liver enzymes and CRP. These findings indicate that high levels of liver enzymes and CRP can be indicative of cardiovascular functional abnormalities in elderly patients with metabolic syndrome.

Pre-treatment with Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn calyx Extract is Protective Against Sub-Chronic Paracetamol Hepatotoxicity in Mice

Many plant parts have been found to have efficient protective and ameliorative effects against&nbsp;drug induced liver injury. The present study aimed to investigate the prophylactic effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn calyx aqueous extract (HSCE) on sub chronic paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Twenty mice were randomly distributed into four groups of five mice each. The control and HSCE only group were given aqueous DMSO and HSCE (250 mg/kg b. wt.) respectively. Hepatotoxicity was induced in the mice by oral administration of paracetamol at a sub chronic dose (500 mg/kg b. wt.) in paracetamol only group. The pretreatment group were administered HSCE at zero time and paracetamol (500 mg/kg b. wt.) 8 h later. The blood and liver were collected and subjected to biochemical analysis after 8 weeks. The administration of paracetamol significantly (P ≤ 0.05) induced hepatotoxicity as evidenced by the increase in the level of liver marker enzymes and significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in the level of protein and albumin. Pretreatment with HSCE significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced serum levels of elevated liver enzyme markers. As regards to oxidative stress markers, pretreatment with HSCE significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased the level of malondialdehyde and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. The hepatoprotective activity of HSCE was also confirmed by histopathological findings. These results suggest that pretreatment with HSCE has protective effect against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in mice.&nbsp

Impact on cardioprotective effect of Psidium guajava leaves extract in streptozotocin-induced Wistar mice with molecular in silico analysis

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its complications have been regarded as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The drugs available in the market are effective to treat CVD, but with many adverse reactions. Nowadays, herbal products are the attention of researchers because of their less adverse effects. In this study, the cardioprotective effects of ethanolic leaves extract of Psidium guajava Linn. (Guava) (P. guajava) were evaluated in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated animal models. Mice acquired for the study were divided into five groups, each consisting of six mice. The toxin-induced mice were treated with the ethanolic leaves extract of P. guajava (300 mg/kg body weight [b.w.]). The results were compared to the standard drug (glibenclamide)-treated mice (3 mg/kg b.w.). The following parameters were considered for further investigations: creatine kinase-muscle brain (CK-MB), creatine kinase (CK), troponin, lysosomal, and mitochondrial enzymes. Then the docking study was accomplished. The levels of cardiac marker enzymes and lysosomal enzymes increased significantly in the toxin-induced mice, while the level of mitochondrial enzyme decreased significantly. During treatment with the ethanolic leaves extract of P. guajava, the levels of all parameters were notably reversed to normal range (P &lt; 0.05). Further, in docking analysis, the interaction of compounds, such as alpha-terpineol, cyclopentanecarboxamide, guaiol (a sesquiterpenoid alcohol), 1H-cyclopropanaphthalene, tetracyclotridecan-9-ol, dormin/abscisic acid, and epiglobulol, with the respective protein molecules, evidenced the cardioprotective effect of P. guajava leaves. Hence, it was concluded that the ethanolic leaves extract of P. guajava leaves have a cardioprotective effect.