Levels Of Ingredients Research Articles

Incubation qualities of eggs and the level of protein ingredients in the blood of embryos and goslings by optimizing the level of tryptophan in the diet of geese of the parent flock

The results of studies on the effect of synthetic tryptophan supplements to goose feed during the reproductive period on the incubation qualities of eggs, the level of total protein, albumin and α-, β- and γ-globulins in the blood of embryos and newborn goslings are presented. The study was conducted on four groups of geese-analogues of the Obroshyn gray breed group during the 3-month period (January ‒ March). The control group did not receive synthetic tryptophan supplements. The level of this amino acid in this group of geese in accordance with current regulations in Ukraine was 0.16 g per 100 g of feed. To the diet of birds 2, 3 and 4 experimental groups were additionally administered, respectively, 0.04; 0.09 and 0.14 g of synthetic tryptophan per 100 g of feed. As a result of research it was found that increasing the level of tryptophan from 0.16 g to 0.30 g per 100 g of feed due to its synthetic analogue in the diet of geese during egg-laying significantly improves the incubation quality of eggs and has a positive effect on protein levels. daily embryos and 5-day-old goslings. It is shown that the most pronounced effect on improving the quality of hatching eggs and optimizing the effect on the level of protein in the blood of embryos and goslings reveals the content of tryptophan in feed during intensive laying of geese in the amount of 0.25 g per 100 g of feed. Studies have shown that the quality of hatching eggs and the content of total protein, albumin and α-, β- and γ-globulins in the blood of embryos and newborn goslings has a pronounced positive effect on the level of tryptophan in the diet of geese during intensive laying. In particular, increasing the amount of this essential amino acid in goose feed during the reproductive period from 0.16 to 0.30 g due to its synthetic analogue improves such incubation qualities of eggs as: egg-laying, weight, length, width, egg shape index, strength and thickness eggshells, and increases in the serum of 25-day-old embryos and 5-day-old goslings contents of total protein, albumin and α-, β- and γ-globulins (P < 0.05). It is shown that the most pronounced positive effect on the optimization of protein ingredients in the serum of both embryos and goslings was found for the content of tryptophan in the feed of geese of the parent flock in the amount of 0.25 g per 100 g of feed. The results show that increasing the level of such essential amino acids as tryptophan in goose feed during intensive egg-laying from 0.16 to 0.25 g per 100 g of feed activates the synthesis of egg components in the ovary of birds, improves their quality and has a stimulating effect on the biosynthesis in hepatocytes of embryos and newborn goslings of total protein, its albumin, α-, β-globulin fractions and immune γ-globulins.

Analysis of pharmaceutical products and dietary supplements seized from the black market among bodybuilders

Substandard/counterfeit drugs are a growing global problem. According to the World Health Organisation, counterfeit medicines are medicines that are mislabelled deliberately and fraudulently regarding their identity and/or source. In high income countries, drugs seized are mainly represented by performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs). The aim of this study was to present the qualitative and quantitative results of toxicological analyses of pharmaceutical and dietary supplements seized from the black market among bodybuilders in France. All dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals seized from the black market and addressed to the laboratory for a qualitative and quantitative analysis between January 2016 and December 2019 were included in the study. A screening was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Identified compounds were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. One hundred and ten products were seized and submitted to the laboratory for identification of active compounds and quantification: 75 pharmaceuticals and 35 dietary supplements. This included 39 oily and 3 aqueous solutions for intramuscular injection, 34 tablets, 13 capsules, 14 powders, 4 liquids and 3 lyophilizates. Among the pharmaceuticals, 25/75 (33%) were substandard (dosage not on the acceptable range defined for original products), 24/75 (32%) were counterfeit (qualitative formulation does not match the label) and 14/75 (19%) were original (qualitative formulation and levels of active ingredients fully matches the declared formulation. The analysis of the 12 remaining products revealed a correct qualitative content for 11/75 (15%), but quantitation could not be carried out because of the lack of reference standards at the time of the analysis. Fifty-four pharmaceuticals contained anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). Four out of 54 (7.4%) AAS were found as original, 8/54 (15%) could not be quantified (one with wrong active ingredient), corresponding to 43/54 (80%) AAS being non-original. In contrast, only 1/35 dietary supplement (3%) was adulterated, with a doping substance (1,3-dimethylbutylamine, DMBA). This work allows to show that France is not spared by the trafficking of PIEDs. The use of counterfeit drugs in mainstream population is an underestimated public health issue.

The Appeal of Celebrity Endorsers and Halal Certificates on Customers’ Buying Interest

Advertising is a form of communication between producers and their target market. The rise of halaltrends and celebrity endorsers who become the icons of a product is expected to increase the buying interest of customers. Celebrity endorsers may produce attractions that give a sensory stimuli for customers. It is similar to the halal labelling. Indonesia, as a country with a Moslem majority, requires halalcertification as a top priority in this regard. The country’s council of Islamic religious leaders (Majelis Ulama Indonesia MUI) issues a halal certification based on the critical levels of ingredients, and level of difficulty in tracking the halallevel. It follows a Decree of the Director of MUI’s Assessment Institute for Foods, Drugs and Cosmetics no. SK07/Dir/LPPOM MUI/IV/11, which explains the categorization of a MUI’s halalcertification registrar. By using the path analysis, the appeal of celebrity endorsers and halalcertificate is found to influence customers’ buying interest. The fact that celebrity endorsers have a greater influence compared to halalcertification shows that the main task is to create a good association between an endorser and a product being advertised; hence, the resulting positive attitude within the customer can be obtained. Halal certificate itself may strengthen customers’ confidence toward offered products since the Indonesian society is predominantly Muslim, thus it may have become a top priority.

Valorization of discarded industrial fish processing wastes for the extraction of gelatin to use as biodegradable fish bait matrix using RSM

Extraction of gelatin from fish wastes and the development of artificial fish bait matrix using the extracted gelatin were attempted in the study. Biochemical composition of fish wastes (heads, skins, fins and scales) and the gelatin derived from the wastes of corresponding body parts and physicochemical properties of fish gelatin were analyzed. Considering high yield (19.8–22.4%), good gel strength (1.99–2.3 N), high melting point (27 °C) and simple extraction process, the scale gelatin was selected for the development of artificial fish bait matrix. To optimize the levels of gelling agent, cross linker and solvent for the preparation of bait matrix, RSM was adopted. Gel strength and insolubility ratio were analyzed to know the suitability of the bait. They were found to have the gel strength ranging from 1.3 N to 23.5 N, insolubility ratio from 55–83%, and melting point from 34.3 °C to 41.1 °C. The optimum levels of ingredients for the preparation of ideal bait matrix were standardized as: gelatin-25.5%, sucrose-22.5% and water-52%. The curing temperature and curing duration were optimized based on the optimum gel strength of 20.84 N and insolubility ratio of 74.5% was 5 °C and 25 h respectively. The study revealed that a developed fish bait matrix suitable for fishing can be made from gelatin derived from fish wastes.

Optimizing overnight oral appliance for sustained-release varnish delivery system of sirolimus

<h3>Objectives</h3> Intraoral trays can be used to deliver treatment materials and medications for dental or mucosal conditions. Maintaining appropriate salivary levels of the active ingredient is challenging when using local application. We have previously analyzed salivary levels and local effects of slow-release varnishes (with clotrimazole or sirolimus as the active ingredient) during the daytime. The aims of the present study were as follows: (1) to optimize overnight appliances for slow-release medications by measuring saliva and blood levels and (2) to evaluate the safety of overnight use. <h3>Methods</h3> An acrylic tray containing 0.5 mg of sirolimus in a sustained-release varnish was applied to 6 anterior teeth for 12 hours in 10 healthy volunteers. Whole unstimulated saliva was collected 1, 2, 10, and 12 hours after application, and a blood sample was taken after 12 hours. Drug levels were analyzed. Results from slow- and fast-release formulations, varnish application position on the tray (buccal, palatal, or lingual), and tray placement (mandibular vs maxillary) were compared. The volunteers evaluated the varnish and tray. The study was approved the hospital ethics committee. <h3>Results</h3> Salivary sirolimus was undetected with use of the slow formulation. The faster formulation produced salivary concentrations of 0.3-45 ng/mL. The highest salivary levels were observed with a mandibular tray with lingual varnish application (up to 178 ng/mL). The sialometry of all participants was within normal range (0.2-2 mL/min), and the highest drug levels were found when salivary flow was lowest. The medication was undetected in the blood. No local reactions or side effects were reported. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Salivary concentrations of medications delivered using an oral tray can be affected by the release rate of formulation and, more important, by the position of the tray and the varnish within it and salivary flow rate. Overnight oral trays can be used to deliver medications especially when 24-hour drug exposure is desired. Further studies regarding local factors affecting drug release and salivary levels are required.

Physiological response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to graded levels of Hermetia illucens or poultry by-product meals as single or combined substitute ingredients to dietary plant proteins

In the last decades, processed animal proteins, such as poultry by-product meal (PBM) and insect meals have received great attention as sustainable and nutritious aquafeed ingredients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate growth performances, liver and gut histology, macromolecular composition and inflammatory response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets deprived of fish meal, where graded levels of vegetable protein-rich ingredients, were replaced by defatted Hermetia illucens pupae meal (HM) or PBM, singly or in combination. To this end eight grossly iso‐proteic (45% DM), isolipidic (26% DM) and isoenergetic (23.5 MJ/kg DM) were offered each to triplicated groups of juveniles' fish in a 91 days feeding trial. A diet rich in vegetable protein derivatives high in soybean meal (CV) was prepared to have a 10:90 and 20:80 fish to vegetable protein and lipid ratios respectively. By contrast, a fish-based diet (CF) was formulated with opposite fish to vegetable protein and lipid ratios. Six more diets, were obtained by replacing graded levels of protein (10, 30 and 60%) of diet CV, by protein from a defatted Hermetia illucens pupae meal and/or poultry by-product meal, singly or combined, while maintaining the same vegetable to fish lipid ratio as in the CV diet.Relative to diets CV and CF, a medium to high substitution (30 and 60%) of dietary vegetable protein-rich ingredients, with HM and/or PBM resulted in improved growth performance as well as in a minor incidence of distal intestine morphological alterations. The diet including both the test animal proteins led to nearly the best overall response in terms of growth and gut/liver health. Both HM and PBM when included at moderate or high levels in the diet, resulted in a downregulation of the expression of inflammatory-related genes relative to diet CV. This effect was greater with HM than that observed with PBM and goes beyond the parallel reduction of vegetable protein and SBM levels in the same diets, suggesting a beneficial role of insect meal that warrant further investigation.The results obtained so far, provide support to a reliable use of alternative/underexploited protein and lipid sources [(HM) or (PBM)] in developing a new generation of sustainable and healthy trout diets that meet the circular economy principles.

Brassinolide soaking and preharvest UV-B radiation influence the shelf life of small black bean sprouts

This study explored the effects of brassinolide (BR) soaking, preharvest ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, and their combined treatments on physiological characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence, and quality of small black bean sprouts during storage. Results indicated that the combined treatments significantly enhanced contents of flavone, free amino acid, and photosynthetic pigment, and activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging in sprouts stored for 5 days compared with BR treatment alone. The combined treatments significantly increased total phenols content and PAL activity, and reduced malonaldehyde content in sprouts compared with UV-B radiation alone. The inhibitory effect of BR or UV-B on fluorescence of photosystem II was weakened by their combined treatments. Comprehensive analysis indicated that the combined treatments could be used to maintain postharvest small black bean sprouts with high levels of nutritional ingredients by probably keeping high photosynthetic capacity, PAL activity, and DPPH radical scavenging rate in sprouts.

Chemical Composition, Anti-Nutritional Factors and Pasting Properties of Cassava-African Yam Bean Flour Blends for Noodle Preparation

Noodle consumption has been increasing in Nigeria as a result of rapid urbanization, increase in population growth, and desire for convenience food. Noodles are produced from wheat our which is not grown in Nigeria. In order to reduce wheat imports and improve utilization of local crops, various options have been developed to replace wheat flour partially or wholly in noodle production. This study was aimed at optimizing the level of major ingredients to obtain the best flour blend for noodle preparation with optimum nutritional quality. Pro-vitamin A cassava roots (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and African yam bean seeds (AYB) (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) were processed into ours. The ranges of these flours, based on preliminary findings, were computed into a central composite design of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to obtain 13 flour blends with five central points. The chemical compositions, anti-nutritional factors, and pasting properties of these flour blends were analyzed and measured. By maximizing total β-carotene, protein content, and minimizing fat content, the predicted model indicated the optimum blend of 70.52% cassava flour to 29.48% AYB flour. The best our blend sample of 69.23% cassava our to 30.77% AYB flour gave the actual value of total β-carotene 6.76 μg/g, with proximate analysis composition of protein 6.17%, fat 0.82%, moisture 8.95%, ash 1.77%, crude fiber 5.09%, and carbohydrate 82.30%. The anti-nutritional factors of the best blend were 8.21 mg HCNeqv/kg, 1.69 mg phytate/g and 0.37 mg tannin/g.

Optimization of nondairy curd using response surface methodology

Bambusa arundinacea, being grown naturally in a forest is wild in nature. Bambusa arundinaceaseeds are collected from forest areas and being sold as Bamboo rice which is highly nutritious andencompasses many medicinal properties. Ingestion of proteins present in dairy milk is capable ofcausing cow’s milk allergy. An elimination diet is a dietary protocol adopted to overcome this issue byexcluding protein from dairy foods. As a replacement for the missed out protein, the current studyfocused to formulate a Non-dairy curd using a suitable plant-based starter. The primary objective of theexploration is to amend the process and ingredients used to formulate a non-dairy curd. A quadraticmodel was executed to inter-relate the independent variable[Bamboo rice milk[X,ml]and Peanutmilk[X,ml] ] towards the response Titrable acidity [Y1, %], Total solids [Y2, %], and pH [Y3] for theperfect development of the curd by Central Composite Design as a tool. The R2 value of the responseswere significant with the high-level degree of 0.9365, 0.9610, and 0.8710 respectively. Independentvariables had persuasive results on the dependent variables [p is less than 0.05] which matched thestatistical model. The results of the optimized combination of process ingredients were 79.9 ml Bamboorice milk, 31.57ml peanut milk while the optimal response values of Titratable acidity, Total solids, andpH were 0.106%, 7.73%and 4.52 with the highest desirability index of 1 respectively. Hence the studytherefore concluded that RSM was successfully adopted for the optimal level of plant-based curdproduction ingredients.

Formula refining through composite blend of soya, alfalfa, and wheat flour; A vegan meat approach

Present project involves the formula development by way of standardization for vegan meat through Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) of Design Expert 12 (DX-12). Soya chunks, alfalfa sprouts, and wheat flour were used as base ingredients. Preliminary experimental screening to fix the levels of these base ingredients were the basis to work ahead for formula refining through numerical optimization by way of RSM. The optimization tactics were revealed against a given set of responses viz; physico-chemical (polyphenol, % crude protein) and sensory properties (mouthfeel and texture, color and appearance and overall acceptability) as dependent variable. Obtained product with (75.35%) soya, (1.25%) alfalfa, and (22.73%) wheat flour were evaluated for their crude protein, fiber, polyphenol, antioxidant level, water holding capacity, hardness, chewiness, and springiness as 26.13, 7.88, 0.52, 7.03, 3.962%, 1500 g, 2812 g, and 0.60 g, respectively. Practical applications Vegan meat analogue obtained herewith is also competitive in its sensory preferences in alongwith embedded high protein, elevated fiber and antioxidant potential features too. Fortified alfalfa seeds boost it with meaty flavor thus proven to be competitive among commercial demand. Least fat utilization put it in another healthier trait owe to be a better option for obese and calorie conscious patients. Thus in nutshell, stated combination was ideal in terms of textural and sensory attributes as meat mimic.

Enzymolysis-Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation for Extraction of Volatile Oil from Atractylodes Chinensis and Its Hypoglycemic Activity in vitro.

Atractylodes chinensis (family Asteraceae) is a perennial herb with many pharmacological effects. Extraction of volatile oil from Atractylodes chinensis was optimized and its hypoglycemic activities were studied. Enzymolysis-microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (EMAHD) was adopted to extract the volatile oil, and the technology was optimized using a single-factor experiment that incorporated response surface methodology (RSM). The extraction rates of volatile oil by EMAHD, microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), and hydrodistillation (HD) methods were compared at different times. The ingredients of Atractylodes chinensis volatile oil were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the microstructural changes in Atractylodes chinensis residue before and after extraction. The inhibition of α-amylase activity was determined. The obtained optimal extraction conditions for EMAHD were as follows: enzyme concentration 1.6%, pH 7, enzymolysis time 20 min, enzymolysis temperature 50°C, liquid-solid ratio 30:1, microwave power 455 W, and microwave time 40 min. The levels of the main ingredients and the in vitro inhibition of α-amylase activities were higher for Atractylodes chinensis volatile oil extracted by EMAHD than by HD or MAHD. The powder residue of Atractylodes chinensis remaining after EMAHD showed a ruptured and collapsed cell structure, indicating accelerated dissolution of the volatile oil. EMAHD is deemed a method with many advantages for extraction of volatile oil from Atractylodes chinensis. The volatile oil of Atractylodes chinensis is a promising component for treating hyperglycemia.

COMPARATIVE UTILIZATION OF SHEA BUTTER CAKE AND PALM KERNEL CAKE BY BROILER CHICKENS

The utilization of Shea butter cake (SBC), a by-product of fat extraction from sheabutter nuts (Butyrospennum paradoxum) was compared with Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) to establish its potential as a poultry feedstuff. A 2 x 3 factorial experiment combining two factors, SBC and PKC at three levels of inclusion (5%, 10% and 15%) was designed. The six dietary treatments were fed to a total of 180 day-old chicks up to 56 days of age. Broilers fed SBC diets consumed more feed (P &lt; 0.05) than those fed PKC diets between 0-28 days of age. During the finisher period (29-56d) and the entire period (0-56d)feed intakes of broilers were similar (P &gt;0.05) on the treatment except the low consumption (P &lt; 0.05) by those fed 5% SBC. Broiler chicks fed 5% attained the heaviest weight gain (P &gt; 0.05) which compared with chicks fed 15% PKC between 0-28d. Between 29-56d, growth rates of broilers were uniformly higher (P &lt; 0.05) on PKC than SBC diets. Broilers fed 15% SBC had the least (P &lt; 0.05) weight gain at the three (0-28d; 29-56d and 0-56d) periods. Considering the entire period (0-56d), growth rates were not significantly (P &gt;0.05) different on SBC diets up to 10%, and on PKC diets up to 15%. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency rations of the broiler became poorer (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing levels of SBC in both growth phases unlike broiler fed PKC which had similar values irrespective of the levels of inclusion. The intestinal tracts and visceral organs were not influenced (P &gt; 0.05) by the sources and levels of test ingredients except abdominal fat which was higher on SBC than PKC at 10% and 15% levels of SBC 10% level was optimal.

Conjoint Analysis for Optimizing the Level of Ingredients in Millet and Pulse based Ready-To-Eat (RTE) Extruded Product

The present study was performed using conjoint analysis for optimizing the ingredients level in the development of millet and pulse-based Ready-To-Eat (RTE) extruded products. Conjoint analysis is a multivariate technique used to understand the preference of the product by the consumer, and it is helpful to formulate the prediction about the different ingredient levels in the product. Also, it is called “Trade-off analysis”. The experimental design of treatments with several card ID lists about 9 numbers with different levels of ingredients used for developing the extruded product. The primary level of raw material was barnyard millet (Echinochloa esculenta) (40 %, 50 %, 60 %), chickpea (Cicer arietinum) (10 %, 20%, 30%) and Maize Zea mays (40 %, 50%, 60%). These principle levels of ingredients give more combinations so sensory panel members may give irresponsible and inappropriate results. The statistical tool conjoint analysis will reduce the number of treatments for optimizing the product. The selection of ingredients level in the development of millet and pulse based RTE extruded products was based on relative importance and utility estimate of quality attributes, which was given by conjoint analysis software program through panelist rank for sensory attributes using of 9 point hedonic scale. Hence, the ingredients combinations were found to be barnyard millet (60%), chickpea (20 %), and Maize (40 %). These combinations were optimized based on their higher level of relative importance and utility estimate.

Stability of chemical UV filters in sunscreens exposed to vehicle cabin temperatures

Background: Sunscreen companies recommend replacing your chemical sunscreen every year. Consumer inquiries about product integrity under excessive exposure to heat prompted the FDA to add a requirement statement to sunscreen products indicating a need to protect stored sunscreen from excessive heat and direct sun. If heat exposure indeed affects chemical sunscreen stability, then in some areas, replacement may be warranted earlier than a year. Methods: We examined real-life scenarios related to the storage of sunscreen containers inside vehicles sitting in natural sunlight to provide information about the stability of sunscreen active ingredients under real-life storage conditions. The active ingredients avobenzone, oxybenzone, homosalate, octinoxate, octisalate, and octocrylene in samples of sunscreens were examined after heat exposure over six months using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The calculated levels of each active ingredient were then compared between the non-heat exposed samples and the heat exposed samples using a paired t-test to look for decreases in active chemicals from heat exposure. Results: No important differences were seen for heat exposure in this study of 378 hours of temperatures above 37.8 °C, with an additional 292 hours of exposure to temperatures of 32.2-37.7 °C, and 3454 hours at 26.7-32.2 °C. Conclusions: This suggests such heat exposure does not result in degradation of the active ingredients of sunscreens with sun protection factors (SPF) of 30 and 50. This is important for individuals attempting to prevent sunburns and skin cancer.

Performance, carcass and blood indices of broiler chickens fed graded levels of sundried raw wild cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) corms as partial substitutes for maize

The suitability of graded levels of sun-dried raw wild cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) corms as partial replacement for maize in the diet of finishing broiler chickens was carried out in a feeding trial that lasted for four weeks. One hundred and twenty (120) four weeks old broilers were used. . The birds were assigned into four dietary treatments of three replicates each. The experiment was carried out using the completely randomized design. Each diet represented a treatment. Diet 1 as the control treatment was devoid of the test ingredient. The remaining three (3) diets were formulated on 10, 20 and 30% substitution levels of raw wild cocoyam corms for maize on a weight for weight basis. The diets and clean drinking water were provided ad libitum throughout the period of the study. Data were collected on performance, carcass, haematology, serum metabolites, and economy of production. Results revealed that the weight gain, feed conversion ratio, cost per kilogramme feed and carcass characteristics were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) affected by the dietary treatments. Among the serum metabolites and haematological parameters monitored, only cholesterol was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) affected by the graded levels of the test ingredients in the diets. It was concluded that maize can be replaced with 20% of raw wild cocoyam corms without deleterious effects on performance, carcass, serum biochemistry and haematology of broiler chickens.

Health-compromising ingredients in fizzy drinks available in the markets of Dhaka city, Bangladesh

Fizzy drinks containing hazardous ingredients may pose public health risks to the consumers. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the level of health-compromising ingredients in fizzy drinks. Fifteen top-selling fizzy drinks [ten soft drinks (SfD) and five energy drinks (EgD)] available in the markets of Dhaka city, Bangladesh, were analyzed. pH was measured by pH meter. Quantitative estimation of TSS was done by a hand refractometer. Lane and Eynon’s method was used to determine total and reducing sugar. The level of caffeine was estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Heavy metals were assessed using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The pH of SfD and EgD ranged from 2.5-3.4 and 2.9-3.4, respectively. The total sugar content in one serving (250 ml) was 20.8-28.8 gm for SfD and 22.6-37.0 gm for EgD, where six fizzy drinks exceeded the maximum daily allowable limit of sugar as recommended by the World Health Organization. Caffeine levels in the EgD were higher than those of SfD. The range of lead in SfD was 0.19-0.29 mg/L and in EgD was 0.19-0.22 mg/L. Levels of chromium were 0.08-0.26 mg/L and 0.07-0.30 mg/L for SfD and EgD, respectively. Low pH, presence of excess sugar, caffeine, and heavy metals were the health-compromising ingredients found in this study. Awareness among the consumers and strict monitoring by the regulatory bodies of Bangladesh should be raised to reduce the negative impact of fizzy drinks on health.

Amino acid digestibility in corn distillers’ dried grains with solubles in pigs at different dietary levels of casein and test ingredient

Digestibility of amino acids (AA) in feed ingredients for pigs has been generally determined by feeding experimental diets containing test feedstuffs as a sole source of N, which may lead to the deficiency or imbalance of AA and hinder an accurate determination of digestibility values. Therefore, the addition of casein in experimental diets may ameliorate the potential negative effects of deficiency or imbalance of AA. In addition, the concentration of test feedstuffs in experimental diets may affect the digestibility of AA in test feedstuffs. Two experiments were conducted with corn distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as the test feedstuff to determine the effects of increasing concentrations of casein in experimental diets on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in DDGS (experiment 1) and to investigate the effects of two concentrations of DDGS in experimental diets with or without the addition of casein on SID of AA in DDGS (experiment 2). In experiment 1, 20 barrows (initial BW = 45.3 ± 1.80 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were allocated to a quadruplicate 5 × 2 incomplete Latin square design with five diets and two periods. Four isonitrogenous diets containing increasing concentrations of casein from 0 to 165 g/kg with decreasing concentrations of DDGS from 466.8 to 0 g/kg and a N-free diet were prepared. The SID of AA, except for arginine, cysteine, and glycine, in DDGS linearly decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing concentrations of casein in experimental diets. Quadratic response (P = 0.023) was observed in the SID of lysine in DDGS when the concentration of casein in experimental diets increased. In experiment 2, the same 20 barrows (initial BW = 52.8 ± 2.99 kg) and experimental design as experiment 1 were used with different diets, which were prepared as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the concentration of DDGS at 466.8 or 155.6 g/kg and that of casein at 0 or 110 g/kg. Regardless of the addition of casein, pigs fed experimental diets containing 466.8 g/kg DDGS had greater (P < 0.01) SID of indispensable AA, except for tryptophan, in DDGS than those fed diets containing 155.6 g/kg DDGS. In conclusion, the addition of casein in experimental diets did not affect the SID of AA in DDGS, whereas the SID of AA in DDGS decreased as the concentration of DDGS in diets decreased.

A simple Simultaneous UV Spectrophotometric Method to Determine Isoniazid and Rifampicin Contents in One Combined Tablet

Isoniazid and rifampicin are the first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs in the advanced phase. This study aimed at validating the method to determine the levels of isoniazid and rifampicin contents in one serve of combined tablet circulating at Pramuka market using simultaneous analysis of Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry with methanol as a solvent. The maximum wavelength of isoniazid and rifampicin obtained was 261 nm and 337 nm, respectively. The method used to confirm the validity here includes linearity, the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), accuracy, and precision under the ICH guidelines. The results of the method validation for isoniazid and rifampicin were as follow: linearity (R2) in the range 5-25 µg / mL showed about 0.9998 and 0.9997, the limit of detection (LOD) 0.4026 µg/mL and 0.4952 µg / mL, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) 1.3421 µg / mL and 1.6508 µg / mL respectively. Besides, the accuracy-test (% recovery) was in the range of 100.44% ± 0.41% to 107.26% ± 0.28%, while the precision test (% RSD) was less than 2%. The determination of the contents was carried out on samples purchased at Pramuka Market with predetermined criteria and obtained levels of active ingredients ranging from 92.774% ± 0.39% to 103.51% ± 0.41%. The method validation to determine the levels of isoniazid and rifampicin contents in one serve of combined tablet using simultaneous analysis of Ultraviolet (UV) Spectrophotometry with methanol as a solvent is recommended for preparation analysis at the market.

Response of exotic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) poults to diets substituted with varying levels of hydrolysed feather meal or blood meal as partial replacement for fish meal

Recent concerns over the seasonal availability and high cost of conventional protein sources has necessitated the search for alternative feed protein with lesser feed-food competitive properties yet desirable and appropriate to poults. A study was designed to determine the response of exotic turkey poults (Meleagris gallopavo) to diets substituted with varying levels of hydrolysed feather meal (HFM) or blood meal (BLM) as partial replacement for fishmeal for 112days. One hundred and ninety-two British United Turkeys BUT) were allotted to eight dietary treatments comprising four replicates and six birds per replicate. The birds were arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of two protein sources (Hydrolysed feather meal or Blood meal) included at 4 levels (0, 10, 20 and 30%). Diets 1-4 were formulated such that fish meal in control was replaced by feather meal, protein for protein. Diets 5-8 wereformulated such that fish meal in control was replaced by blood meal, protein for protein and included at 0, 10, 20 and 30%. Treatments 1 and 5 were the control groups. Data obtained were subjected to Analysis of Variance using SAS. Turkeys fed test ingredients at 20% substitution level recorded higher (p&lt;0.05) final weight and weight gain and best FCR at starter phase. Cost of feed/kg diet reduced (p&lt;0.05) as the substitution level of test ingredientincreased. Nutrient digestibility and energy metabolisability increased with increased substitution levels of test ingredients at the starter phase. Starter turkeys fed hydrolysed feather meal recorded higher energy metabolisability. It can be concluded from this study that substituting turkey diets with Hydrolysed feather meal and Blood meal at 20% inclusion level improves performance, nutrient digestibility and energy metabolisability.

Energy values of copra meal and cornstarch for broiler chickens

Two studies were conducted with broiler chickens to determine the ileal digestible energy (IDE), ME, and MEn in copra meal (CM) and cornstarch using the regression method. On day 15 and 16 for experiments 1 and 2, respectively, 192 male birds were individually weighed and allotted into 3 dietary treatments with 8 replicate cages and 8 birds per cage in a randomized complete block design with the BW as a blocking factor in each experiment. Dietary treatments consisted of 3 inclusion levels of test ingredients (i.e., 0, 100, or 200 g/kg) in corn-soybean meal–based diets using CM or cornstarch as test ingredients for experiment 1 or 2, respectively. Titanium dioxide was added as an indigestible marker to determine the ileal digestibility and utilization of energy by the index method. Experiments lasted 5 d, and excreta collection was conducted during the last 3 d of each experiment. At the end of experiments, birds were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation, and ileal digesta samples were collected. Data were analyzed by the ANOVA using the GLM procedure. In experiment 1, the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of DM and gross energy (GE) and IDE in test diets linearly decreased (P < 0.05) with substitution of CM in test diets. In experiment 2, there were quadratic increases (P < 0.01) in the AID of DM and GE and IDE in diets as the concentration of cornstarch in test diets increased. In addition, linear increases (P < 0.05) in the apparent total tract utilization of DM, N, and GE and ME and MEn in test diets were observed. The estimates of IDE, ME, and MEn in CM were 2,493, 3,727, and 3,546 kcal/kg DM, respectively, whereas respective values of cornstarch were estimated at 4,181, 3,992, and 3,946 kcal/kg DM, respectively. In conclusion, inclusion of CM in diets may reduce the digestibility of GE, whereas the digestibility and utilization of GE may increase when adding cornstarch into diets for broiler chickens.