Levels Of Phytase Research Articles

PSIV-14 Feeding Broiler Chicks with S. Pombe-Expressed Phytase-Containing Diet Improves Growth Performance, Phosphorus Digestibility, Toe Ash, and Footpad Lesions

Abstract A total of 390 1-day-old broiler chicks with an average initial body weight of 42.15 ± 0.17 g were used to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of S. pombe-expressed phytase on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility, organ indexes, meat quality, toe ash, and footpad lesions score. All birds were randomly assigned to 5 groups based on the initial body weight (42.15 ± 0.17 g), there were 6 replicate cages per treatment and 13 birds (mixed sex) per cage. The experimental period was 45 d, including 4 periods (starter, d 1-10; grower, d 11-24; finisher 1, d 25-38; finisher 2, d 39-45). Dietary treatments were based on a corn-soybean meal-basal diet and supplemented with 500, 750, 1,000, and 1,500 FTU/kg S. pombe-expressed phytase. One phytase unit (FTU) was defined as the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the release of 1 micromole phosphate from phytate per minute at 37°C and pH 5.5. The inclusion of increasing levels of phytase in the diet linearly increased the body weight gain during d 1-10 (P = 0.001), 25-38 (P = 0.016), 39-45 (P = 0.018), and 1-45 (P = 0.004), feed intake during d 25-38 (P = 0.032), feed conversion ratio during d 1-10 (P = 0.001), 39-45 (P = 0.038), and 1-45 (P = 0.012), carcass weight (P = 0.035), toe ash (P < 0.001), and apparent ileal phosphorus digestibility (P = 0.049). However, the footpad lesions score (P = 0.040) decreased linearly with the increase in phytase levels in the diet. Therefore, dietary supplementation of S. pombe-expressed phytase was beneficial to the growth performance, toe ash, apparent ileal phosphorus digestibility, and footpad lesions of broiler chicks in a dose-dependent manner.

PSVI-8 Effects of Phosphorus Level and Increasing Phytase Dose on Basal Endogenous Loss of Calcium and Balance of Phosphorus in Pigs Fed Diets Containing Phytate P at Commercial Levels

Abstract The objective was to test the hypothesis that dietary P concentration and level of phytase influences basal endogenous loss of Ca in pigs. Seventy barrows (body weight: 17.66 kg) were housed in metabolism crates and allotted to 7 Ca-free diets containing corn, potato protein concentrate, and full-fat rice bran (0.27% phytate P). A positive control (PC) diet contained P at the requirement for digestible P for 11 to 25 kg pigs. Negative control (NC) diets were formulated by reducing concentration of digestible P by 0.15% and adding a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant at 0, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 phytase units/kg diet. Feces and urine samples were collected separately for 4 d after 5 d of adaptation. Dried and ground fecal samples were analyzed for dry matter, Ca, and P and urine was analyzed for P. Data were analyzed using a model that included diet as fixed effect. Positive control and NC were compared using a contrast statement and linear and exponential effects of dietary phytase were tested. Results indicated that apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter was not affected by dietary P or phytase (Table 1). The basal endogenous loss of Ca was not affected by dietary P, but exponentially (P = 0.030) decreased as dietary phytase increased. Phosphorus retention (g/d) was greater (P < 0.001) in pigs fed PC compared with NC without phytase. The standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P exponentially (P < 0.001) increased as phytase increased; however, retention of P as % of absorbed P decreased (linear, P = 0.006) as phytase increased because the extra P absorbed as a result of phytase could not be retained due to the lack of Ca. In conclusion, increasing the phytase dose decreased basal endogenous loss of Ca and increased STTD of P.

Growth Performance, Bone Development and Phosphorus Metabolism in Chicks Fed Diets Supplemented with Phytase Are Associated with Alterations in Gut Microbiota.

Simple SummaryPhosphorus is a crucial component of nucleic acids, phospholipids, several coenzymes and bone, and plays numerous roles in nutrient metabolism in animals. We investigated the growth performance, bone development, phosphorus metabolism and gut microbiota changes elicited by different phosphorus levels with/without phytase in chicks during the brooding period. Low-phosphorus diets inhibited growth performance and bone development, decreased utilization of phosphorus and altered gut microbial structure and function in the brooding stage of chicks. Inclusion of phytase improved growth performance and bone development and decreased phosphorus emission. The potential mechanisms may be associated with gut microbiota reprogramming.Phosphorus pollution caused by animal husbandry is becoming increasingly problematic, especially where decreasing and non-renewable phosphorus resources are concerned. We investigated the growth performance, bone development, phosphorus metabolism and gut microbiota changes elicited by different phosphorus levels with/without phytase in chicks during the brooding period (1–42 d). Five-hundred-and-forty (540) egg-laying chickens were assigned to six groups (0.13% NPP, 0.29% NPP, 0.45% NPP, 0.13% NPP + P, 0.29% NPP + P and 0.45% NPP + P) according to a factorial design with three non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) levels (0.13, 0.29 and 0.45%) and two phytase (P) dosages (0 and 200 FTU/kg). Chicks fed with the diet with 0.13% NPP had the lowest body weight, average daily gain, shank length, average daily feed intake and highest ratio of feed to gain, while phytase supplementation was able to mitigate the adverse effects of low-phosphorus diets on growth performance. Moreover, phosphorus metabolism was affected by different dietary NPP and phytase levels. Thus, 0.13% NPP significantly reduced serum phosphorus, while phytase supplementation significantly increased serum phosphorus. Notably, phosphorus utilization in the 0.13% NPP group was significantly decreased and the phosphorus excretion ratio was increased. Phytase supplementation significantly improved phosphorus utilization by 43.79% and decreased phosphorus emission in the 0.13% NPP group but not in the 0.29% NPP or the 0.45% NPP group. Remarkably, the alpha diversity of gut microbiota was significantly decreased in the low-phosphorus group, while phytase supplementation increased alpha diversity and improved gut microbial community and function. The LEfSe analysis revealed that several differential genera (e.g., Bacteroides, norank_f__Clostridiales_vadinBB60_group and Eggerthella) were enriched in the different dietary NPP and phytase levels. Furthermore, correlations between differential genera and several crucial phenotypes suggested that the enrichment of beneficial bacteria with different levels of phosphorus and phytase promoted phosphorus utilization in the foregut and hindgut. In summary, low-phosphorus diets inhibited growth performance and bone development, decreased utilization of phosphorus and altered gut microbial structure and function in the brooding stage of chicks. Finally, phytase supplementation improves growth performance and bone development and decreases phosphorus emission, and the potential mechanisms may be associated with the reprogramming of gut microbiota.

인분해효소를 급여한 산란계에서 배출되는 계분의 성상과 비료화에 관한 연구

This study was conducted to produce a nutrient-balanced complex fertilizer using compost from laying hens fed with phytase levels. A total of 30 laying hens were randomly assigned in individual cages. The dietary treatments were fed from 51 to 60 wks of age, and included a phytase; 0, 1,000, and 2,000 FTU/kg in basal diets. Fresh feed (110 g) and drinking water were supplied to the laying hens every day. Feces from hens were collected daily and analyzed for N, P₂O₅, and K₂O after compost maturity. This result showed there was no difference on the fecal excretion per feed intake of laying hens supplemented with phytase levels in the diets. On the other hand, the excretions of dried feces, N, P₂O₅, and K₂O were significantly (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) reduced in 2,000 FTU/kg treatment than 0, 1,000 FTU/kg treatments. There was no difference on the compost composition and nutrient contents in compound fertilizer using compost from hens fed dietary phytase levels. However, compost content in the fertilizer was 69.6~71.6% when compost of 25~30% moisture content was used, and 13.0~47.1% at compost of 40~60% moisture content. As a result of this study, it was confirmed that hen’s compost controlled moisture content could be produced as a nutrient-balanced compound fertilizer.

Phytase activity of phytase-producing bacteria isolated from mangrove sediment

Through the role of phytase, some soil bacteria can mineralize insoluble organic P such as phytate (myoinositol hexakisphosphate). Phytase is a secreted enzyme possessing the ability to hydrolyze phytate into phosphate esters and inorganic P for plants absorption. This study aimed to isolate phytase-producing bacteria from mangrove sediment and examine the influence of nutrients (source of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus) and physical conditions (temperature, pH, NaCl tolerance) on maximum phytase production. The presence of phytase activity was determined by examining the individual colonies for the formation of a clear zone. Furthermore, the isolates were screened qualitatively and quantitatively using solid and liquid phytase screening medium (PSM) containing sodium Phytate as substrates. The result showed that a total of 48 isolates have the potential to produce phytase with a production range of 1.11 - 14.83U/mL. The isolate F15 as Bacillus altitudinis was found to produce the highest phytase after 72 hours of incubation, was selected for further analysis. This strain resulted in optimal phytase levels at 35°C and a pH of 6.5 in physical parameters, tolerated 5% NaCl in the presence of lactose and tryptone, which served as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively.

Effect of increasing dose level of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant on phytate degradation in broilers fed diets containing varied phytate levels

ABSTRACT 1. The effect of increasing the dose level of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of phosphorus (P), phytic acid (inositol hexa-phosphate, IP6) and ileal IP6 degradation profile was studied in diets containing varying phytate-P (PP) levels. 2. Ross 308, one-day-old males (n = 1,800) were allocated to cages (20 birds/cage, six cages/treatment) in a completely randomised design employing a 3 × 5 factorial arrangement (three PP levels: 2.45 (low) 2.95 (medium) and 3.45 g/kg (high); five dose levels of phytase (PhyG): 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 FTU/kg). Phased diets were based on wheat, corn, soybean meal, rapeseed meal and rice bran (d 0 to 10; 2.60 g/kg digestible P, 7.6 g/kg calcium (Ca); d 11 to 21; 2.10 g/kg digestible P, 6.4 g/kg Ca). Ileal digesta was collected on d 21 for determination of P, IP6 and IP-esters content. Data were analysed by factorial ANOVA; means separation was achieved using Tukey’s HSD test. 3. Increasing PP reduced AID of IP6 and sum of IP3-6 (%) (P < 0.05) but absolute P-release (g/kg diet) above NC was increased (P < 0.05) at high vs. low PP. Increasing phytase dose exponentially increased (P < 0.001) AID IP6, sum of IP3-6 (%) and digestible IP3-6-P g/kg diet (P < 0.001). AID P was increased but there was an interaction with PP level (P < 0.001). Ileal accumulation of IP5-3-P was universally low with PhyG at ≥1,000 FTU/kg (<0.06 g/100 g DM). At 2,000 and 4,000 FTU/kg, AID IP6 was 97.2, 92.7, 92.6% and 100, 97.2, 97.1%, respectively, at low, medium and high PP. At 2,000 FTU/kg, phytate-P release estimated as the increase (above NC) in ileal digestible sum of IP3-6-P in the diet was 2.26, 2.59 and 3.10 g/kg in low, medium and high PP, respectively. 4. The data demonstrated that the novel phytase was effective in breaking down phytate to low IP-esters in diets with varied PP content but the optimal dose level for maximising P-release may differ in diets with varying PP content.

Soil and Plant Responses to Phosphorus Inputs from Different Phytase-Associated Animal Diets

The over-supplementation of animal feeds with phosphorus (P) within livestock-production systems leads to high rates of P excretion and thus to high P loads and losses, which negatively impact the natural environment. The addition of phytase to pig and poultry diets can contribute to reducing P excretion; however, cascading effects of phytase on plant–soil systems remain poorly understood. Here, we addressed how three different diets containing various levels of exogenous phytase, i.e., (1) no-phytase, (2) phytase (250 FTU), and (3) superdose phytase (500 FTU) for pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) and broilers (Gallus gallus domesticus) might affect P dynamics in two different plant–soil systems including comfrey (Symphytum × uplandicum) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne). We found that differences in phytase supplementation significantly influenced total P content (%) of broiler litter and also pig slurry (although not significantly) as a result of dietary P content. P Use Efficiency (PUE) of comfrey and ryegrass plants was significantly higher under the intermediate ‘phytase’ dose (i.e., commercial dose of 250 FTU) when compared to ‘no-phytase’ and ‘superdose phytase’ associated with pig slurry additions. Soil P availability (i.e., water soluble P, WSP) in both comfrey and ryegrass mesocosms significantly decreased under the intermediate ‘phytase’ treatment following pig slurry additions. Dietary P content effects on P losses from soils (i.e., P leaching) were variable and driven by the type of organic amendment. Our study shows how commercial phytase levels together with higher dietary P contents in pig diets contributed to increase PUE and decrease WSP thus making the plant–soil system more P conservative (i.e., lower risks of P losses). Our evidence is that dietary effects on plant–soil P dynamics are driven by the availability of P forms (for plant uptake) in animal excretes and the type of organic amendment (pig vs. broiler) rather than plant species identity (comfrey vs. ryegrass).

Effect of Different Levels of Phytase in Laying Hen Diets on Some Biochemical Blood Parameters

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of adding two levels of enzymes (0 and 0.8 kg / ton diet) such as phytase (0.3 kg/ ton) and glucanase (0.5kg/ ton) and substitute barley by corn in laying diet with the levels of 0, 25 and 50% as a replace of corn on some physiological responses. A total number (288) of males and females Anshass layer chicks, five weeks old were used in this study (72 of males and 216 of females). Chicks were randomly distributed into 6 groups. Each group contains 4 replicates of 12 males and 36 females, each. The experiment was lasted at 20 weeks of age. The data reviled that, Adding enzyme supplementation to layer diets contain different levels of barley had no significant effect (P≥0.05) on total protein, total albumin, globulin, glucose, GOT, GPT and total lipids. While, it could be noticed that birds fed dietary enzyme recorded a slightly decreased (P≥0.05) in total protein, total albumin, and glucose compared with others fed un-supplemented diet. However, layers fed dietary enzyme recorded a slightly enhancement in total globulin compared with other fed control diet. Moreover,, Layers fed 25% dietary barley with enzyme addition recorded a slightly improvement (P≥0.05) in GOT values, though, this enhancement was noticed in GPT values for birds fed control diet with enzyme.

Synergic effect of phytase, amylase, galactosidase, and asparaginase activity on the mitigation of acrylamide and hydroxymethylfurfural in roll bread by co-culture fermentation

In this study, the effect of co-culture Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 and Lactobaacillus. plantarum ATCC 20552 on enzyme production (phytase, α-amylase, α-galactosidase and asparaginase (ASNase)), as well as acrylamide (AA) and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) levels in fermented bread, were determined. Based on the findings herein, the maximum levels of phytase (112.8–163 (U/mL), α-amylase (84.9–180.6 U/mL), α-galactosidase (2.33–6.72 U/mL), and asparaginase (5.23–9.14 U/mL) were calculated after 8 h of co-culture fermentation. The phytase and asparaginase activity of L. plantarum was higher than that of L. acidophilus while L. acidophilus showed higher α-amylase and α-galactosidase activity compared to L. plantarum. The phytic acid session caused an increase in the mineral content, thereby synergically affecting the rise in the amylase and asparaginase activity. The results also showed that acrylamide and HMF levels in breads fermented using co-culture L. acidophilus and L. plantarum + yeast was much lower (185.7 ± 1.1–34.6 ± 0.3 μg/kg d.b. and 12.3 ± 1.1 – <0.5 mg/kg d.b.) compared with those in the yeast-only fermented bread (334.9 ± 0.8–208.1 ± 0.7 μg/kg d. b. and 33.6 ± 1.2–20.5 ± 0.7 mg/kg d.b.), respectively. According to the treatment results, co-culture fermentation as along with time and temperature of proofing could be considered as potential factors to reduce AA and HMF content.

The effect of feed enzymes phytase, protease and xylanase on pelleting of microalgal biomass

Lower energy consumption for producing feed pellets is an important part of the economy in the feed mill. The same is if physical pellet quality is degraded. The interest in using of novel ingredients is increasing due to requirements for the sustainable development goals. Defatted microalgae as by-product from biodiesel production is one of many novel ingredients. The purpose of this experiment was to understand how the addition of small amount of enzymes can reduce the flow resistance in the die during pellet discharge, without affecting the physical quality of pellets. Thus, possibly reduce the total consumption of electrical energy during compaction. Three enzymes, phytase, protease, xylanase, and combinations of those were added to defatted Desmodesmus subspicatus microalgae at 3 inclusion levels. Feed enzymes xylanase and phytase helped lowering the flow resistance of the material in the die. Reduction of flow resistance was in average 17 times lover when all three levels of enzyme phytase were used. The same was observed when 0.01% xylanase was added. All feed enzymes and their combination have evidently lowered underwater pellet swelling due to their hydrolytic activity at the surface of the microalgal particles. The hydrolytic activities of the feed enzymes did not affect hardness of the microalgal pellets. Contact angle degree between pellet surface and oil droplet was lowered when xylanase and protease was used at all three dosage levels. However, contact angle degree between pellet surface and water droplets was unaffected by the hydrolytic activity of enzymes.

Phosphorus equivalency of phytase with various evaluation indicators of duck in starter.

This study was conducted to evaluate phosphorus (P) equivalency of phytase with various evaluation indicators of ducks in starter (0-14days). Three hundred and twenty 1-day-old Cherry Valley ducks were randomly assigned to eight groups. The dietary treatments were four levels of available phosphorus (aP) with 0.25%, 0.32%, 0.39%, and 0.46% (treatments I-IV) and four levels of phytase added to low-aP basal diet (treatment I) with 300, 600, 900, and 1200 units (U) per kg (treatments V-VIII). The results were that compared to treatment I, increasing aP and supplementary phytase significantly (p<0.05) improved body weight (BW), BW gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), live BW, carcass weight, semieviscerated weight, eviscerated weight, leg muscle weight, and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR). Treatments V and VI did not significantly increase tibia ash, tibia calcium, and tibia P of 14-day-old ducks (p>0.05). Following the increase of aP level (treatments I-IV), apparent utilization of Ca and P of ducks increased with varying degrees. With the increase of dietary phytase level (treatments V-VIII), the apparent utilization of Ca and P showed no significant difference (p>0.05) but an increasing trend. Serum P reached the highest level when adding 600U/kg phytase (treatment VI). Serum Ca and serum alkaline phosphatase activity showed no significant difference among treatments V-VIII (p>0.05). Based on corn-soybean-rapeseed meal diet, with the evaluation indexes of FI, BWG, tibia ash, tibia Ca, tibia P, and apparent utilization of Ca and P, the addition of 500U/kg phytase could release aP of 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.02%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.08%, and 0.07%, respectively. On the same way, the addition of 1000U/kg phytase could release aP of 0.07%, 0.09%, 0.06%, 0.02%, 0.07%, 0.09%, and 0.09%, respectively.

Increased microbial phytase increased phytate destruction, plasma inositol, and feed efficiency of weanling pigs, but reduced dietary calcium and phosphorus did not affect gastric pH or fecal score and reduced growth performance and bone ash.

An experiment was conducted to test two hypotheses: 1) reducing dietary Ca and P reduces gastric pH and diarrhea in weanling pigs; 2) negative effects of low Ca and P on pig growth performance may be overcome if phytase is added to the diets. A total of 320 weanling pigs (6.35 ± 0.87 kg) were allotted to eight corn-soybean meal-based diets in a randomized complete block design with five pigs per pen. Two phase 1 (days 1 to 14) control diets containing 100 or 50% of total Ca and digestible P relative to the requirement, and six diets in which 500, 2,000, or 16,000 units of phytase/kg feed (FTU) were added to each control diet were formulated. Phytase was assumed to release 0.16% total Ca and 0.11% digestible P. Common diets were fed in phases 2 (days 15 to 27) and 3 (days 28 to 42). Growth performance data were recorded within each phase. Data for fecal scores and gastrointestinal pH were recorded for phase 1. Colon content (day 14), the right femur (days 14 and 42), and blood samples (days -1, 14, 27, and 42) were collected from one pig per pen. In phase 1, reducing Ca and P did not reduce gastric pH or fecal score, but pigs fed the 50% diets had reduced (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared with pigs fed the 100% diets. In both 50% and 100% diets, phytase above 500 FTU increased (P < 0.05) gain:feed ratio (G:F) and tended (P < 0.10) to reduce gastric pH of pigs. From days 1 to 42, pigs fed the 50% diets tended (P < 0.10) to have reduced ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed the 100% diets, but among the 100% diets, pigs tended (P < 0.10) to have a linear increase in G:F as phytase level increased. Pigs fed the 50% diets had reduced (P < 0.05) concentrations of inositol phosphate esters (IP) in the colon and reduced bone ash (days 14 and 42) compared with pigs fed the 100% diets. Phytase did not affect bone ash or most blood metabolites. Concentrations of IP in the colon decreased, whereas plasma inositol increased (d 14; P < 0.05) in pigs fed diets with phytase (≥ 500 FTU). In pigs fed the 100% diets, IP in the colon linearly decreased (P < 0.05), but plasma inositol linearly increased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of phytase. In conclusion, reducing Ca and P in diets for weanling pigs did not influence gastric pH or fecal score, but compromised growth performance and bone ash. However, regardless of dietary Ca and P, high doses of phytase increased phytate degradation and inositol absorption, which consequently increased G:F of pigs.

Energy releasing efficacy of graded levels of a commercial microbial phytase

An experiment was conducted to determine the energy release of a commercial phytase fed to broilers at multiple doses in basal diets that varied in ME. Dietary treatments included 3 negative controls ( NC ; 0.75% calcium and 0.30% non-phytate phosphorus) formulated at 3 ME levels (2,701, 2,868, and 3,000 kcal/kg). A commercial phytase product was added to each NC diet at 1,500, 4,500, 13,500, and 30,000 FTU/kg, creating a total of 15 dietary treatments. The phytase utilized was a phytase sourced from an Escherichia coli species bacterium expressed in a Trichoderma reesei fungus. Treatments were arranged in a 5 (phytase dose) × 3 (ME level) factorial in a randomized complete block design with 9 replications of 10 male broilers fed each of 15 dietary treatments for 21 d. On d 7, 14, and 21, birds provided the 3,000 kcal/kg diet had the lowest bird FI, and birds provided the 2,701 and 2,868 kcal/kg diets had the highest ( P < 0.001). Additionally, FCR decreased as ME increased ( P < 0.0001). Trends were observed for ME level × phytase dose interactions for d14 and 21 FCR. These trends demonstrate that phytase was most beneficial with the low energy diets. Eight treatments were selected for apparent ileal digestible energy ( AIDE ) analysis based on d 14 and 21 FCR data; AIDE ranged from 2,816 to 3,485 kcal/kg. Contrary to past studies, clear results were not observed for the energy releasing efficacy of graded levels of phytase. Performance improvements with phytase supplementation were likely more associated with P availability than AIDE.

PSVI-4 Effect of phytase on mineral digestibility and growth performance of pigs fed diets with pharmacological levels of Zn

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that increasing levels of phytase increases mineral digestibility and growth performance of pigs fed diets with 3,000 mg/kg of Zn. A positive control (PC) diet that met nutrient requirements and a negative control (NC) diet that was deficient in total Ca (-0.16%), digestible P (-0.14%), metabolizable energy (-50 kcal/kg), and digestible amino acids (-0.02%) were formulated. Eight additional diets were formulated by adding 500, 1,000, 1,500, or 2,000 phytase units/kg of a novel bacterial 6-phytase (PhyG) or a commercial Buttiauxella phytase (PhyB) to the NC diet. A randomized complete block design with 400 weanling pigs (5.82 ± 0.70 kg), 10 diets, 4 pigs per pen, and 10 replicate pens per diet was used. Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 28 d. Fecal samples were collected from 1 pig per pen on d 26 to 28. Linear and quadratic effects of PhyG and PhyB were determined using polynomial contrast statements. Contrast statements were used to compare effects of PC diet with NC diet, and to compare effects of PhyG diets with PhyB diets. Overall, pigs fed the NC diet had reduced growth performance (P &amp;lt; 0.05) compared with pigs fed the NC diet (Table 1). Linear (P &amp;lt; 0.01) and quadratic (P &amp;lt; 0.05) increases in overall average daily gain and average daily feed intake of pigs were observed as dietary concentrations of PhyG or PhyB increased. Increasing levels of PhyG or PhyB linearly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P and Ca. PhyG increased ATTD of P more (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than PhyB. In conclusion, both phytases are effective in increasing mineral digestibility and growth performance in pigs fed diets with pharmacological levels of Zn; however, PhyG improved P digestibility more than PhyB.

PSXVI-6 Supplemental effects of phytase on bone parameters, intestinal health, nutrient digestibility and growth performance on broiler chickens

Abstract This study aimed to determine supplemental effects of phytase (VTR BIO-TECH, China) on bone parameters, jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota, intestinal morphology, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of broiler chickens (Ross 308). Newly hatched broiler chickens (360, 44 ± 6 g BW) were randomly allotted in 6 treatments with 10 birds per cage based on CRD and fed for 27 d. Dietary treatments were the supplementation levels of phytase providing (0; 500; 1,000; 2,000; 4,000 FTU/kg feed) and 0.15% less Ca and 0.15% less P than the recommended requirements by ROSS 2019. Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to the diets as an indigestible marker to measure AID. On d 27, 3 birds were randomly selected from each cage and euthanized to collect jejunal mucosa and tissue to measure microbiota diversity and morphology, ileal digesta to measure AID, and left tibia to measure bone parameters. Data were analyzed using SAS. Phytase supplementation tended to increase overall ADG (P = 0.078; 39.7 to 42.2 g/d), whereas without affecting the overall ADFI and G:F. Phytase supplementation reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) Pelomonas (10.01 to 2.64%) and tended to reduce Helicobacter (P = 0.085; 10.67 to 0.88%); Pseudomonas (P = 0.090; 2.02 to 0.31%); Sphingomonas (P = 0.071; 1.03 to 0.19%). Phytase supplementation increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) villus height (884 to 989 µm); the AID of CP (65.4 to 70.6%) and P (36.3 to 43.7%). Increasing phytase supplementation from 0 to 1,296 FTU/kg increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) breaking strength (184 to 213 N) and P content in the tibia (9.5 to 10.0%). In conclusion, phytase supplementation up to 4,000 FTU/kg feed showed benefits on intestinal health by reducing harmful bacteria in the jejunal mucosa, enhancing intestinal morphology and by increasing the AID of nutrients; and on the bone parameters by increasing the breaking strength and P content.

515 Late-Breaking: Effects of Dietary Phytase with or without Multi-carbohydrase Supplementation on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Bone Traits in Nursery Pigs

Abstract The aim was to determine the effects of supplementing increasing doses of phytase (PHY) alone or in combination with multi-carbohydrase (MC) blend to a P-deficient diet for nursery pigs on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and metacarpal bone characteristics. A total of 192 weaned pigs (7.7 ± 0.05 kg BW) were allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments each with 8 replicates in a randomised complete block design based on initial body weight. Diets consisted of a P-deficient negative control (NC), NC + 250 FTU/kg (TRT1), NC + 500 FTU/kg (TRT2), NC + 1,000 FTU/kg (TRT3), NC + 0.2g/kg MC (TRT4), TRT4 + 250 FTU/kg (TRT5), TRT4 + 500 FTU/kg (TRT6), and TRT4 + 1,000 FTU/kg (TRT7). Fecal samples (d 18, 19, and 20) and metacarpal bones (d21) were collected to determine apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients and bone mineralization, respectively. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with orthogonal polynomial contrast statements with a pen as an experimental unit for growth performance and digestibility and 1 pig per pen for bone traits. During week 2, MC supplementation tended to increase (P = 0.05) body weight whereas by week 3, increasing doses of PHY linearly (P &amp;lt; 0.05) increased average daily gain (ADG). Overall, PHY supplementation had a quadratic effect (P &amp;lt; 0.05) increasing ADG. However, there was an interaction (P &amp;lt; 0.05) whereby PHY and MC in combination acted synergistically to increase percentage of ash and P ATTD. Phytase had linear (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and quadratic (P &amp;lt; 0.05) by increasing fat-free dry weight, ash content, and P in metacarpal bone. In conclusion, increasing levels of PHY quadratically improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and bone traits of pigs fed a P-deficient diet.

Superdosing of bacterial phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) in broiler diets with reduced levels of digestible amino acids

The aim was evaluating the effect of phytase superdosing in diets with reduced amino acid levels (methionine, lysine, threonine) for broiler chickens from 1 to 45 days. Parameters related to performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal morphometry, and ileal digestibility was evaluated. Were used 1848 male Cobb 500 broilers with 46 g ± 0.02 g of starter weight, divided into 12 treatments, in a completely randomized design in a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement (3 nutrient matrices: 0 (control), 5 (-5%), and 10% (-10%) of reduction in the levels of the digestible amino acids and 4 levels of phytase (0, 500, 1500, and 3000 FTU/kg), 7 replicates of 22 birds per experimental unit. For ileal digestibility another trial was carried out following the same experimental design; with 252 animals 12 treatments, 3 replicates of 7 birds each. Analysis of variance of the data was performed, and regression analysis was used for the FTU levels. For the nutrient matrices, Tukey's test was used at the 5% probability level. The results show that, after phytase supplementation at 1500 FTU/kg, is possible a reduction by up to 10% of the levels of the top three limiting amino acids in relation to control level for broilers from 1 to 45 days of age without affecting the productive performance of the animals. The superdosing of phytase promoted a greater availability of phosphorus, increasing the villus: crypt ratio, villus area. A reduction in dietary Ca and P levels is recommended, increasing the availability of these minerals through the enzyme matrix and supplementation with 1500 FTU/kg of bacterial phytase.

Multiexperiment evaluation of increasing phytase activity from Optiphos® and Optiphos Plus® on 21-day broiler performance and tibia mineralization

Phytase is used in nearly all broiler diets at varying levels and new commercial sources have been developed in recent years. A series of 5 experiments at 4 different universities were conducted to investigate broiler performance metrics and tibia mineralization from 2 mixer-added, Escherichia coli -derived, 6-phytases, Optiphos, a coated phytase, and Optiphos Plus, a recently developed phytase product selected to be intrinsically heat stable, independent of a coating. Treatments for each experiment included a negative control ( NC ) and the NC + varying levels of Optiphos and Optiphos Plus up to 1,500 FTU/kg. Experimental diets were fed to male broiler chicks for 21 d. On d 21, broilers were euthanized and tibiae were excised to determine tibia mineralization. Experiments 1–4 utilized pelleted diets while Experiment 5 utilized a mash diet. For each experiment, treatments were arranged by a formulated phytase level and source factorial, using a randomized complete block design. In addition, slope-ratio models were created using data from all experiments to evaluate responses to analyzed phytase levels. Positive live performance and tibia mineralization responses to phytase activity were observed ( P < 0.05) in all 5 experiments. Performance and bone mineral metrics continued to improve up to approximately 1,500 FTU/kg in a curvilinear fashion, demonstrating a value of super-dosing, the degree employed being dependent on the product used and the cost-benefit economics of implementation. When comparing nonlinear response slopes across all analyzed phytase levels and experiments, the data showed that efficacy of Optiphos Plus was approximately 20% higher than that of Optiphos at similar analyzed levels ( P < 0.05).

Effect of sodium sources and exogenous phytase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and digesta pH of 21-day-old broilers

The effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) and NaCl+sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) and supplemental phytase (0, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 FTU/kg) on performance, nutrient digestibility and utilization, and digesta pH of male broiler chickens were investigated in a 2 × 4+1 factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design with 6 replicate cages of 8 birds per replicate. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 4 factorial with contrast between the positive control and the diets containing 0 FTU phytase. Phytase supplementation linearly improved (P < 0.05) average body weigh gain (BWG) and feed intake (d 0–14 and 0–21). Apparent jejunal dry matter (DM) digestibility and digestible energy in birds fed diets containing only NaCl increased (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05) with phytase supplementation whereas quadratic (P < 0.05) effect was observed in birds fed diets containing a combination of NaCl and NaHCO3. Phytase supplementation improved (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05) apparent ileal nitrogen and P digestibility. Apparent utilization of DM, nitrogen, energy, and metabolizable energy increased (linear; P < 0.05) with increasing level of phytase supplementation. Apparent P utilization increased (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05) for both sodium sources but calcium utilization only increased (linear; P < 0.05) with the combination of NaCl and NaHCO3. Bone breaking strength (linear and quadratic) and bone ash (linear) increased (P < 0.05) with phytase supplementation. The combination of NaCl and NaHCO3 resulted in lower (P < 0.05) pH of digesta in the proximal ileum whereas the pH of the digesta in the distal ileum (linear) and the average pH of ileal contents (linear and quadratic) increased (P < 0.05) with phytase supplementation. Results from this study showed that birds’ performance and utilization of nutrients and energy by broilers in the presence of phytase was, in general, not influenced by the source of sodium in the diet. Data from this study showed that NaHCO3 can replace a portion of NaCl in the diet of broilers supplemented with phytase without any significant negative effect on performance and that the 2,000 FTU phytase level resulted in better BWG and feed intake as well nutrient and energy utilization.

Influence of phytate and phytase on performance, bone, and blood parameters of broilers at 42 days old

The objective was to evaluate the effect of diets containing various levels of phytate and phytase on broilers from 1 to 42 days old. The treatments consisted of a combination of diets containing high (HP), medium (MP) and low (LP) phytate with positive control diet (PC) and a negative control diet (NC) that was similar to the PC in energy and protein but with less calcium and phosphorus. Three additional diets, based on the NC were supplemented with 500, 1000, or 1500 FTU kg-1 of phytase. Broilers that received the NC diet exhibited the lowest weight gain (WG), whereas those supplemented with 1000 FTU kg-1 obtained 2.84% higher WG compared with PC. Broilers that received NC had the lowest breaking strength and dry matter. Birds fed HP diets that received NC and NC + 500 FTU kg-1 had a higher concentration of serum Ca and P than birds fed LP diets. Broilers fed the NC and NC + 500 and 1000 FTU kg−1 had lower tibia Ca levels compared with birds fed the PC. Broilers fed HP diets had higher tibia Ca content than MP. Phytase supplementation had a positive response in diets with reduced Ca and P. Based on regression analysis the optimum inclusion of phytase to improve broiler performance parameters was calculated as 952 FTU kg-1.