Level Of Atmospheric Air Pollution Research Articles

Study of patterns of PM2.5 and PM10 changes in the atmospheric air of Ivano-Frankivsk region

The purpose of this research is to analyse the temporal patterns of changes in concentrations of dust particles – aerosols, regression modeling of the interdependence of PM2.5 and PM10 at the level of instantaneous, average hourly, average daily and average weekly concentrations, and assessment of the impact of the anthropogenic component of dust pollution of atmospheric air in the Ivano-Frankivsk region on regularities of the temporal distribution of these shares.The database for the study included measurements of the concentration of PM10, PM2.5 every hour at four Ecocity public monitoring stations: in the central part of the city of Ivano-Frankivsk, in the village of Bovshiv within the influence of the Burshtyn TPP, in the village of Broshniv-Osada within the influence of the woodworking enterprise "SVISS KRONO" and within the recreational territory of the village of Mykulychyn, Nadvirnyan district. The general regularity of the temporal distribution of PM10, PM2.5 was established for all posts for daily fluctuations – the highest concentrations are observed at night, the lowest – during the period of maximum daily temperatures. It has been proven by actual data that the greater the level of atmospheric air pollution (the greater the anthropogenic component of PM), the higher the daily concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and the more often the one-time standards of solid suspended particles are exceeded.According to the data of monitoring stations from the territories with different anthropogenic influence, functional dependences of PM2.5 content on PM10 content were obtained for instantaneous values, hourly average values, daily average values, and weekly average values. The scientific novelty of the conducted research consists in the establishment of identical functional interdependence of temporal changes in concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 dust particles within a conditionally clean area and within the limits of the influence of stationary sources of pollution with a high level of direct regression dependence and a coefficient of determination greater than 0.9 in all cases. This allows us to conclude that the temporal patterns of changes in both PM2.5 and PM10 will not differ in clean and polluted air conditions for the Ivano-Frankivsk region. In conditions of incomplete data on the temporal distribution of the concentration of PM10, the obtained equations can be used to forecast the temporal distribution of the concentration of PM2.5.

Assessment of the Atmospheric Deposition of Potentially Toxic Elements Using Moss Pleurozium schreberi in an Urban Area: The Perm (Perm Region, Russia) Case Study.

Assessment of air quality in urban areas is very important because pollutants affect both the environment and human health. In Perm (Russia), a moss biomonitoring method was used to assess the level of air pollution. The concentrations of 15 elements in 87 samples of moss Pleurozium schreberi in the city territory were determined using a direct mercury analyzer and an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Using factor and correlation analyses, the grouping of elements and their relationship with emission sources were established. The main sources of emissions of potentially toxic elements are the transportation (road and rail), metallurgical, and chemical industries. The level of atmospheric air pollution was assessed by calculating the environmental risk index, pollutant load index, and pollution coefficient. Based on the values of the pollution index, the level of atmospheric air pollution in Perm varies from unpolluted to highly polluted, with moderate environmental risk.

Assessment of atmospheric air pollution in Dnipro city as a result of dust entrainment from the ash-disposal areasof Prydniprovsk TPP

Purpose. The purpose of this work is to assess the pollution of atmospheric air in Dnipro city as a result of dust entrainment from the ash-disposal areas of Prydniprovsk TPP. The methods. Assessment of atmospheric air pollution in the city of Dnipro as a result of dust entrainment from the ash-disposal areas of Prydniprovska TPP was carried out as follows: physical and chemical characteristics of the stored fly ash were determined; specific dust entrainment from the surface of dry beaches of ash-disposal areas under the most favorable conditions was determined; mathematical modeling of the spread of atmospheric air pollution of Dnipro city by suspended particles was carried out using UPCAP "ECO Center"program; a comparative assessment of dust entrainment reduction due to the gradual processing of the deposited fly ash was carried out. Findings. Almost 100% of the total mass of ash consists of particles smaller than 80 μm, the content of particles smaller than 10 and 2.5 μm is 27.7 and 8.2%, respectively. The main chemical compounds contained in ash are silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron (III) oxide and carbon. The gross entrainment of substances in the form of suspended fine-grained solid particles from the surface of the dry beaches of the Prydniprovska TPP ash-disposal facilities is 18,654 tons per year. The area of atmospheric air pollution of Dnipro city by suspended particles is about 850 km2 and covers Samarskyi, Sobornyi, partly Industrialnyi and Shevchenkivskyi Districts. As a result of the implementation of a waste-free technology for the processing of fly ash with the utilization of the iron-containing fraction, the area of pollution can be reduced by 13.5 times up to 63 km2, the contamination zone in this case will cover underpopulated part of Samarskyi District of the city of Dnipro. Scientific novelty. A refined dependence of the particle size distribution of the mature Prydniprovsk TPP fly ash particles was determined for the further assessment of potential dust entrainment. For the first time, modeling of the distribution of fine-grained particles of fly ash of the Prydniprovsk TPP in the atmospheric air of the city of Dnipro was carried out, taking into account meteorological conditions, conditions of dust formation and particle size distribution. Practical implementation. The results of the research can contribute to reducing the level of atmospheric air pollution in the city of Dnipro. This will improve the quality of life of the local population and protect the natural environment from negative impacts. Research results can also be a basis for the development and implementation of technological solutions for the waste-free processing of stored fly ash with marketable products obtaining.

INFORMATION SUPPORT IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGIES

The information support in environmental protection technologies includes forecasting and information analysis. The informational component is a necessary tool for assessing the level of environmental impact of the activities of industrial enterprises, with the aim of applying the necessary methods and means of protection. In this study, the information support for a metallurgical enterprise is considered, which is based on forecasting the level of atmospheric air pollution by gas emissions of the enterprise. The analysis of the concentration fields makes it possible to single out the areas of the city that fall into the zone of influence of pollutants depending on the direction and speed of the wind, to compare them with the maximum permissible concentration. The informational component regarding the enterprise's impact on the environment is important for the enterprise itself, from the point of view of adjusting its activities regarding environmental safety. At the same time, the information support is important for people who live directly outside the sanitary zone, but are exposed to harmful factors that spread in the environment according to the state of the atmosphere.

THE POSSIBILITIES OF USING BIG DATA TECHNOLOGIES IN SOLVING PROBLEMS OF PROCESSING DATA ON ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION

The main objective of the article is to substantiate the possibility of using Big Data technologies in the field of atmospheric air monitoring. In the form of a diagram, a model for processing big data obtained from measuring meteorological gas analysis stations using the PySpark library for further experimental studies is presented. The factors accompanying the use of Big Data in the field of atmospheric air monitoring are derived, and the performance of the Pandas and PySpark libraries is compared. The obtained results will allow us to further rely on the derived factors and use the most optimal data processing technologies to build predictive machine learning models in the field of analyzing the level of atmospheric air pollution. Consistent use of big data and machine learning methods will ensure clean and healthy air for future generations through more effective predictive analytics. This article is valuable for students and specialists in the field of information technology, in particular, in the field of data processing and machine learning.

ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE INTENSITY OF TRAFFIC FLOWS ON THE STATE OF THE STREET AND ROAD NETWORK OF THE CITY

The article is devoted to the assessment and forecasting of the level of atmospheric air pollution in street canyons in Kyiv by controlling the parameters of traffic flow. Today, road transport is the main anthropogenic source of environmental pollution. The specificity of air pollution by traffic flows lies in their ground location, close proximity to people's homes, which leads to the accumulation of pollutants near the ground surface - in the breathing zone of people. The article analyzes the main approaches to modeling the dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere from motor vehicles. It is advisable to assess the level of urban air pollution in homogeneous elements of the urban area - street canyons. Based on the urban street canyons model (OSPM), the level of pollution in the street canyons of the Pechersk district of Kyiv by the main harmful substances contained in car exhaust gases is determined. The critical intensity of traffic flows for each of the street canyons at which the level of pollution by the corresponding harmful substance reaches the maximum permissible value was determined. Thus, the obtained results of the study allow us to quickly predict the level of air pollution in the roadside space of cities and prevent environmentally hazardous situations by controlling the parameters of the traffic flow.

INVINMENTAL PROBLEMS OF REGIONAL ECONOMY OF SOME TERRITORIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The article discusses the most pressing problems of reducing the quality of some components of the environment (natural) in federal districts — macroregions of the Russian Federation, which require their solution. An analysis of the level of atmospheric air pollution by emissions of harmful and polluting substances from stationary sources, based on data from annual state statistical reporting, showed that over the previous 11 years, the minimum volume of emissions was noted in the North Caucasus macroregion, and the maximum in the Siberian macroregion. The next one is the problem of pollution of the seas of the Arctic Ocean with wastewater from Russian rivers flowing into these seas, containing such a substance that pollutes the water basin of the entire planet as microplastic. The largest volume of such polluted waters was noted in the Arkhangelsk region (Northwestern macroregion), Krasnoyarsk region and Tomsk region (Siberian macroregion), and the smallest in the Kostroma region (Central macroregion) and the Republic of Tyva (Siberian macroregion). The problem of preserving and restoring such a component of the natural environment as forests, including in the protected zone of Lake Baikal and the volcanoes of the Kamchatka Peninsula, is debatable. An analysis of plans for the construction of several waste processing complexes and waste processing plants in the North-Western macroregion is aimed at identifying possibilities for solving the problem of a future reduction in the volume of such a component of the natural environment as anthropogenic waste. To solve some problems, the authors propose specific measures.

Transport ecology in the context of the coronavirus pandemic

The work is devoted to the analysis of the latest data on the study of socio-hygienic and environmental consequences, a pandemic in conditions of a high level of atmospheric air pollution, the effect of solid and gaseous components of exhaust gases from automobiles and industry on human health and the environment.The object of the study is the atmospheric air polluted by the viral infection COVID-19. Action to tackle air pollution is particularly relevant in the wake of the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic, according to research from the Harvard School of Public Health (USA), which Bellona has already written about, as well as reports from European scientists at the University of Siena School of Medicine (Italy). The dependence of health and mortality rates on air quality is a fact repeatedly confirmed. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), currently 9 out of 10 people in the world breathe polluted air, and this leads to 7 million additional deaths annually. WHO officials say that one third of deaths from stroke, lung cancer and heart disease are due to air pollution: “This death is caused by exposure to fine particulate matter 2.5 microns or less (PM 2.5) in diameter, which leads to the development of cardiovascular, respiratory and oncological diseases".

CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF INDICATORS CHARACTERIZING DECARBONIZATION PROCESSES IN THE REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The article is devoted to the study of decarbonization processes in the Russian Federation based on cluster analysis using machine learning methods. The purpose of the study is to assess decarbonization processes in the subjects and federal districts of the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. The information basis of the study consists of statistical data from Rosstat for the period 2000-2021 for 82 subjects of the Russian Federation, federal districts, the cities of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Sevastopol and the Russian Federation as a whole. In the process of the proposed study, correlation and cluster analysis was carried out ("k-means" methods and determining the median indicators of each cluster). Estimate indicators of the ratio of GRP to the level of atmospheric air pollution and the level of water bodies’ pollution were used as determining indicators. Results. Based on the analysis, 7 clusters were identified, differing from each other by levels of the main aspects of decarbonization. The first cluster includes 5 subjects (brief description – maximum fresh water per capita, minimum emissions per capita, average carbonisation level), the second – 43 subjects (minimum emissions, minimum discharge and minimum carbonisation of GRP by air), the third – 8 subjects (maximum discharge and maximum carbonisation of GRP by water), in the fourth – 22 subjects (minimum of fresh water), in the fifth – 2 subjects (significant maximum of carbonisation by air and maximum positive balance between capture and emissions), in the sixth – 4 subjects (balance of capture and emissions, minimum carbonisation of GRP by water, minimum discharge and maximum emissions) and the seventh cluster included 12 subjects of the Russian Federation (maximum efficiency of water resources use). Cluster analysis has shown that about half of the subjects of the Russian Federation are characterized by minimum of emissions, minimum of discharge and minimum of GRP carbonisation by air. Conclusions. The conducted cluster analysis of decarbonization processes in the subjects of the Russian Federation makes it possible to conclude that most of the subjects are characterized by efficient use of water resources. There are also subjects with opposite extremes in air and water (maximum emissions and minimum use of fresh water per capita and vice versa). In addition, in the aspect of decarbonization of the Russian economy, it can be concluded that water resources per capita in the subjects of the Russian Federation are used more efficiently than air resources.

Changeability of quantitative and quality signs of pollen of Robinia pseudoacacia L. is in the conditions of megalopolis

The work is aimed at spreading the practice of bioindication, in particular palynoindication of atmospheric air quality in the surface layer. It is possible to continue monitoring the state of the environment in Ukraine under the conditions of the destructive impact of military operations only with the use of methodologically and economically accessible approaches. The obtained results provide an opportunity to make scientifically based conclusions about the state of the environment and recommendations for zoning territories according to environmental risks for the population. Assessment of the state of atmospheric air in the surface layer is important for determining the potential consequences for the ecosystem and for assessing the risk to public health. We believe that the most informative are the results of the study of plants of the shrub layer. Their generative part is exposed to the long-term effects of the main components of air pollution in the zone of maximum impact on the respiratory system of people. Cytogenetic testing was carried out on Robinia pseudoacacia plants, which belong to the group of sensitive phytoindicator species. Monitoring was carried out during 2020–2021 at 7 locations of park, forest-park ecosystems and street landscaping in four administrative districts of Kyiv. The analysis of weather and climate conditions, the differences of the studied territories in terms of the level of atmospheric air pollution, the level of anthropogenic load, the intensity of transport connections, as well as the provision of green spaces as the main factor in reducing the impact of the urban environment on the state of life and health of the population is given. It was noted that the pollen sterility index reflects the influence of non-optimal factors of the growing environment on the reproductive potential of R. pseudoacacia. The variability of the morphometric characteristics of dry grains according to the shape index is also a fairly informative indicator of its quality. In particular, a tendency to decrease in the equatorial diameter and a further prolonged decrease in the length of the polar axis during the flowering phase of plants was observed. A significant increase in the proportion of degenerated and hypertrophied grains of R. pseudoacacia was noted in areas with significant influence of a complex of exogenous factors and year conditions. Intensive inhibition of the microsporogenesis process was noted in plants in areas with active traffic. Minimal violations were observed in plants from large park plantations. A certain improvement in the state of the atmospheric air during the lockdown period also contributed to a decrease in the number of morphologically abnormal grains. The results of cytotesting of the sensitivity of R. pseudoacacia pollen to the influence of factors of the growing environment can serve as an important component of the assessment of the quality of the environment and zoning of the territories of the metropolis.

Comparative assessment of the risk of health disorders of the population at two industrial centers of Kuzbass from exposure to atmospheric pollution

Introduction. The high concentration of production facilities on the territory of the Kemerovo region — Kuzbass contributes to the fact that the population living in large industrial cities is affected by a high level of atmospheric pollution.
 The aim of the study to assess the risk to public health from air pollution from stationary sources in the cities of Kemerovo and Novokuznetsk.
 Materials and methods. To assess the risk we used the average of the average annual concentrations of pollutants for 2017–2021 were used. Hazard coefficients and indices, as well as carcinogenic risk, are determined according to the Guidelines 2.1.10.1920-04. The risk of chronic intoxication was determined according to the method of A.P. Shcherbo and co-authors.
 Results. Average concentrations of benz(a)pyrene exceed the hygienic standard by 3.0 times in the atmosphere of Kemerovo and by 5.8 times in Novokuznetsk. The total risk of chronic intoxication associated with atmospheric air pollution in the city of Kemerovo exceeds the acceptable level by 10.6 times, in Novokuznetsk — by 14.4 times. Benz(a)pyrene makes the greatest contribution to the formation of the risk level of chronic intoxication, accounting for 28.8% in Kemerovo and 38.4% in Novokuznetsk. The hazard indices exceed the acceptable value by 7.2 times in Kemerovo and 11.0 times in Novokuznetsk. 
 The main critical organs and systems most at risk are the respiratory organs, the immune system, and blood. The carcinogenic risk to the health of residents of Kemerovo exceeded the acceptable level by 1.43 times, Novokuznetsk — by 1.56 times. The main contribution to the formation of the level of carcinogenic risk in both cities is made by formaldehyde (83.9% — in Kemerovo and 70.5% — in Novokuznetsk).
 Limitations. The researchers have used data from official reports to calculate public health risks.
 Conclusion. Both industrial centers have a high level of atmospheric air pollution, which leads to the formation of risks to public health. The authors have identified the most unfavorable situation in Novokuznetsk.
 Ethics. This study did not require the conclusion of the Ethics Committee.

METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY ROAD TRANSPORT IN THE PROJECTS OF MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATE OF A CITY

The level of environmental pollution is the main criterion that determines the quality of living conditions in cities. One of the most dangerous environmental problems of cities that affects the health of the population is atmospheric air pollution by road transport. In the city of Kyiv, the total volume of pollutant emissions from stationary sources in 2020 amounted to 25.5 thousand tons, from mobile sources almost 9 times more – 225.8 thousand tons. The comprehensive air pollution index (API) is used to characterize air quality in cities which allows you to determine how many times the total level of air pollution with several impurities exceeds the permissible value and to identify substances that contribute the most to atmospheric pollution. In most European countries, the USA, Canada and others, the air quality index (AQI) is used to control the level of atmospheric air pollution. When calculating the AQI, the concentration of pollutants is determined by field studies (monitoring) or mathematical modelling. In contrast to monitoring, which is a rather expensive study, mathematical modelling provides not only an operational assessment of the level of atmospheric pollution but also makes it possible to forecast the state of the air and to determine strategies for reducing pollutant emissions. In this regard, the creation of methods that allow making operational forecasts of the level of atmospheric pollution in cities and preventing critical situations in which the concentration of pollutants exceeds the maximum permissible values is an extremely urgent task.

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN UKRAINE UNDER CONDITIONS OF GLOBAL WARMING

Рurpose: to establish the relationship between cardiovascular diseases in Ukraine and an increase in the average annual temperature.
 Materials and Мethods. The data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine on the number of cases of cardiovascular diseases from 1990 to 2013, as well as on the share of the urban and rural population in various regions for 1990, 2000 and 2013 were analyzed. Statistical data starting from 2014 were not used due to their absence from the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine. Average annual temperatures were obtained from the global database – The Global Historical Climatology Network. With the help of the National reports on the state of the natural environment in Ukraine, atmospheric air pollution in the regions of Ukraine was assessed. Statistical processing of the obtained results was carried out using correlation and regression analysis with determination of the reliability of the approximation.
 Results. A direct average correlation between average annual temperatures and the number of newly registered cases of cardiovascular diseases in Ukraine between 1990 and 2013 was established (correlation coefficient +0.5). After carrying out an analysis between the regions of Ukraine, it was established that in the regions with direct strong and medium correlations between the number of newly detected diseases of the circulatory system and average annual air temperatures (Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhya, Luhansk, Kharkiv, Donetsk, Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Kyiv, Sumy, Kherson, Odesa, Mykolaiv, Kirovohrad, Lviv, Zhytomyr regions) the urban population prevails, as well as a higher air pollution index. In other regions of Ukraine, where the rural population predominates, a weak straight line is established, as well as inverse correlation dependences and a lower level of atmospheric air pollution.
 Conclusions. In recent decades, the average annual temperature of the environment has been increasing, which has a negative effect on human health, in particular on the cardiovascular system, causing its damage. Therefore, it is important to start acting now to avoid the negative consequences of global warming.
 
 

The Influence of Meteorological Conditions on the Level of Atmospheric Air Pollution in Ufa

The Influence of Meteorological Conditions on the Level of Atmospheric Air Pollution in Ufa

On accounting for emissions of pollutants from autonomous heat supply sources of individual residential buildings when conducting summary calculations of atmospheric air pollution for settlements

Introduction. Autonomous sources of heat supply (ASHS) can make a crucial contribution to the level of atmospheric air pollution in settlements. However, emissions from ASHS in most cases are either not included in the summary calculations of atmospheric air pollution at all or estimated with significant uncertainties. 
 The purpose of this study was a hygienic assessment of methods and results of accounting for emissions of pollutants from the ASHS of individual residential buildings when conducting summary calculations of atmospheric air pollution for settlements. 
 Materials and methods. the original methodology of a phased survey of the city’s ASHS was used and the results of summary calculations of atmospheric air pollution in 18 cities conducted using this methodology are presented. Calculations of single, average seasonal (for the cold period) and average annual surface concentrations of pollutants were carried out in accordance with current regulatory documents using the unified software for calculating atmospheric pollution (UPRZA) “Ecologist-city”. In all the studied cities a significant number of sources of atmospheric air pollution was established to be ASHS. In more than 90% of these sources, coal and firewood were used as energy carriers. The greatest excess of hygienic standards of atmospheric air quality was noted 
 for benz(a)pyrene. In 15 cities, the highest calculated maximum single surface concentration of at least one pollutant created by emissions from ASHS exceeded the maximum allowable single concentration (MACs). 
 Limitations of the study are due to the fact that direct instrumental measurements to determine the characteristics of emissions from ASHS into the atmosphere are impossible. 
 Conclusions. The area of the city’s territory where the estimated maximum single surface concentration of at least one pollutant exceeded the MACs, reached 45%, and the seasonal average concentration exceeded maximum allowable average annual concentration on 50% of the territory. The most effective measure to reduce air pollution by emissions from ASHS is the replacement of solid and liquid mineral fuels with natural gas. Unification of methods of accounting and inventory of ASHS as sources of atmospheric air pollution is required.

Particulate matter in the ambient air as a risk factor of bronchial asthma in adults

AIM: to study the role of fine suspended particles in the atmospheric air in the formation of allergic, non-allergic and mixed phenotypes of bronchial asthma in adults.
 METHODS: The analysis of atmospheric air pollution by fine particles in Kazan was carried out according to the database of social and hygienic monitoring of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan for 20142020. To study the relationship between the level of atmospheric air pollution with fine particles and bronchial asthma in adults (1865 years old), a retrospective analysis of the incidence of bronchial asthma (ICD-10 codes J45.0, J45.1, J45.8) was carried out during the same period among the population of Kazan. The regional medical information system "Electronic Health of the Republic of Tatarstan" was used. Statistical modeling was carried out using the method of mixed models based on the Poisson distribution or the negative binomial distribution.
 RESULTS: The average annual absolute risk of bronchial asthma in the adult population of Kazan was 0.51 per 100 people aged 1865 years, an increase of 0.09 per 100 people (17.6%) per year (p=0.039). An increase in the annual maximum concentrations of PM2,5 by 10 g increased the absolute risk of non-allergic bronchial asthma by 0.066 per 100 people aged 1865 years (p=0.043). Similar dependences, but without statistical significance at the level of p 0.05, were found for such exposure parameters as the mass concentration of РМ10 and the mass of particles deposited in the tracheobronchial and alveolar sections of the lungs. For allergic and mixed asthma, no statistically significant relationships with mass concentrations and deposited doses of suspended particles were found.
 CONCLUSION: Air pollution with fine suspended particles increases the risk of developing a non-allergic phenotype of adult bronchial asthma, which may be associated with specific pathogenetic mechanisms, including the reaction of the epithelium to the deposition of fine particles.

ANALYSIS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION DYNAMICS USING THE METHOD OF NUMERICAL SIMULATION

Problem statement. The task of assessing the level of atmospheric air chemical pollution in the case of an extreme situation resulting in a heptyl spill on the territory of industrial facility is considered. An analysis of the pollution zones formation both at industrial sites and in the residential area located near the industrial facility is conducted. To solve such a problem, it is necessary to develop multifactor mathematical models that allow for the rapid determination of the pollution areas formed in an extreme situation. The purpose of the article. To develop a computer model for operational analysis of pollution areas formed during the emergency emission of chemically hazardous substances into the atmosphere. Methodology. The computer model was developed on the basis of a numerical model, which is a differential analogue of the multifactor kinematic equation for impurities mass transfer in atmospheric air. The mass transfer equation takes into account the three-dimensional field of wind speed, atmospheric diffusion, and the intensity of the chemically dangerous substance release into the air. A four-step finite-difference splitting scheme is used for numerical integration of the three-dimensional mass transfer equation. Determination of the chemically dangerous substance concentration at each cleavage step is implemented according to an explicit formula. An empirical dependence is used to calculate the emission intensity of a chemically hazardous substance from the emergency spill zone. Scientific novelty. A numerical model was developed and its software implementation was conducted for the operational analysis of the formation of accidental pollution areas in the atmosphere. The model takes into account a complex of factors affecting the process of impurity propagation in the atmosphere. Practical value. A program was developed for calculating the dynamics of atmospheric air pollution based on the proposed numerical model. This makes it possible to analyze the consequences of emergency spills on the territory of chemically hazardous objects by the method of a computational experiment. Conclusions. An effective tool for operational analysis of the atmospheric air pollution level due to the emission of chemically hazardous substances is created. The results of the computational experiment are presented.

Assessment of the level of pollution of the snow cover with chemical compounds and elements in the territory of the Shelekhov district in Eastern Siberia

Introduction. In the zone of large industrial clusters of the Irkutsk region, pollution tracers are formed, which are characteristic of each territory. The study of the snow cover makes it possible to make an approximate assessment of the level of atmospheric air pollution in the winter period, as well as to determine the areas of dispersion of emissions. Materials and methods. In samples of melted snow, the main anions and cations characteristic of emissions from aluminum production were determined by photometric and titrimetric methods, turbidimetric, ionometric and atomic absorption analysis. A quantitative granulometric analysis of the composition of suspensions was carried out using a laser analyzer. Results. The distribution of particles according to the fractional composition in the districts of the city, differing in anthropogenic load, was studied. Submicroscopic particles up to 1 µm were found in all samples, while their share in the total number of particles was up to 2%. The proportion of particles up to 10 μm was 7-11%. The most predominant particle size is 10-50 microns, they account for 50% of suspensions in residential areas and up to 80% near the industrial area. It is shown that in the zone of influence of the transport highway, the content of sulfates, nitrates, calcium, and magnesium in the snow is increased. The content of fluorides, aluminum and beryllium in the snow cover is determined by the direction of the prevailing winds. Limitations. The limitation of the study is due to a samples located only in residential areas of the city and suburban agricultural territory for a one-year period (winter 2018-2019). In this article, we limited ourselves to the analysis of inorganic compounds only; the content of organic compounds is presented in another article. Conclusion. The study of the chemical composition of the snow cover in various functional zones of the city of Shelekhov allows us to conclude that the melt water of snow precipitation can be attributed to the hydrocarbonate-chloride calcium class with a high concentration of fluorides and nitrates. The nature of pollution of the urban environment is greatly influenced by emissions from industrial enterprises, vehicles and the economic activities of urban organizations. The overall pollution of the suburban agricultural area, despite the high frequency of wind in this direction, is significantly lower than in the residential area of the city. The prevailing winds contribute to the transfer of harmful substances over long distances, adversely affecting the ecosystems of the region.

The influence of meteorological conditions on the level of atmospheric air pollution in Ufa

The influence of meteorological conditions on the level of atmospheric air pollution in Ufa

ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ON THE STATE OF PHYTOCENOSES OF HOLOSIIV PARK NAMED AFTER MAKSYM RYLSKYI OF THE CITY OF KYIV

Anthropogenic load on natural phytocenoses is manifested by disturbance of plant cover, synanthropization of the floristic composition of groups, destruction of plant distribution areas, reduction of biodiversity, and changes in plant growth and development conditions. The degree of anthropogenic load on natural phytocenoses is a global problem that requires detailed study and monitoring studies, especially in the conditions of urban ecosystems. The natural conditions affecting the state of the phytocenoses of Holosiiv Park named after Maxim Rylskyi city of Kyiv according to physical and geographical, climatic, edaphic, and orographic features. The influence of anthropogenic activity in the experimental plots was determined and the level of anthropogenic pressure on the state of the phytocenoses of Holosiiv Park named after Maxim Rylskyi city of Kyiv was carried out by analyzing available sources of industrial production, transport, etc. It has been established that Holosiiv Park named after Maksym Rylskyi is subjected to constant anthropogenic load, in particular, intensive recreational use, atmospheric air pollution has been established, which leads to the impoverishment of biodiversity in certain areas of the park. The level of atmospheric air pollution in the territory adjacent to the experimental sites was assessed using computational and instrumental methods. It was established that the estimated CO level exceeds the standards by 8 times on Holosiivskyi Avenue and by more than 30 times at the intersection of Maksym Rylskyi Street and Holosiivskyi Avenue. The analysis of the state of the atmospheric air using instrumental research methods did not show an excess of the content of the main pollutants, however, according to the Air Quality Index, it is moderately polluted by the content of dust with a diameter of 2.5 microns. The study of the state of the phytocenoses of Holosiiv Park named after Maksym Rylsky of the city of Kyiv within the experimental plots was carried out by studying their floristic composition and evaluating the ecological groups of plants. Because it is the analysis of ecological groups of plants that makes it possible to assess the ecological conditions of plant groups, the place of growth, and phytocenotypes of plant species that are part of the phytocenosis, that is their role in the formation of the phytocenosis. The ecological assessment of the state of phytocenoses of Holosiiv Park named after Maksym Rylskyi of the city of Kyiv was carried out using the method of bioindication and lichen indication (lichen research). These methods make it possible to determine the level of anthropogenic load acting quickly and relatively easily on phytocenoses within the experimental plots. To determine the state of the trees in the experimental plots, the method of assessing the asymmetry of morphological structures was used (using the example of the hanging hornbeam Carpinus betulus L.). A comparison of the floristic composition and the state of the phytocenoses showed that plot No. 1 has a depressed state, plants do not grow evenly, and drying of trees was observed. Plot No. 2 has the best condition, the plants of the plot are characterized by the best indicators of growth and development, the largest number of species, and the frequency of occurrence of species. Site No. 3 did not record significant degradation of the phytocenosis, but there is a certain mosaic of the phytocenosis, which may be due to atmospheric air pollution and significant recreational pressure, in particular, trampling. Plot No. 2 and Plot No. 3 have the highest coefficient of species composition commonality. Common plant species in the respective areas are: Carpinus betulus L., Anemonoides ranunculoides L., Ficaria verna, Trifolium repens and Corydalis solida.