Lespedeza Bicolor Research Articles

Therapeutic Potential of Lespedeza bicolor to Prevent Methylglyoxal-Induced Glucotoxicity in Familiar Diabetic Nephropathy.

Lespedeza bicolor (LB) is often used in traditional medicine to remove toxins, replenish energy stores, and regulate various symptoms of diabetes. This study aimed to explore the use of LB as a therapeutic to prevent diabetic nephropathy in methylglyoxal (MGO)-treated models in vitro and in vivo. Western blotting, immunostaining, and biochemical assays were used to obtain several experimental readouts in renal epithelial cells (LLC-PK1) and BALB/c mice. These include: production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), expression of receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), apoptotic cell death, glucose levels, fatty acid and triglyceride levels, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, glyoxalase 1 (Glo1), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Pretreatment with LB significantly reduced MGO-induced cellular apoptosis, intracellular production of ROS, and formation of AGEs to ameliorate renal dysfunction in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, administering LB in MGO-treated cells and mice upregulated the expression of Nrf2 and Glo1, and downregulated the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α. Moreover, LB reduced MGO-induced AGE accumulation and RAGE expression in the kidneys, which subsequently reduced AGE-RAGE interactions. Overall, LB ameliorates renal cell apoptosis and corrects renal dysfunction in MGO-treated mice. These findings extend our understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of MGO-induced nephrotoxicity and regulation of the AGE/RAGE axis by Lespedeza bicolor.

Geoecological analysis of Shkota island landscapes (the Sea of Japan)

The study of Shkota Island (Peter the Great Bay, the Sea of Japan) allows us to assess the modern geosystem condition. High-closed broad-leaved forests are found mainly on the northern and western slopes, whereas scattered and scrub broad-leaved forests, bush, semi-bush and grass communities are found in the south and east. The soil-vegetation cover shows the technogenic impact evidence like on other islands previously belonging to the military department. The landscape structure is composed of 16 morphological units. The total territory is a mountain landscape class, with about 82% of the area belonging to a low-mountain landscape subclass, and 12.35%, to a coastal subclass. Beach accumulative landscape developed on sandy-pebble coastal sediments without soil-vegetation cover is located in the north. Uncontrolled recreational activity has become recently the major factor of anthropogenic transformation of natural complexes. High number of visitors and campsite activity increase the fire danger. Ground fires disturb natural ecosystem functioning. The vegetation, lichens and soils bear the evidence of fire impact. Intense mechanical impact on the soil-vegetation cover occurs in the campsite areas. Because of low depth and high skeletal soil, the bulk of island land is prone to erosion. Trampling leads to active sheet soil erosion and destruction of grass-bush layers. The total content of heavy metals in accumulative-humus layers makes up a small proportion of the approximate permissible concentration. Recreational activity, in particular, burning of solid waste explains high concentration of heavy metals in the west. Copper concentration increases by an order of magnitude there in comparison with ones from the other island parts. The copper concentration comes close to the approximate permissible concentration or may outnumber it, considering an analytical error. Zinc concentration outnumbers the approximate permissible concentration without including analytical error.
 Intense anthropogenic impact disturbs the spatial landscape structure and changes material-energy flows resulting in decreasing landscape diversity. Though Shkota Island geosystems have experienced high anthropogenic influence since the beginning of the XXth century, today we observe reliable restoration of destroyed ecosystems. These areas are being actively covered with grass-bush communities dominating by Lespedeza bicolor and Artemisia gmelini, which boosts humification and humus accumulation. Saplings of broad-leaved trees spring there. But periodic ground fires make stable forest restoration difficult.

Cytotoxic polyphenolic compounds from Lespedeza bicolor stem bark

Four new pterocarpans (6aR,11aR)-6a,11a-dihydrolespedezol A2 (2), (6aR,11aR)-2-isoprenyl-6a,11a-dihydrolespedezol A2 (3), (6aR,11aR,3′R)-6a,11a-dihydrolespedezol A3 (4), (6aR,11aR,3′S)-6a,11a-dihydrolespedezol A3 (5) and one new stilbenoid with 1,2-diketone fragment named bicoloketone (6) along with one previously known pterocarpen lespedezol A2 (1) have been isolated from Lespedeza bicolor stem bark using multistage column chromatography on polyamide and silica gel. The structures of the isolated polyphenolic compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods. The absolute configurations of 4 and 5 were determined by comparison of their electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra obtained experimentally and the spectra calculated using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). The isolated compounds exhibited a moderate DPPH scavenging effect and ferric reducing power compared to the reference antioxidant quercetin. The cytotoxicity of compounds against three human cancer cell lines, HTB-19, Kyse-30, and HEPG-2, and two normal cell lines, RPE-1 and HEK-293, was tested using the MTT assay. Compound 3 showed the strongest cytotoxic activity against all cell lines (IC50 6.0–19.1 μM) compared with the positive control cisplatin. The other tested compounds possessed moderate cytotoxic activity against cancer cells.

Preventive effects of a novel herbal mixture on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in BALB/C mice

BackgroundA combination of parts of Cornus officinalis, Rosa multiflora, Lespedeza bicolor, Platycladus orientalis, and Castanea crenata is commonly used for alleviating inflammatory skin disorders. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo preventive effects of a novel herbal formula made from the five plants (C2RLP) against atopic dermatitis in BALB/C mice.MethodsMice were allocated into five groups (n = 8) including, control (Normal, petrolatum, and betamethasone treated) and treatment groups (treated with 2.5 and 5% C2RLP ointment). Atopic lesion was induced by applying 1-Chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene to the dorsal thoracic area of mice. Macroscopical and histological evaluations were performed to determine the effects of treatment on the progress of the skin lesions. The effects of treatment on the production and release of interleukins, interferon -ϒ, nitrite, prostaglandin E2, thymus and activation-receptor chemokine, and β-hexosaminidase were evaluated and comparisons were made between groups. In addition, the chemical compounds present in C2RLP were identified by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.ResultsTopical application of C2RLP reduced the dermatitis score and suppressed histopathological changes in mice. Treatment significantly reduced (P < 0.05) plasma IL-4 level, the production of nitrite, prostaglandin E2, and thymus and activation-receptor chemokine production. The lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS-mRNA expression in RAW 264.7 cells was also suppressed by high concentrations of C2RLP. In addition, C2RLP showed an inhibitory effect against DPPH free radical (IC50 = 147.5 μg/ml) and β-hexosaminidase release (IC50 = 179.5 μg/ml). Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of various compounds, including loganin, ellagic acid, and kaempferol 3-glucoside.ConclusionDown-regulation of T- helper 2 cellular responses and suppression of inflammatory mediators contributed to the protective effects of C2RLP from atopic dermatitis in BALB/C mice.

Effects of grazing season and stocking rate on seed bank in sheep dung on the semiarid Loess Plateau

Endozoochorous dispersal of seeds by livestock has long attracted the attention of grassland scientists, but little is known about seed dispersal via Tan sheep dung on the dry grasslands of the Loess Plateau. We investigated the composition of dung seed bank of Tan sheep under summer and winter rotational grazing regimes at different stocking rates (2.7, 5.3 and 8.7sheepha–1), and assessed the relationships between seed mass and shape, egested seedling density and species richness and diversity. We also assessed the effects of stocking rate and grazing season on seedling density and species richness and diversity of the dung seed bank. Seeds of 10 pasture species germinated from Tan sheep dung with only two being annual species (Eragrostis pilosa and Chenopodium glaucum). The mean seed mass (±s.e.) was 2.59±0.23mg, ranging from 0.10mg (Cleistogenes songorica) to 10.59mg (Thermopsis lanceolata), and the mean seed shape index (±s.e.) was 0.10±0.02, ranging from 0.03 (Lespedeza bicolor) to 0.19 (Stipa bungeana). Species richness and diversity and seedling density decreased with increasing seed mass and shape index, suggesting that small, round seeds are most suitable for endozoochorous dispersal. Stocking rate had no effect on the number of germinated seeds that collected from summer or winter grazing pastures. Species richness and diversity and seedling density were greater in winter grazing pastures than in summer grazing pastures. Jaccard coefficients of similarity between the Tan sheep dung bank and aboveground vegetation were &amp;lt;0.5 for all stocking rates, indicating their weak relationship, but were significantly higher for winter than summer grazing. Plant seeds on the Loess Plateau could disperse through Tan sheep grazing, endozoochory can increase the heterogeneity of rotationally grazed plant communities, and this dispersal mode is an adaptation of plants to the harsh environment of the semiarid areas.

浅层滑坡多发区典型灌木根系对边坡土体抗剪强度的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 浅层滑坡多发区典型灌木根系对边坡土体抗剪强度的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201809141986 作者: 作者单位: 兰州大学,兰州大学,兰州大学,兰州大学,兰州大学,兰州大学 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 甘肃省重点研发计划项目（17YF1FA131）；国家自然科学基金（41572332）；科技基础资源调查专项（2017FY100900） Ecological restoration with shrub roots for slope reinforcement in a shallow landslide-prone region Author: Affiliation: Lanzhou University,,,,,Lanzhou University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:生态建设是"一带一路"可持续发展的基础，甘肃省陇南市位于"一带一路"核心区域，地处浅层滑坡多发区，地质灾害频发。通过单根抗拉试验和重塑土直接剪切试验对该区域四种典型灌木杠柳、胡枝子、酸枣和石榴的土壤及根系进行研究，探讨灌木根系对土壤物理性质和浅层滑坡的改善效应。结果表明，灌木根系能显著提高土壤含水率，改善孔隙结构；抗拉强度与根径间存在显著幂函数关系（P < 0.01），根径<1 mm的毛细根抗拉强度最强，单根抗拉强度依次为胡枝子 > 石榴 > 酸枣 > 杠柳；重塑土抗剪强度随土壤含水率升高而降低，土壤粘聚力（C）和内摩擦角（φ）均随含水率增加而减小，在10%的最优含水率下，抗剪强度依次为石榴 > 酸枣 > 杠柳 > 胡枝子；随根系密度增加，杠柳和胡枝子的根-土复合体抗剪强度减小，酸枣和石榴在1.5倍天然根系密度下对土壤抗剪强度增强效果最强。通过评价浅层滑坡多发区不同灌木护土固坡效应，为"一带一路"沿线展开生态修复提供理论依据。 Abstract:Ecological construction is the foundation of sustainable development in "the Belt and Road" region. Longnan, Gansu Province, is an important water conservation region in the core area of "the Belt and Road" region, and frequent natural disasters, such as shallow landslides and debris flows are major geographical features of this area. The soil and root systems of four typical shrubs (Periploca sepium, Lespedeza bicolor, Ziziphus jujube and Punica granatum) were studied by single tensile test and direct shear test of remolded soil to explore the improvement of soil physical properties and shallow landslides. The results showed that the root system of these shrubs could significantly improve the soil water content and pore structure of the soil. There was a significant power function relationship between the tensile strength and root diameter (P < 0.01), and the tensile strength of the capillary root with diameter < 1 mm was the highest. The tensile strength of a single root was in the order of L. bicolor > P. granatum > Z. jujube > P. sepium. The shear strength of remolded soil decreases with an increase in water content, and the soil cohesion (C) and internal friction angle (φ) decreased with an increase in water content. At the optimal moisture content of 10%, the shear strength was in the order of P. sepium > Z. jujube > P. sepium > L. bicolor. With increasing root density, the shear strength of root soil composite system of P. sepium and L. bicolor decreased. The shear strength of P. sepium and Z. jujube reached the highest while it was under 1.5 times that of the natural root density. This study could provide a theoretical basis for vegetation restoration in "the Belt and Road" region by evaluating the effects of different shrub slopes in shallow landslide-prone areas. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Evaluating the Effect of Bacterial Inoculation and Fertilization on the Soil Nutrient Status of Coal Mine Soil by Growing Soybean (Glycine max) and Shrub Lespedeza (Lespedeza bicolor)

Revegetation with fast-growing N-fixing leguminous plants can be an alternate for reclamation of degraded coal mining areas. Selection of appropriate plant species is an important factor in deciding the success in the remediation of mine spoil. Thus, this study was carried out in greenhouse conditions to evaluate the effect of two N-fixing leguminous plant seedlings, soybean (Glycine max) and shrub lespedeza (Lespedeza bicolor), on the available N and other soil nutrients (P, K, Ca, and Mg) of the experimental coal mine soil. Four treatments, including T0—non-fertilized non-inoculation (control), T1—fertilization, T2—bacterial inoculation, and T3—combination of fertilization and bacterial inoculation with three replications were applied to both plants. Concentration of NH4+-N and NO3−-N increased significantly in the soil at different treatments for both soybean and shrub lespedeza, as compared to control, but apart from control no significant difference was observed between other treatments of increased NH4+-N for soybean and increased NO3−-N for shrub lespedeza. The highest number of nodules and dry weight of nodule per plant (g) was recorded 5.73 and 1.8, respectively in soybean, and 7.77 and 2.76, respectively, in shrub lespedeza with bacteria-inoculated treatment (T2), whereas fertilized treatment (T1) produced the lowest number of nodule and dry weight of nodule in both plants. Increasing of available P and K was significantly high when NPK fertilizer was applied to the plants but decreased at other treatments. Therefore, it can be concluded that soybean and shrub lespedeza have a significant role in changing soil nutrient status in coal mining soil through fertilizer application and biological N fixation.

Interspecific association and functional group classification of the dominant populations in shrub layer in secondary forest of Pinus tabuliformis in Qinling Mountain, China.

We analyzed the interspecific association among 20 dominant populations in shrub layer in secondary natural forest of Pinus tabuliformis in Qinling Mountain, China, with X2-test, the association coefficients and the percentage of common occurrence. The results showed that the species pairs with significant positive associations accounted for only 7.4% of the total 190 species pairs. The species pairs such as Lespedeza bicolor and Elaeagnus pungens, Toxicodendron vernicifluum and Pinus tabuliformis, Euonymus alatus and Cerasus tomentosa had extremely significant positive correlations, whereas most of the species pairs showed weak interspecific association. The ratio of positive and negative correlations was less than 1. The results suggested that the interspecific association was relatively weak. Species were with certain independence among dominant populations. Community structure was at an unstable mid-stage with dynamic succession. According to the interspecific association and cluster analysis, combined with biological and ecological characters, the 20 dominant populations in shrub layer were classified into four functional groups. The ecological requirement and resource use pattern of species within the same functional groups were similar, exhibiting a close connection between the shrub species. The connection between different functional groups was relatively loose.

Long term effects of Lespedeza bicolor revegetation on soil bacterial communities in Dexing copper mine tailings in Jiangxi Province, China

Soil microbial communities are important for ecological restoration and succession on mine tailings. In the present study, we performed Illumina sequencing to investigate the effects of long term Lespedeza bicolor revegetation on bacterial diversity and community structure in mine tailings under subtropical and moist climatic conditions. Microbial diversity indices (Shannon, OTU number and coverage estimator) of the revegetated soils were higher than that of the control, and increased over sampling period compared to the decreased pattern in the control. Species within known acid tolerant and nutrient regulated genera dominated both revegetated tailings and the control, and exhibited more abundant in the revegetated tailings. At the phylum level, percentage of the Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were remarkedly higher in revegetated tailings than that in the control, while Chloroflexi performed reversely. Overall, this study found the positive role of L. bicolor revegetation in bacterial diversity development in the acidic mine tailings. Furthermore, the 30-year L. bicolor revegetation made the microbial community structure more homogenizable as a decrease of dissimilarity in tailings was identified over sampling times. Redundancy analysis at the OTU level indicated that Olsen-P and pH were the main regulators of microbial composition, suggesting that soil P and pH are determinant for ecological restoration and microbial community development in acidic mine tailings.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ТОКСИЧНОСТИ И ОТНОСИТЕЛЬНОЙ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ЦЕННОСТИ ЛЕСПЕДЕЦЫ ДВУЦВЕТНОЙ И ПРОДУКТА С ЕЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ

The creation of biotechnological products from raw materials of plant origin is increasingly attracting much research attention due to issues associated with environmental degradation and prevalence of processed foods and food additives (steroids, antibiotics, etc.) that can accumulate in the human body. The aim of this work was to study the safety and nutrient bioavailability of wild-type Lespedeza bicolor and food products obtained on its basis. The research objects consisted in the air-dried green mass of Lespedeza bicolor (young shoots and leaves) and its extracts, as well as a jelly produced from these extracts. As a result of experiments, the chemical composition of the air-dried green mass of Lespedeza bicolor and a change in the content of polyphenolic compounds in its extracts during storage have been determined. A suppressing effect of the aqueous ethanol extract of Lespedeza bicolor has been established, when the ratio between the raw material and the extractant equals 1:10. A growth-enhancing effect of the aqueous ethanol extract of Lespedeza bicolor is observed when the ratio between the raw material and the hydromodule equals 1:20. For the Tetrahymena periformis test culture, this effect was achieved at 1:30. The microbiological parameters and safety of products based on Lespedeza bicolor extracts have been determined. It has been established that the intensity of the Tetrahymena periformis development is directly dependent on the concentration of the Lespedeza bicolor extract in a product, with concentrations in the range 1:50 having little effect on the growth and development of living cells.

Lespedeza bicolor ameliorates endothelial dysfunction induced by methylglyoxal glucotoxicity

BackgroundLespedeza species have been used as a traditional medicine to treat nephritis, azotemia, inflammation, energy depletion, diabetes, and diuresis. PurposeThe purpose of this study is to screen the most potent Lespedeza species against methylglyoxal (MGO)-induced glucotoxicity, and to elucidate the mechanisms of action. Also, we will attempt to identify small chemical metabolites that might be responsible for such anti-glucotoxicity effects. MethodsFirstly, the protective effect of 26 different Lespedeza species against MGO-induced toxicity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells was investigated. The chemical metabolites of the most potent species (Lespedeza bicolor 1 (LB1) were identified by high pressure liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS), then quantified by HPLC. The effects of LB1 on MGO-induced apoptosis were measured by annexin V-FITC staining and western blot. Inhibitory effects of LB1 on MGO-induced ROS generation, and effect of LB1 on advanced glycation end products (AGEs) inhibitor or a glycated cross-link breaker are also measured. ResultsAmong different Lespedeza species, LB1 extract was shown to reduce intracellular reactive oxidative species, exhibit anti-apoptotic effects, strongly inhibit all the mitogen-activated protein kinase signals, inhibit MGO-induced AGEs formation, and break down preformed AGEs. We tentatively identified 17 chemical constituents of LB1 by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Among those, some components, such as genistein and quercetin, significantly reduced the AGEs formation and increased the AGEs-breaking activity, resulting in the reduction of glucotoxicity. ConclusionLB1 extract has shown to be effective in preventing or treating MGO-induced endothelial dysfunction.

Methanolic extract from Lespedeza bicolor: potential candidates for natural antioxidant and anticancer agent

ObjectiveTo evaluate the anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities along with total phenolic and flavonoids contents extracted from Lespedeza bicolor indigenous to Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, Pakistan. MethodsAnticancer activity against human lung carcinoma (LU-1) and human prostate carcinoma (LnCap), antimicrobial against Aspergillus fumigates, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, Mucor sp Klebsiella pneumonia and Enterococcus and antioxidant activity on 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and Hydrogen peroxide radicals scavenging activity were assessed in methanol extract of Lespedeza bicolor. ResultsLespedeza bicolor aerial parts and root extract showed IC50 value of 12.5 and 50 μg/mL against LU-1 whereas, ≤ 12.5 and 12 μg/mL were calculated against LnCap cell line. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) value of 20–35 μg/mL has been observed against Aspergillus fumigates, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani and Mucor sp in comparision with 1–2.5 μg/mL of Terbinafine used as a standard fungicide. MIC value of 20 and 35 μg/mL of Lespedeza bicolor aerial parts and root extract against bacterial pathogen Klebsiella pneumonia and 20–50 μg/mL against Enterococcus has been measured. DPPH radical scavenging activity of Lespedeza bicolor with IC50 values of ≤ 50 μg/mL and ≤ 200 μg/mL was observed whereas, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity with IC50 values of ≤ 25 μg/mL for aerial parts and ≤ 50 μg/mL for the root extract of Lespedeza bicolor has been shown. ConclusionThese data suggested that the methanolic extract of Lespedeza bicolor could be potential candidates for natural antioxidants and anticancer.

Water source of typical plants in rocky mountain area of Beijing, China

Water is the key factor limiting plant growth in seasonal arid area. In order to analyze the water sources of community plant (Platycladus orientalis, Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, Broussonetia papyrifera and Lespedeza bicolor) in Beijing mountainous area, we measured hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratio (δD and δ18O) values of their xylem water and potential water sources. The results showed the four species had different water sources. P. orientalis mainly absorbed water from 40-60, 60-80 and 80-100 cm soil layers, and the utilization ratio of the three layers was 23.3%-25.9%. It still grabbed water from 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers with the utilization ratio of 12.3% and 13.0%, respectively. V. negundo var. heterophylla mainly absorbed 60-80 and 80-100 cm depth soil water, and the utilization rate was 51.9% and 25.2%, respectively, while it barely absorbed water in other soil layers. B. papyrifera mainly absorbed 0-20 and 20-40 cm depth soil water, and the utilization rate was 47.5% and 36.8%, respectively. L. bicolor used the water from five layers, and the utilization ratio of 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm layer was 21.4%-22.8%, and that of 60-80 and 80-100 cm layer was 15.2%-18.3%, respectively. The competition was higher in mixed forest of P. orientalis and L. bicolor because they had similar water sources. It was better to mix V. negundo var. heterophylla and B. papyrifera because their water sources were complementary. The results could provide reference for the best combination of plant species to restore the damaged ecological environment.

Effects of different types of mulches and legumes for the restoration of urban abandoned land in semi-arid northern China

Abandoned land is a type of resource wasteland that significantly damages the ecological environment and affects city construction. The northwestern Chinese ecological environment of the semi-arid field is fragile and susceptible to temperature variability. It is difficult to transform such abandoned land into sustainable urban land. However, vegetation restoration on urban abandoned land can ameliorate the soil conditions but received less attention. In the ecological restoration of such abandoned land, the use of certain types of mulch and legume is efficient and effective. In this research, three mulching methods, including a straw blanket (SB), bark plot (BP) and wood shavings (WS), and a control plot (CP) were evaluated over separate growing seasons to determine their effects on the vegetation biomass and the soil physicochemical properties, including soil temperature and soil moisture. The results indicated that mulching had multiple benefits, including improved vegetation growth by decreasing soil evaporation and regulating the soil temperature. SB and BP were the preferred materials because they were more effective. The wood shavings method did not favor the establishment of vegetation and resulted in vegetation similar to that of the control plot. In addition, the legumes Amorpha fruticosa, Lespedeza bicolor and Medicago sativa significantly enhanced the soil physicochemical properties. Thus, the straw blanket, bark plot mulch are recommended for a beneficial water retention effect on topsoil and vegetation growth of abandoned land. This ecological restoration technology for urban abandoned land also exhibits environmental friendliness and sustainability.

Influence of Different Soil Moisture Content on Plant Configuration for the Submerged Area of Shifosi Reservoir, China

To propose a reasonable configuration of plant measures and specific planning to improve the soil quality and the surrounding ecological environment of submerged area in Shifosi reservoir, we analyzed the soil moisture content and other key physical properties such as bulk density, maximum water-holding capacity, capillary water-holding capacity, field capacity and porosity of the submerged area. Soil samples were collected within 500 m scope from the auxiliary dam and tested using test methods in compliance with the national standard LY/T1215-1999. The correlation analysis showed that a highly significant correlation existed between the moisture content with other physical properties. The capillary water-holding capacity had the highest correlation with the soil water content, followed by the maximum waterholding capacity, porosity, field capacity, and bulk density. As the changes in soil moisture content may affect the variation of other physical properties, the immersion area was divided into three regions according to their soil water contents. In region 1, the moisture content was between 23.08% and 32.96%; in region 2, the moisture content was between 21.18% and 23.08%; and in region 3, the moisture content was below 19.85%. In each region, the adaptive plant measures and configurations were put forward on the basis of natural, social and economic conditions, as well as vegetation status. In region 1, the selected tree was Salix matsudana, shrub was Forsythia mandshurica, and suitable herb was Iris lactea var. chinensis. In region 2, the proper tree was Fraxinus velutina, shrub was Amorpha fruticosa, and herb was Festuca arundinacea. In region 3, the suitable tree was Pinus tabulaeformis var. mukdensis, shrub was Lespedeza bicolor, and herb was Eleocharis yokoscensis. The rational allocation of vegetation may prevent soil erosion, contribute to the full use of the land of the submerged area, achieve optimization of social, economic, and ecological benefits, and provide a reference for plant configuration of other reservoirs in Liaoning Province, China.

주왕산국립공원 내 훼손지의 5년간(2010~2014년) 식물상 변화

본 연구는 주왕산국립공원 내 훼손지의 식물상을 조사 및 분석하여 국립공원의 관리를 위한 기초 자료 제공에 목적이 있다. 훼손지 발생 원인의 경우 조사구 1은 답압에 의한 식생 훼손, 조사구 2, 3, 4는 광암사 철거, 조사구 5, 6, 7은 내원마을 철거에 의해 발생된 것으로 전체 조사구는 인위적 교란과 간섭에 의한 것이다. 출현 식물상은 52과 109속 116종 2아종 17변종 등 135분류군이며, 조사구별 식물상 현황은 조사구 6이 가장 많은 52분류군, 조사구 1은 가장 적은 23분류군이다. 희귀식물은 1분류군, 특산식물은 4분류군, 식물구계학적 특정식물은 10분류군, 귀화식물은 9분류군, 생태계교란식물은 1분류군이다. 식피율 변화 분석 결과, 관목층의 경우 조사구 7이 <TEX>$0%{\rightarrow}50%$</TEX>, 초본층의 경우 조사구 5가 <TEX>$75%{\rightarrow}95%$</TEX>로 가장 많이 변하였다. 종수 변화의 경우 대부분 조사구에서 증가하는 경향을 보여 천이에 의해 다양한 종이 이입 또는 발생된 것이다. 이는 시간의 흐름에 따라 천이가 진행되어 발생된 것으로 주변 자연식생과 유사하게 회복되고 있다고 생각된다. 우점종의 경우 관목층은 쇠물푸레나무, 싸리, 붉나무, 조록싸리, 버드나무, 등, 느티나무가, 초본층은 억새, 주름조개풀, 쑥, 바랭이새, 개망초이다. 귀화율과 도시화지수 분석 결과, 귀화율은 시간의 경과에 따라 증감 현상이 있었으며, 도시화지수는 대부분 증가 추세를 보였다. 특히 도시화지수의 증가는 천이과정 상 선구식물인 귀화식물이 지속적으로 이입되었기 때문이다. The purpose of this study is to offer the basic data for management of National Park by surveying and analysing the change of flora of damaged lands in Juwangsan National Park, Korea. In cause of occurring the damaged lands, site-1 was the vegetation damage by stamping, the removing Gwangamsa of site-2, 3, 4 and the removing Naewon village of site-5, 6, 7. Whole sites are caused by the artificial disturbance and interference. The numbers of flora were summarized as 135 taxa including 52 families, 109 genera, 116 species, 2 subspecies and 17 varieties in whole sites. The status of flora by sites, site-6 is the largest number of 52 taxa, site-1 is the lowest of 23 taxa. The rare plant is 1 taxa, 4 taxa of endemic plants, 10 taxa of specific plants by floristic region, 9 taxa of naturalized plants and 1 taxa of invasive alien plant. In the results of analysis about the change of coverage ratio, for this shrub layer, site-7 was changed to the most <TEX>$0%{\rightarrow}50%$</TEX>, and the herb layer, site-5 was changed to the most <TEX>$75%{\rightarrow}95%$</TEX>. In case of the change of species numbers, most sites tended to increase in the sites introduced different species or generated by the growth. It is contemplated that is similar to the restoration with the surrounding natural vegetation that is in progress is a transition occurs with the passage of time. In the dominant species, the shrub layer is Fraxinus sieboldiana, Lespedeza bicolor, Rhus javanica, Lespedezamaximowiczii, Salix koreensis and Zelkova serrata, and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, Oplismenus undulatifolius, Artemisia princeps, Bothriochloa ischaemum and Erigeron annuus of herb layer. In the results of analysing Naturalized Index(NI) and Urbanized Index(UI), NI was increased or decreased this phenomenon with the lapse of time, UI was the most increase. In particular, the increase in UI is due to the transition process, the pioneering plant, naturalized plant was imported to continue.

Quantitative classification of natural plant communities in the Saihanba National Nature Reserve, Hebei Province, China.

Quantitative analysis of the relationships between the distribution of natural plant communities and environmental factors was studied using two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) methods, in the Saihanba National Nature Reserve in Hebei Province. The results showed that the natural plant communities in the Saihanba Reserve could be classified into eight types, i.e., Sanguisorba officinalis + Carex heterostachya + Trollius chinensis community, S. officinalis + Elymus sibiricus + Geranium platyanthum community, C. lanceolata + Ophiopogon chingii community, Spiraea pubescens - Tripolium vulgare community, Armeniaca sibirica + S. pubescens - T. vulgare + C. lanceolata community, Quercus mongolica + Betula costata - Lespedeza bicolor + S. pubescens - C. lanceolata community, Betula platyphylla + Populus davidiana - Corylus mandshurica + Rosa davurica - Phlomis umbrosa + C. lanceolata + Thalictrum aquilegifolium community and Picea asperata + B. platyphylla - Rosa davurica + Salix taishanensis var. hebeinica - C. lanceolata + Commelina diffusa community. DCCA analysis indicated that slope position and soil nutrients were the main influence factors for the spatial distribution of natural plant communities in the Saihanba National Nature Reserve. Topographic, spatial and soil factors accounted for 34.02% of the variation of species pattern. Of the variation, soil factors accounted for 15.67%, topographic factors 10.05% and spatial factors 6.00%. In the interactions among all factor combinations (2.30%), the interaction between soil and topographic factors was the largest (0.93%), and the interaction among soil, topographic and spatial factors was the least (0.16%). The unexplained portion accounted for 65.98% of spatial distribution, which might be due to anthropogenic disturbance or interspecific competition.

Description of &lt;i&gt;Hyloconis longivalvata&lt;/i&gt; Li, sp. n., with notes on its biology (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae, Lithocolletinae)

Hyloconis longivalvata Li, sp. n. is described based on adults, larvae and pupae from Tianjin and Shanxi, northern China. Campylotropis macrocarpa (Bunge) and Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. (Fabaceae) are reported as its host plants. The larval head and pupal features of the genus Hyloconis are described for the first time. Morphological characters of adult and immature stages as well as leafmines of the new species are illustrated.

몇몇 지피식물의 비탈면녹화공사 활용성 연구 - 억새, 톨훼스큐, 수크령, 한국잔디 -

Research was initiated to investigate a vegetation characteristics of the species of ground cover plants mixed with herbeceous and woody plants on a cut slope. 4 different ground cover plants (Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Festuca arundinacea and Zoysia japonica) were seeded at the same rate of with herbaceous plants (Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus, Dianthus sinensis, Aster yomena, Chrysanthemum zawadskii and Coreopsis drummondii L) at the total seeding rate of and native woody plants (Lespedeza bicolor Turcz, Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria and Albizzia julibrissin) at the total seeding rate of , respectively. This experiment was treated with 3 replications on a randomized block design. Data such as surface coverage rate(%), the germinating number, plant height and visual quality were analyzed. There were no statistic differences observed in the soil hardness and the soil moisture content while a significant difference was observed in the surface coverage rate and the germinating number. The surface coverage rate and the germinating number were significantly high in the Pennisetum alopecuroides plot when compared with the Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens plot, the Festuca arundinacea plot and the Zoysia japonica plot, respectively from the viewpoint of ground covers. Especially, the surface coverage rate was considerably low in the Festuca arundinacea plot. However, the surface coverage rate and the germinating number were no statistic differences observed in this treatment from the viewpoint of herbaceous and woody plants. Also, both of the plant height and visual quality were high in the Pennisetum alopecuroides plot when compared with the Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens plot, the Festuca arundinacea plot and the Zoysia japonica plot, respectively. We concluded that Pennisetum alopecuroides was the optimum plant from the treated ground covers mixed with native woody and herbaceous plants for the balanced emergence from the viewpoint of the ecological slope vegetation.

The control of soil polarization in Populus simonii and Quercus liaotungensis forests by forage litter on the Loess Plateau, P. R. China

Soil polarization in pure forest stands affects the stability and sustainable development of the ecosystem. The most effective approaches to the prevention of soil polarization may be the use of forage litter as fertilizer or the direct establishment of tree-grass communities. We investigated monospecific plantations of Populus simonii and Quercus liaotungensis. Such plantations have been established throughout the Loess Plateau of China. A 120-day decomposition incubation experiment with forest humus soil mixed with 7 common leguminous forage litter species was performed to study the uses of forage litter in controlling soil polarization in pure forests. The addition of forage litter of Astragalus adsurgens, Lespedeza bicolor, and Vicia villosa to the soil of pure P. simonii forest clearly improved the soil quality, these forage species are suitable for planting with P. simonii, whereas Melilotus officinalis, Medicago sativa, and Onobrychis viciifolia litter produced obvious deterioration, thus these forages should not be planted with P. simonii. Coronilla varia litter showed no significant influence. The addition of forage litter of M. sativa to the soil of pure Q. liaotungensis forest clearly improved the soil quality, and C. varia and V. villosa also yielded improvements but were slightly less effective than M. sativa litter, these forages are suitable to be planted with Q. liaotungensis. However, L. bicolor showed obvious deterioration, followed by O. viciifolia and A. adsurgens, and M. officinalis had no significant influence. These species should not be planted with Q. liaotungensis.