Leopard Cat Research Articles

Evolutionary trends on extant cat skull morphology (Carnivora: Felidae): a three-dimensional geometrical approach

The skulls of 33 extant cat species were characterized through three-dimensional geometric morphometrics using 20 landmarks. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed with Procrustes fitted coordinates, and the PC-scores were phylogenetically corrected by independent contrasts method. Three PCs allowed for the definition of five cat skull patterns. PC1: ‘snouted/massive-headed cats’ (genus Panthera) opposing the ‘round-headed small cats’ (genus Oncifelis, Prionailurus rubiginosus, Prionailurus bengalensis, among other small cats); PC2: ‘tapering-headed cats’ (Neofelis nebulosa, Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Prionailurus planiceps) opposing the ‘stout-headed cats’ (Acinonyx jubatus, Uncia uncia, Otocolobus manul, Felis margarita, and Felis nigripes); and PC3: ‘low profiled-headed cats’ (mostly, Pr. planiceps). A sixth pattern, the ‘generalized skull’, observed in the Caracal lineage, genus Lynx, Leopardus pardalis, and Catopuma temminckii, indicates a morphological convergence among midsized-cats. The morphological trends ‘snouted/massive’ and ‘round’ clearly denote a co-evolution between size and shape. The other skull patterns evolved unrelatedly to the size (i.e. their allometric variations are not a size function). Nevertheless, each species comprises an amalgam of these patterns, so the influence of the size permeates, in some extent, the skull morphology along all cat lineages. The felid ecomorphological fit to hypercarnivory is obvious; however, different skull shapes in same-sized species with similar habits, indicate that the variation in the skull morphology may result from phenotypic fluctuations, whose adaptive value (if indeed there is any) is still obscure.

Conservation and Reproduction of Tsushima Leopard Cat

野生動物を絶滅から回避させるための1つの方策として，環境省レッドデータブックで絶滅危惧ⅠA類に分類されるツシマヤマネコの保全について講演および意見交換を行った。ツシマヤマネコを保全するためには，生息域内における周辺住民とツシマヤマネコとの関わり方，行政，地元の団体他関係者などを含めた対策，また，ツシマヤマネコの減少の1つの原因となっているイエネコからの感染症対策について獣医師による側面からの支援および野生復帰のための生息域外における動物園における飼育下繁殖事業などそれぞれの分野で今後も継続した対応が必要である。今まで日本国内での絶滅に瀕した哺乳類の野生復帰が成功した例がないなかで，今後の野生動物保全に対して本事業の役割は大きいものと考える。

Wild felid diversity and activity patterns in Sabangau peat-swamp forest, Indonesian Borneo

AbstractA study to identify the felid biodiversity of the Sabangau Forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, was initiated in May 2008 and involved continuous sampling until October 2009. A total of 44 cameras in 27 locations were used and 5,777 functional trap nights (of 6,542 survey nights) resulted in confirmed sightings of the Sunda clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa, leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis, marbled cat Pardofelis marmorata and flat-headed cat Prionailurus planiceps, representing four of the five wild felids of Borneo. The long-term use of fixed and roving cameras provided insight into the movements, occurrence and activity patterns of these elusive felids within a disturbed peat-swamp forest. In an area of 145 km2 (including buffer) the clouded leopard was the most commonly photographed felid (22 photo-captures of 53 total captures), followed by the leopard cat (21), flat-headed cat (7) and marbled cat (3). A total of 231 camera-trap nights were required to obtain the first photograph of a felid, the leopard cat, 704 for the clouded leopard, 3,498 for the flat-headed cat, and 5,423 (476 calendar days) for the marbled cat. A female clouded leopard was not photographed until 5,764 trap nights. This highlights the importance of long-term camera-trapping studies to maximize capture probability of these elusive felids and especially to account for potential differences in home range size and use by clouded leopard males and females.

A Case of Iriomote Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis) with Hepatozoon felis Parasitemia

We herein present clinical findings of an Iriomote cat with Hepatozoon felis parasitemia. A male Iriomote cat was captured for ecological analyses three times from January 2010 to January 2011. Although this cat did not show any hematological abnormalities at the time of the first capture, H. felis parasitemia and increased serum creatine kinase levels were detected at the second and third captures. H. felis infection was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, and amplified 18S ribosomal RNA gene fragments were 100% identical to those of H. felis in leopard cats in Korea. Although the virulence of H. felis in this cat was suggested to be low, this is the first report of an H. felis-infected Iriomote cat with parasitemia.

Carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora) in South China: a status review with notes on the commercial trade

1 Evidence from the literature, interviews, market surveys, general rapid field surveys and camera trapping was reviewed to infer the regional status of 33 recorded carnivores in South China (Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong and Macau). 2 The carnivore fauna in South China is among the most depleted for any continental area in the world. 3 The tiger Panthera tigris, leopard Panthera pardus, grey wolf Canis lupus and binturong Arctictis binturong are probably extirpated. 4 The dhole Cuon alpinus, Asiatic golden cat Catopuma temmincki and clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa are at great risk of regional extirpation, as are the more ecologically adaptable red fox Vulpes vulpes, raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides, Asian badger Meles leucurus, Eurasian otter Lutra lutra, Oriental small-clawed otter Aonyx cinereus and large Indian civet Viverra zibetha. 5 Though more widely reported, the Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus, yellow-throated marten Martes flavigula, hog badger Arctonyx collaris and Siberian weasel Mustela sibirica are at regional risk. 6 The status of the Burmese ferret-badger Melogale personata, stripe-backed weasel Mustela strigidorsa, smooth-coated otter Lutrogale perspicillata, large-spotted civet Viverra megaspila and Owston's palm civet Chrotogale owstoni is uncertain due to inadequate information. 7 Five carnivore species – the Chinese ferret-badger Melogale moschata, masked palm civet Paguma larvata, yellow-bellied weasel Mustela kathiah, small Indian civet Viverricula indica and leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis– are relatively secure (though not common) in the region, along with the Asian palm civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and the Javan mongoose Herpestes javanicus in some areas, while the spotted linsang Prionodon pardicolor and crab-eating mongoose Herpestes urva may have been under-reported. 8 The main threats have been habitat destruction and unsustainable exploitation. Only in Hong Kong, where enforcement of protection legislation has been stronger, are the surviving carnivore species easily encountered. 9 Improved enforcement and monitoring are essential to retaining the remainder of South China's carnivores. Support could be boosted by conservation education and better research.

飼育下におけるチョウセンヤマネコPrionailurus bengalensis manchuricaの繁殖および発育

飼育下におけるチョウセンヤマネコPrionailurus bengalensis manchuricaの繁殖および発育

Population density of Geoffroy's cat in scrublands of central Argentina

We studied the density of a Geoffroy's cat Leopardus geoffroyi population in a semiarid scrubland of Argentina, by comparing density estimates obtained during camera-trapping surveys in a national park and in nearby cattle ranches in 2006 and 2007–2008. Overall, we obtained 247 pictures of Geoffroy's cats. The density (mean ±se) of the species at the park ranged from 1.2 ± 0.3 to 2.9 ± 1.4 individuals km−2, depending on the buffer applied, whereas density estimates at ranches were on average 32% lower. Only 11% of the Geoffroy's cats identified in 2006 could still be detected in the area 2 years later, indicating that there was a high turnover of individuals in this population. The sex ratio (M:F) estimated during both surveys at the park was 1:1.4, whereas at the ranches it was 1:0.8. The capture success of sympatric pampas cats Leopardus colocolo and jaguarundis Puma yagouaroundi was <0.3 records per 100 trap-days, and no evidence of these species was found in the ranches. Geoffroy's cats seem to be tolerant to some degree of habitat alteration produced by livestock management, and the numerical response of this species in ranches could be largely the result of human persecution and the effects of livestock management on the habitat structure and prey base.

Enhanced histone acetylation in somatic cells induced by a histone deacetylase inhibitor improved inter-generic cloned leopard cat blastocysts

The objective was to determine whether alterations of histone acetylation status in donor cells affected inter-generic SCNT (igSCNT)-cloned embryo development. Leopard cat cells were treated with trichostatin A (TSA; a histone deacetylase inhibitor) for 48 h, and then donor cells were transferred into enucleated oocytes from domestic cats. Compared to non-treated cells, the acetylated histone 3 at lysine 9 (AcH3K9) and histone 4 at lysine 5 (AcH4K5) in the TSA group increased for up to 48 h (P < 0.05). The AcH3K9 signal ratios of igSCNT group was higher than control group 3 h after activation (P < 0.05). Treatment with TSA significantly increased total cell number of blastocysts (109.1 ± 6.9 vs. 71.8 ± 2.9, mean ± SEM), with no significant effects on rates of cleavage or blastocyst development (71.1 ± 2.8 vs. 67.6 ± 2.9 and 12.2 ± 2.6 vs. 11.0 ± 2.6, respectively). When igSCNT cloned embryos were transferred into a domestic cat oviduct and recovered after 8 d, blastocyst development rates and total cell numbers were greater in the TSA-igSCNT group (20.7 ± 3.0% and 2847.6 ± 37.2) than in the control igSCNT group (5.7 ± 2.2% and 652.1 ± 17.6, P < 0.05). Average total cell numbers of blastocysts were approximately 4.4-fold higher in the TSA-igSCNT group (2847.6 ± 37.2, n = 10) than in the control group (652.1 ± 17.6, n = 8; P < 0.05), but were ∼2.9-fold lower than in vivo cat blastocysts produced by intrauterine insemination (8203.8 ± 29.6, n = 5; P < 0.001). Enhanced histone acetylation levels of donor cells improved in vivo developmental competence and quality of inter-generic cloned embryos; however, fewer cells in blastocysts derived from igSCNT than blastocysts produced by insemination may reduce development potential following intergeneric cloning (none of the cloned embryos were maintained to term).

Fecal steroid metabolites and reproductive monitoring in a female Tsushima leopard cat ( Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus)

Although the Tsushima leopard cat ( Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) is one of the most endangered mammals in Japan, its reproductive physiology and endocrinology have been not elucidated. The objective was to establish the non-invasive monitoring of reproductive endocrinology in a female Tsushima leopard cat and to identify the types of fecal reproductive steroid metabolites in this species. Fecal concentrations of estrogen and progestin were determined by enzyme immunoassays, from 60 d before to 60 d after the last copulation, during three pregnancies. Fecal estrogen metabolite concentrations were increased before/around the mating period and after mid-pregnancy. Fecal progestin metabolite concentrations increased after the last copulation and remained high during pregnancy. The gestation period was 65.0 ± 0.6 d (mean ± SD). Fecal extracts were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography for identification of fecal metabolites. Fecal estrogens were identified as estradiol-17β and estrone. Fecal progestins during pregnancy contained 5α-reduced pregnanes: 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one, 5α-pregnan-3β-ol-20-one and 5α-pregnan-3,20-dione, and nonmetabolized progesterone was barely detected in feces. In conclusion, measurement of fecal estrogen and progestin metabolites was effective for noninvasive reproductive monitoring in the Tsushima leopard cat. An immunoassay for fecal estradiol-17β concentrations seemed useful to monitor follicular activity, whereas an immunoassay with high cross reactivity for 5α-reduced pregnanes was useful to monitor ovarian luteal activity and pregnancy.

Characterization of blood cells in the Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)

The Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) is the most frequently encountered wild cat in most of Southeast Asia. Limited hematologic investigation exists for this species. The objectives of this study were to assess routine hematologic measurements and parameters and characterize the morphology, cytochemical staining, and ultrastructural features of blood cells in Leopard Cats. Blood samples were collected from 12 adult healthy captive Leopard Cats (7 males and 5 females). Complete blood counts were performed using an automated hematology analyzer and manual differential counts. Cytochemical staining (Sudan black B [SBB], peroxidase [PO], periodic acid-Schiff [PAS], alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase [ANAE], and beta-glucuronidase [BG]) and scanning and transmission electron microscopy were performed using standard methods. Median (range) hematologic results were as follows: PCV 0.46 L/L (0.30-0.55 L/L), hemoglobin 136.5 g/L (100-183 g/L), WBC 9.0 x 10(9)/L (6.9-15.2 x 10(9)/L), band neutrophils 0.07 x 10(9)/L (0-0.30 x 10(9)/L), segmented neutrophils 2.9 x 10(9)/L (1.2-6.34 x 10(9)/L), lymphocytes 5.3 x 10(9)/L (2.7-8.1 x 10(9)/L), eosinophils 0.14 x 10(9)/L (0-0.73 x 10(9)/L), basophils 0/L (0-0.22 x 10(9)/L), and monocytes 0.08 x 10(9)/L (0-0.30 x 10(9)/L). Neutrophils stained strongly positive for SBB, PO, and PAS; lymphocytes had fine granular positivity for ANAE and BG; monocytes were weakly positive for ANAE and BG; and basophils were strongly positive for BG. Ultrastructurally, eosinophils contained many large rod-shaped granules with prominent crystalloid core structures, ribosomes, and mitochondria. Basophils contained many round to oval specific granules with homogeneous contents. Low number of basophils contained a few small vacuoles that usually were not detected by light microscopy. These findings will facilitate interpretation of hematologic results for future investigative and diagnostic studies of this species.

Molecular characterization of Hepatozoon species in a Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) from Thailand

Hepatozoon gamonts were observed by light microscopy in neutrophils of a male, wild-caught Leopard Cat. Complete blood counts at presentation and 6 months later were unremarkable. Serologic tests were negative for both FIV and FeLV. A partial sequence of the 18S rRNA gene from the Hepatozoon found in the cat indicated that, compared with all species examined, the protozoan had the closest relationship (99.2% sequence similarity) with the Hepatozoon of the water python (Stegonotus cucullatus). The cat was clinically healthy at last report. Although Hepatozoon has been found in another wild cat in Thailand, this is the first report in a Leopard Cat. The pathogenicity of Hepatozoon in these cats remains uncertain.

The First Report of Hepatozoon Species Infection in Leopard Cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) in Korea

Hepatozoon species infections were detected in 4 of 5 heart samples from leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) in Korea examined by light microscopy and PCR. Microscopically, the schizonts of the Hepatozoon species were observed within the parasitophorous vacuoles of unidentified host cells that were located between myocytes. The schizonts were approximately 31 +/- 4 x 19 +/- 3 microm in size; 3 mature schizonts contained approximately 24, 25, and 35 merozoites. In analyses of the partial 18S rRNA gene sequence, the Hepatozoon species infecting the Korean leopard cats was closely related to Brazilian (99.2-99.8% identical) and Spanish (97.0-98.2% identical) isolates of Hepatozoon felis.

Effects of Human Activities on Home Range Size and Habitat use of the Tsushima leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus in a Suburban Area on the Tsushima Islands, Japan

The Tsushima leopard cat, Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus, a small felid, inhabits only the Tsushima Islands in Japan. Previous studies of the Tsushima leopard cat revealed that natural factors; including sex, reproductive activity, season, and prey distribution and abundance affect leopard cat home range variation and habitat use. In this study, we focused on clarifying how anthropogenic factors influenced home range variation and habitat use of a male Tsushima leopard cat living near a suburban area in January, March, May and September 2005 using radio-tracking. The home range size (100% MCP) of this cat was 0.78 ± 0.26 km 2 (mean ± SD, n = 4 tracking sessions) across the whole study period. However, the cat did not use all parts of its home range uniformly; rather it used some habitat types selectively. The cat avoided agriculture areas and residential areas in all of the tracking-sessions. On the other hand, the cat showed a weak preference for artificial structures and a strong preference for baiting sites in January and March, while it avoided them in May, and no baiting site was included in its home range in September. These results suggest that anthropogenic factors influenced the ranging patterns and habitat use of the leopard cat living near a suburban area. Artificial structures might provided good resting spaces for the cat in bad weather. When the density of its main prey was low in the winter, the cat tended to rely on artificial prey and had a small home range size.

Risk Analysis of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Tsushima Leopard Cats (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) and Domestic Cats Using a Geographic Information System

In this study, based on the data from FIV screening surveys of captive cats conducted by the Kyushu Veterinary Union and collaborators as part of the infection control program for Tsushima leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus), we elucidated the spatial distribution of FIV-positive individuals among leopard cats and domestic cats using a geographic information system. Data from FIV screening surveys carried out among 86 leopard cats (1996-2006) and 713 captive domestic cats (2001-2006) were used for analysis. The analysis results were then spatially layered with the population density of leopard cats and that of captive domestic cats estimated from the number of households and used for assessment of FIV infection risk in each area. The prevalence rates of FIV were 3% (3/86) in leopard cats in Kami-shima, 13.6% (38/280) in domestic cats in Kami-shima and 10.6% (46/433) in domestic cats in Shimo-shima. The distribution of FIV on Tsushima Island was not uniform; on Kami-shima Island, FIV-positive domestic cats were concentrated in particular areas. We also performed risk analysis based on the population density of leopard cats, the prevalence rate of FIV among domestic cats in each area and the estimated population density of captive domestic cats and identified high FIV infection risk areas. All FIV-positive leopard cats were found in the identified high FIV infection risk areas.

Evaluation of Indices for the Assessment of Fat Deposition in Tsushima Leopard Cats (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus)

Evaluation of Indices for the Assessment of Fat Deposition in Tsushima Leopard Cats (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus)

Abnormalities in the transcription of reprogramming genes related to global epigenetic events of cloned endangered felid embryos

The present study examined transcription levels of the Oct4, DNMT1, DNMT3a, DNMT3b, HAT1 and HDAC1 genes in cloned felid embryos developing from single one-cell to blastocyst stages. IVF, cloned domestic and leopard cat embryos had low Oct4 and HAT1 levels during the early stages, but transcript expression increased at the eight-cell and blastocyst stages. In contrast, expression in the cloned marble cat embryos was low at all stages. Transcription patterns of HDAC1 were altered in cloned embryos compared with IVF embryos. Transcription levels of DNMT1 decreased markedly throughout development of both IVF and cloned embryos. In IVF embryos, DNMT3a transcripts rarely appeared in the four- to eight-cell stages, but levels increased in the morula to blastocyst stages. In contrast, in cloned embryos, DNMT3a transcript levels were high at the one- to two-cell stages, decreased during subsequent cell division and then increased again at the blastocyst stage. The IVF and cloned embryos showed similar DNMT3b transcription patterns, starting with low levels at the two-cell to morula stages and reaching a maximum at the blastocyst stage. These results suggest that the low level of Oct4 transcripts may be responsible, in part, for the failure of blastocyst production in the cloned marbled cat. However, higher transcription of the DNA methylation genes and lower transcription of the histone acetylation genes were observed in cloned compared with IVF embryos, suggesting that the felids' donor nucleus could not completely reprogramme the nuclear genome and so the re-establishment of embryonic totipotency was not achieved.

Factors Affecting the Distribution of the Leopard CatPrionailurus bengalensison East Asian Islands

Abstract. Members of the Felidae, being found at the top of the trophic hierarchy in an ecosystem, usually require extremely large habitat ranges. Thus, most cat species are found only on continents or large islands. The leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis, the most widespread species of East Asian cat, is an exception to this rule, occurring on several small islands as well as larger islands and the Asian continent. Using published data for 38 East Asian islands, I evaluated the effects of geographical and biological factors on the persistence of the leopard cat population on an island by using regression analyses. The results suggested that the probability of existence of this cat species on an island increased with increasing species richness of potential prey, or with decreasing species richness of potential competitors. Geographical variation in the feeding habits of the leopard cat was also examined to clarify its ecological adaptation to different environments. The leopard cat chiefly preys on rod...

Use of GIS to Develop a Multivariate Habitat Model for the Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) in Mountainous Region of Korea

A habitat model was developed to delineate potential habitat of the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) in a mountainous region of Kangwon Province, Korea. Between 1997 and 2005, 224 leopard cat presence sites were recorded in the province in the Nationwide Survey on Natural Environments. Fifty percent of the sites were used to develop a habitat model, and the remaining sites were used to test the model. Fourteen environmental variables related to topographic features, water resources, vegetation and human disturbance were quantified for 112 of the leopard cat presence sites and an equal number of randomly selected sites. Statistical analyses (e.g., t-tests, and Pearson correlation analysis) showed that elevation, ridges, plains, % water cover, distance to water source, vegetated area, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, and distance to paved road differed significantly (P < 0.01) between presence and random sites. Stepwise logistic regression was used to develop a habitat model. Landform type (e.g., ridges vs. plains) is the major topographic factor affecting leopard cat presence. The species also appears to prefer deciduous forests and areas far from paved roads. The habitat map derived from the model correctly classified 93.75% of data from an independent sample of leopard cat presence sites, and the map at a regional scale showed that the cat's habitats are highly fragmented. Protection and restoration of connectivity of critical habitats should be implemented to preserve the leopard cat in mountainous regions of Korea.

Age determination of the Iriomote cat by using cementum annuli

AbstractWe estimated the age of Iriomote cats Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis by using their canine cementum annuli. By studying the month of death and staining condition of the outermost layer, we determined that the dark‐stained cementum lines of canines become apparent from February to September in males. By the time of deciduous tooth replacement and closure of the apical foramen, we estimated that the first prominent dark‐stained line is formed during the second winter and third spring of the cat's life. Examination of known‐age cats confirmed that the dark‐stained lines represent annual rings. Therefore, assuming that Iriomote cats are born in April, their age can be estimated by adding one to the number of dark‐stained lines. The month of death and number of dark‐stained cementum lines must be considered for age determination. We also attempted to estimate the age of living Iriomote cats by examining the correlation between the level of wear and number of cementum annuli of the upper canines, and categorized the degree of tooth wear into seven classes. Teeth that exhibited more extensive wear (i.e. in a higher wear class) had more cementum annuli. We defined three age categories for living cats based on canine wear characteristics: 1 year (wear level I), 2–6 years (wear levels II–V) and &gt;7 years (wear levels VI–VII). Therefore, canine wear is the most effective index for age estimation of living Iriomote cats.

The diversity, status and conservation of small carnivores in a montane tropical forest in northern Laos

Laos harbours globally significant populations of small carnivores, including mustelids and viverrids of conservation concern and felids that are relatively rare or unknown from other parts of Asia. However, few have received conservation attention as managers still lack basic information on the status and distribution of even the most common species. We conducted the country’s first systematic camera-trap monitoring of carnivores in the Nam Et-Phou Louey National Protected Area on the Laos–Vietnam border, with intensive sampling across 500 km2 from 543 to 2,288 m altitude for 8,499 camera-trap days during 2003–2006. Surveys detected 14 species of small carnivores, including the first record of Owston’s civet Chrotogale owstoni for Laos. Preliminary occupancy estimates for the seven most common species ranged from 11% for marbled cat Pardofelis marmorata to 42% for Asian golden cat Pardofelis temminckii. Activity patterns of viverrids were primarily nocturnal whereas mustelids, except for hog badger Arctonyx collaris, were diurnal. Leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis was largely nocturnal, marbled cat primarily diurnal and Asian golden cat as likely detected during the day as at night. Our results led to the establishment of a contiguous 3,000-km2 protected area core zone and regulations that protect threatened species and control harvest of managed species.