Phacoemulsification is the most commonly performed cataract surgery worldwide, and preoperative evaluation plays a critical role in optimizing surgical outcomes. Regional data describing preoperative characteristics and coexisting ocular diseases remain essential for improving clinical decision-making and planning individualized management strategies. This study aims to describe the preoperative clinical profile, biometric characteristics, and coexisting ocular diseases among cataract patients undergoing phacoemulsification at Utama Eye Clinic, Gresik. This descriptive cross-sectional study utilized secondary data from medical records of patients who underwent preoperative assessment between October and November 2025. Variables included demographic characteristics, blood pressure, random blood glucose (RBG), visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), biometric parameters, operative duration, and ocular comorbidities. Data were analyzed using univariate descriptive statistics. A total of 246 patients were included. Most patients were aged 60-69 years (45.5%) and female (52.8%). Visual acuity <6/60–light perception (LP) was the most common preoperative category (69.1%). Hypertension (57.7%) was more frequent than normotension. The majority of patients had normal RBG values (91.5%) and normal IOP (96.7%). Median biometric measurements were: anterior chamber depth 3.18 mm, lens thickness 4.50 mm, and IOL power 20.00 D. Median operative duration was 11 minutes (range 5–69 minutes). The most common coexisting ocular diseases were posterior capsular fibrosis (PCO) (n=11), high myopia (n=5), glaucoma (n=3), and pseudoexfoliation syndrome (n=3). The study reveals that most patients presented at an advanced age with significant visual impairment and a high prevalence of systemic and ocular comorbidities. Accurate biometric assessment and comprehensive preoperative evaluation, including identification of ocular comorbidities, are essential for optimizing cataract surgical planning and outcomes. These findings provide updated regional data that may support improvements in preoperative screening protocols.

Purpose: To identify independent risk factors associated with significant postoperative rotation (≥10°) of plate-haptic toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) and to develop and externally validate a predictive nomogram. Two independent eye centers in China. A prospective observational study with a training cohort and an external validation cohort. A total of 805 eyes from 805 cataract patients with regular corneal astigmatism (≥0.75 D) who underwent phacoemulsification and plate-haptic toric IOL implantation between August 2021 and December 2024 were included. Patients from one center formed the training cohort, while patients from the second center served as the external validation cohort.LASSO regression followed by multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of significant toric IOL rotation (≥10° at 2 weeks postoperatively). A predictive nomogram was developed and validated through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Age (OR = 1.04, p = 0.002), anterior chamber depth (ACD) (OR = 7.71, p < 0.001), lens thickness (LT) (OR = 5.13, p < 0.001) and white-to-white (WTW) (OR = 2.36, p = 0.002) were identified as independent predictors. The nomogram demonstrated good discriminative performance with an AUC of 0.809 in the training cohort and 0.848 in the Validation cohort. Calibration and DCA analyses confirmed the accuracy and clinical utility of the model. A validated nomogram based on age, ACD, LT and WTW provides a useful tool for individualized preoperative risk assessment of significant toric IOL rotation, aiding surgical decision-making.

Effect of Capsular Tension Ring on Rotational Stability of Loop-Haptic Intraocular Lens in Highly Myopic Patients.

Inflammatory response and ACE2's potential role in acute primary angle-closure glaucoma during the Omicron epidemic of COVID-19.

PurposeTo identify biometric factors predictive of corneal endothelial contact (CEC) by intracameral implants in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or ocular hypertension (OHTN).MethodsIn this prospective observational study, patients with a chart diagnosis of POAG or OHTN without prior cataract or incisional glaucoma surgery were consecutively enrolled between August 2022 and October 2023. Participants underwent anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) imaging along the vertical meridian under dark and light conditions. An intracameral implant was simulated by overlaying a 0.2-mm-diameter circle onto an AS-OCT image of the inferior angle recess to predict CEC, defined as implant contact anterior to Schwalbe's line. Logistic regression models were developed to identify predictors of CEC.ResultsCEC was present in 14 eyes (17.9%) and 11 eyes (14.1%) from 78 eyes of 78 participants in the dark and light conditions, respectively. In univariable analysis, smaller angle opening distance (750 µm; AOD750), shallower anterior chamber depth, greater lens vault and thickness, and iridotrabecular contact were significantly associated with CEC in both environments (P < 0.05). AOD750 was the strongest predictor of CEC (dark AUC = 0.99; light AUC = 0.97), with optimal cutoffs of 0.22 mm (dark) and 0.30 mm (light). Gonioscopy grade was less predictive of CEC (dark AUC = 0.79; light AUC = 0.84).ConclusionsCEC by a simulated intracameral implant was predicted in a subset of patients with chart diagnosis of POAG or OHTN. AS-OCT biometrics were more strongly predictive of CEC than gonioscopy.Translational RelevanceAS-OCT may enhance preoperative evaluation of intracameral implant candidates by identifying those at higher risk for CEC.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the comparability of two swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) biometers, Anterion and IOLMaster 700. This systematic review and meta-analysis reviewed articles published until October 1, 2023. Eligibility criteria included a comparative study design, absence of ocular diseases except cataract or refractive errors, same day measurements with both devices, and outcomes such as axial length (AL), mean keratometry, astigmatism vectors, anterior chamber depth (ACD), central corneal thickness, lens thickness (LT), corneal diameter, white-to-white (WTW), and intraocular lens (IOL) power for emmetropia. This systematic review incorporated 17 studies (2943 eyes). The mean difference of AL measurements obtained with Anterion and IOLMaster 700 was -0.01 [-0.09; 0.06]. Anterion provided a significantly larger ACD (0.10 mm [0.08-0.12 mm]) and LT (0.04 mm [0.01; 0.07]), while IOLMaster 700 had significantly larger WTW measurements (0.20 mm [-0.24; -0.16]). Corneal measurements tend to be flatter for Anterion, although no significant differences were found between devices. In conclusion, this meta-analysis showed statistically significant differences in WTW, LT, and ACD measurements between devices. AL measurements were comparable between biometers. Anterior mean and steep and flat keratometry tend to be higher with IOLMaster700. These differences may result in a higher IOL power for emmetropia when data are entered from Anterion measurements. Future studies will be needed to establish the influence of these differences on the refractive predictability of IOL power calculation.

The meniscus cylindrical glass lens is a key optical component for advanced beam shaping, yet its complex geometry poses substantial fabrication challenges. In this work, a molding approach is proposed for the efficient and flexible fabrication of meniscus cylindrical glass lenses. By integrating precision glass molding (PGM) and localized hot bending, this method enables precise control over the lens profile, thickness, height, and radius of curvature, thus allowing for the flexible production of diverse geometries from a single mold. The results indicated that through precise control of the process parameters, the radius of curvature of the hot-bended convex surface was precisely controlled over a range from 2.5 to 28 mm, with a sag height varying from 0.15 to 1.28 mm. The residual stress birefringence in the functional arc region of the molded meniscus cylindrical lens was below 2 nm/cm, representing a significant reduction compared to conventional compression molding. Optical evaluation test confirmed that molded meniscus cylindrical glass lenses exhibit good beam shaping performance. The proposed manufacturing method provides a facile and flexible solution for fabricating meniscus cylindrical glass lenses for beam shaping.

Patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) frequently exhibit zonular weakness, which poses challenges for intraocular lens (IOL) stability and refractive prediction. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of capsular tension ring (CTR) implantation on the predictive accuracy of 12 IOL power calculation formulas in patients with RP receiving cataract surgery. We conducted a retrospective cohort study where the predictive accuracy of 12 IOL formulas was assessed using refractive prediction error (PE), mean absolute error (MAE), root-mean-square absolute error (RMSAE), and the percentage of eyes achieving target refraction within ± 0.25 D to ± 1.00 D. These metrics were compared between eyes with (n = 23) and without (n = 30) CTR implantation. The influence of lens thickness (LT) on formula accuracy was also evaluated. In the overall cohort of 53 eyes from 38 patients with RP, the Barrett Universal II (BUII) formula yielded the lowest numerical MAE (0.45 D) and RMSAE (0.56 D), though none of the formulas were statistically superior in RMSAE. In the CTR group, significantly lower MAE was observed for Cooke K6 (P = 0.024), Kane (P = 0.016), Emmetropia Verifying Optical (EVO) 2.0 (P = 0.040), and PEARL-DGS (P = 0.021) compared to the non-CTR group. The CTR group also exhibited a significantly higher percentage of eyes within ± 0.50 D (P = 0.016), ± 0.75 D (P < 0.001), and ± 1.00 D (P < 0.001) of target refraction. Increasing LT correlated with a hyperopic shift for all formulas; however, BUII demonstrated relatively stable MAE across LT quartiles. Implantation of a CTR was associated with significantly improved predictive accuracy for several modern IOL formulas in patients with RP. The BUII formula showed the highest overall predictive accuracy.

To evaluate and compare ocular biometric parameters in both adults and children within the Korean population using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT; IOL Master 700). Ocular biometry data were exported from SS-OCT between January 2018 and October 2021-total 6,760 eyes of 6,760 subjects (5,091 adults and 1,669 children under 18 years) which were successfully measured were included. Axial length (AL), anterior keratometry (K), total keratometry (TK), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), central corneal thickness (CCT), white to white distance (WTW) were analyzed according to sex, age, and AL groups. All parameters were significantly different between male and female (P < 0.05), with male presenting longer AL, flatter K, deeper ACD, and thicker CCT. A significant negative correlation was observed between AL and Km (r = -0.329, p < 0.001). In children (9.5 [Formula: see text] 2.8 years), AL showed a steep increase until age 11, followed by a slower growth rate, and age had significantly correlated with all parameters except LT and had the greatest significant correlation with AL (r = 0.476, p < 0.001), Meanwhile, in adults (58.7 ± 14.7 years), age and LT demonstrated the greatest significant correlation (r = 0.622, p < 0.001). In conclusion, this study revealed significant differences in ocular biometry by sex and age in the Korean population. Males exhibited larger ocular dimensions than females. With age, AL growth slowed after age 11 in children, while LT increased and ACD decreased in adults. These findings underscore the importance of considering both sex and age in clinical assessments and provide valuable data for optimizing refractive management and monitoring myopia progression.

To analyze ocular parameters and refractive status in children aged 3-12y and to explore differences in these parameters across age groups with identical refractive status for studying refractive progression. Demographic characteristics, cycloplegic refraction data, and ocular parameters of the participants were collected. Changes in ocular parameters were described according to different age groups. After adjusting for refractive factors, the relationship between age and ocular parameters was explored. Standard regression coefficients (β) obtained from multiple linear regressions were used to compare the magnitude of the effect of age on the parameters and ocular components on refractive power. Data were collected from the right eyes of 1504 participants. Lens thickness (LT) decreased with age, whereas the axial length (AL) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) increased. In the high-hyperopia group, changes in age were only associated with AL and LT. In the low-myopia group, the increase in age was also associated with corneal astigmatism. In the overall model, the β value for LT was the highest at 0.41, whereas β for ACD and AL was significant in all groups except for the high-hyperopia group. The β value of the LT on refractive power in children was slightly greater in the low age group than in the high age group. Among children with the same refractive status, the older the age, the longer the axis length and the thinner the lens. The lens affected refractive power in children in the younger age group more than in the older age group. The ocular parameter most affected by age was LT.

Purpose This study aims to investigate the longitudinal changes in ocular biometry in mice treated with exogenous all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and make comparisons with the lens-induced myopia (LIM) model. Materials and methods Male C57BL/6J mice were administered 10 µl of atRA (1 milligram [mg]/milliliter [mL]) every other two days via peribulbar injection. The LIM group received monocular −30D lenses. Ocular biometrics were measured on Days 0, 3, 6, 10, and 15 using swept-source optical coherence tomography. Scleral thickness (ST) and retinal arc length (RAL) were measured on histological sections. Results Both exogenous atRA and negative lenses induced longer axial length (AL) from Day 3 and thinner retinal thickness (RT) from Day 6 (all p < 0.05). An increase in vitreous chamber depth (VCD) was noted from Day 3 in atRA-Treated (p = 0.001) eyes and from Day 6 in LIM-Treated eyes (p < 0.001). The interocular difference in lens thickness (LT) varied significantly over time (p = 0.004) in the atRA group. The LT to AL ratios (LT/AL) for atRA-Treated eyes were notably higher than those for the LIM eyes on Days 10 and 15 (all p < 0.05). The VCD to AL ratios (VCD/AL) were comparable between the two groups, with notable declines observed in the late stage (all p < 0.01). Additionally, both treatment groups showed similarly reduced ST and larger RAL than untreated eyes. Conclusions Mice treated with exogenous atRA demonstrated comparable longitudinal ocular biometric alterations to the LIM model, except for the relatively thicker lenses.

To compare anterior segment parameters between primary angle-closure suspects (PACS) and eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXS), and those with an occludable angle. Thirty-three eyes of 21 subjects were enrolled in the PACS group, and 34 eyes of 28 subjects were enrolled in the PXS group. All eyes underwent anterior segment optical coherence tomography with CASIA2. Multiple quantitative measures, including anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber width (ACW), lens thickness (LT), lens vault (LV), angle opening distance (AOD), angle recess area (ARA), trabecular iris surface area (TISA), and iris thickness (IT), were compared between the groups using generalized estimating equations. The mean age was higher in the PXS group (58.2 ± 8.2 vs. 69.3 ± 9.1; p < 0.001). There were more females in the PACS group (63.6% vs. 29.4%; p = 0.005). After adjusting for age, sex, and axial length, the PXS group had lower lens thickness (4.625 ± 0.824 vs. 4.967 ± 0.35; p = 0.018) and higher ACD (2.271 ± 0.567 vs. 2.086 ± 0.281; p = 0.04), while there was no significant difference in the LV (0.929 ± 0.292 vs. 1.027 ± 0.231; p = 0.344). There were no significant differences in AOD500, AOD750, ARA500, ARA750, TISA500, TISA750, or IT750 between groups. The thickness of the crystalline lens may play a determinant role in higher rates of peripheral anterior synechia (PAS) and angle-closure glaucoma in eyes with PACS, as well as lower rates of angle-closure glaucoma and PAS in eyes with PXS and occludable angles.

BackgroundAcute primary angle closure (APAC) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Recent studies suggest lens zonular laxity plays a critical role in APAC pathogenesis, though its clinical detection remains challenging due to overlapping symptoms with cataract. This study investigates the prevalence of subclinical zonular degeneration in APAC patients and its correlation with ocular biometric parameters.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included 65 APAC patients (mean age 62.3 ± 8.7 years) undergoing phacoemulsification at Zibo Central Hospital (November 2021–May 2023). Patients were stratified into three groups based on intraoperative zonular status: normal zonula (APAC-NZ, n=14), mild zonular laxity (APAC-ZL, n=39), and significant zonular laxity (APAC-SZL, n=12). Preoperative axial length (AL), lens thickness (LT), and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were measured using IOLMaster 5.0 and swept-source UBM.ResultsA high prevalence (78.5%, 51/65) of undiagnosed zonular degeneration was observed. Significant differences were found in sitting ACD (2.25 ± 0.17 mm vs 1.75 ± 0.19 mm), supine ACD (1.72 ± 0.11 mm vs 1.27 ± 0.12 mm), and LT (5.10 ± 0.28 mm vs 5.41 ± 0.38 mm) between APAC-NZ and APAC-SZL groups (P<0.05). Similar differences were noted between APAC-SZL and APAC-ZL groups (P<0.05).ConclusionThis study introduces a novel stratification of APAC patients by zonular laxity severity and reveals distinct biometric profiles across subgroups. We demonstrate a high prevalence of undiagnosed zonulopathy in APAC patients, associated with thicker lenses and shallower anterior chambers. A key limitation is the subjective classification of zonular laxity, based solely on intraoperative observations. Future studies should develop objective imaging protocols for improved detection and management.

To introduce and validate the real axial length (RAL)—the distance from the corneal vertex to the posterior choroidal surface measured by swept-source OCT angiography (OCTA). RAL aims to reduce the influence of choroidal thickness on conventional axial length (AL) measurements. The study also compared OCTA-derived parameters with those from the IOL Master 700 to confirm measurement accuracy and established age-specific RAL references in children and adolescents without myopia. This cross-sectional study enrolled Chinese children with normal uncorrected vision. VG 200D and IOL Master700 were used to measure AL, central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), aqueous depth (AQD), and lens thickness (LT). VG 200D additionally provided new AL parameter - RAL. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland–Altman analysis were applied to assess device concordance in general parameter. Subsequently, VG 200D-derived RAL values were analyzed across age groups. Of 1833 participants aged 5–17 years (909 males, 924 females) were enrolled. The mean RAL was 24.04 mm and the mean AL was 23.52 mm, showing a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001), measured by VG 200D. AL were 23.49 ± 0.99 mm and 23.52 ± 1.02 mm respectively in Master 700 and VG 200D, showed good agreement (ICC = 0.956). At age 5, boys exhibited a significantly shorter RAL than girls, with median values of 23.55 mm (interquartile range, IQR: 22.91–23.76 mm) and 22.32 mm (IQR: 21.99–23.15 mm), respectively (p = 0.04). By age 17, the RAL increased to 25.26 mm (IQR: 24.75།25.64 mm) in boys and 25.24 mm (IQR: 24.49།25.81 mm) in girls, showing no significant sex difference (p = 0.73). RAL exceeded AL by approximately 0.5 mm. The VG 200D demonstrated strong agreement with IOL Master 700 for standard biometric parameters. The difference in RAL length between boys and girls may progressively narrow with increasing age. RAL may offer a valuable tool for objectively evaluating true ocular growth and myopia control efficacy.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-31568-z.

Background and Objective: To evaluate the effect of pseudophakia on anterior chamber depth and other ocular biometric parameters, and to analyze its relationship with age, sex, and axial length. Materials and Methods: Optical biometry data from 2372 eyes of 1186 patients—each with one pseudophakic and one phakic eye—were retrospectively analyzed using the Lenstar LS 900®. Recorded parameters included axial length (AL), central corneal thickness (CCT), aqueous depth (AD), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), keratometry values, and white-to-white distance (WTW). Interocular differences and correlations among variables were statistically assessed. Results: The mean age was 62.8 ± 16.0 years (range, 11–92), and 57.1% were male. Compared with phakic eyes, pseudophakic eyes showed significantly lower AL, WTW, and K1 values (p < 0.01, p < 0.001) and higher CCT, AD, ACD, and astigmatism (AST) values (p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed in K2 (p > 0.05). In both phakic and pseudophakic eyes, males had higher AL, AD, WTW, and ACD and lower K1 and K2 values than females (p < 0.001, p < 0.05). Increasing age was associated with decreased AL and CCT. In phakic eyes, ACD and AD were negatively correlated with age, whereas in pseudophakic eyes, the correlation was positive. Conclusions: Cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation significantly alter anterior segment structures. Pseudophakia mainly affects ACD and AD, which may be related to postoperative intraocular pressure reduction and may improve the precision of IOL power calculations.

Correlation of the crystalline lens thickness and ocular parameters in young and middle-aged myopes grouped by axial length

We present a theoretical framework to estimate the anterior and posterior radii of curvature of a thick intraocular lens (IOL) by measuring its back-vertex power in two orientations. Armed with the lens thickness, refractive index, and a potential axial offset d from haptic angulation, one can determine the individual surface powers and, thus, the geometry of the implant. Using paraxial optics, we derive the back-vertex power in normal and flipped orientations. We consider two cases: d = 0 (no haptic-induced offset) and (finite shift). In the d = 0 case, using standard paraxial relations (y– method), we obtain compact expressions that allow direct recovery of the surface powers from the dual back-vertex powers. For , the measured powers are first mapped back to the lens vertex (Eq 11), after which the same closed-form retrieval as for d = 0 applies. When d = 0, a closed-form solution yields the surface powers and radii . If the lens is shifted by d, we first correct to the vertex plane (Eq 11) and then apply the same closed-form relations. Though lens nominal power alone does not reveal geometry, our dual-orientation approach recovers how much power resides on each surface, benefiting thick-lens IOL power formulas and refining predictions in cataract surgery planning.

We present a theoretical framework to estimate the anterior and posterior radii of curvature of a thick intraocular lens (IOL) by measuring its back-vertex power in two orientations. Armed with the lens thickness, refractive index, and a potential axial offset d from haptic angulation, one can determine the individual surface powers and, thus, the geometry of the implant. Using paraxial optics, we derive the back-vertex power in normal and flipped orientations. We consider two cases: d = 0 (no haptic-induced offset) and [Formula: see text] (finite shift). In the d = 0 case, using standard paraxial relations (y-[Formula: see text] method), we obtain compact expressions that allow direct recovery of the surface powers from the dual back-vertex powers. For [Formula: see text], the measured powers are first mapped back to the lens vertex (Eq 11), after which the same closed-form retrieval as for d = 0 applies. When d = 0, a closed-form solution yields the surface powers [Formula: see text] and radii [Formula: see text]. If the lens is shifted by d, we first correct to the vertex plane (Eq 11) and then apply the same closed-form relations. Though lens nominal power alone does not reveal geometry, our dual-orientation approach recovers how much power resides on each surface, benefiting thick-lens IOL power formulas and refining predictions in cataract surgery planning.

Evaluating keratometric power with Zeiss index (PKZ), paraxial thick cornea power (Gullstrand [PG]) and power referenced to the front (PFV) and back vertex plane (PBV) and raytracing power (PR), and modelling the deviation from PKZ with a multivariable linear prediction model. A dataset of 4604 Casia2 measurements from a cataractous population was Copula expanded to N = 30 000 maintaining the individual univariate distributions and interactions. PKZ was compared with paraxial thick lens corneal power PG, PFV, PBV, and PR using measured pupil size and variations of apertures from 1 to 6 mm. On average, PKZ/PG/PFV/PBV was 43.05/42.74/42.83/43.59 D, and PR was 43.03 D with the measured pupil size. Varying pupil size from 1 (1) 6 mm increased mean PR with aperture size (42.84/42.91/43.02/43.17/43.37/43.62 D). The multivariate linear models predicting the deviation of PG-PKZ, PFV-PKZ, and PBV-PKZ with corneal radii and central thickness performed well, with R2 = 0.93 and a root mean squared prediction error of 0.01 D, whereas the equivalent model for PR-PKZ with corneal radii and asphericities, corneal thickness, and aperture sizes performed less well, with R2 = 0.79 and a root mean squared prediction error of 0.18 D. Corneal power derived using the paraxial thick cornea model differs from keratometric power and a linear model performs well in predicting the differences. However, raytracing power differs even more from keratometry with the linear model far less effective.

Distribution and determinants of lens biometrics in cataract patients: Insights from biometrics and implications for surgical precision.