Lens Material Research Articles

Nano-Indentation and Nano-Scratch of Flexible Intraocular Lens Material at the Molecular Scale

Nano-Indentation and Nano-Scratch of Flexible Intraocular Lens Material at the Molecular Scale

Passive solar stills coupled with Fresnel lens and phase change material for sustainable solar desalination in the tropics

Passive solar still is one of the solutions to mitigate water scarcity for its simple design and its least demand on electrical energy. However, the production from passive still is limited due to low efficiency. In this study, a refraction-based concentration of solar irradiation is introduced to improve the performance of conventional passive solar stills used for desalination in tropical weather of Malaysia. Performance evaluation in terms of efficiency and productivity is conducted on two passive double slope single basin solar stills coupled with Fresnel lens (FRL) and Phase Change Material (PCM). Both prototypes showed a similar trend in the augmentation of efficiency and productivity. The experimental values of daily water yield show a good match with the theoretical values. The highest water yield recorded from a prototype coupled with FRL was 3.19 L/m2/d. With FRL, the efficiency has reached 37% from 28% compared to conventional design. An increase in productivity (g/kJ) by 60% compared to the conventional still was also observed. Further studies were conducted to observe the effect of PCM energy storage. PCM alone stabilized the process with enhanced productivity. FRL coupled PCM system was able to reach an efficiency of 32% compared to conventional still. The collected freshwater from the 35,000-ppm saline solution produced by the prototypes was very high quality and complied well with World Health Organization (WHO) standard.

Design and synthesis of gradient-refractive index isosorbide-based polycarbonates for optical uses

The synthesis of bio-based polymers using renewable bio-monomers have received extensive research attention to meet the concept of environmental sustainability. Isosorbide (ISB) derived from biomass is commonly used in the polycarbonate industry as an alternative to bisphenol A (BPA) because it is green, non-toxic, and more widely available. Compared to BPA-based polycarbonate, isosorbide-based polycarbonate has excellent properties such as high transparency, easy coloration, and outstanding rigidity. However, the naturally low refractive index of isosorbide triggers the latter to fall outside the threshold of optical applications. In order to further improve the refractive index of isosorbide-based polycarbonate without affecting its transparency and rigidity, a copolymerization scheme of bisphenol monomers (BPs) with isosorbide is proposed in this work. A series of isosorbide–bisphenol copolycarbonates were synthesized by a melt polycondensation process using ionic liquid 1,4-(1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)butyl dibromide ([C4(DABCO)2][Br]2) as the catalyst. As expected, the monomer structure had significant effect on the optical property and molecular weight of the copolycarbonates, the monomer bis(p-hydroxyphenyl) ether (BPO) had better reactivity among the screened seven monomers resulting in relatively higher molecular weight. Moreover, poly(BPO-co-ISB carbonate) (POIC) using BPO as the monomer exhibited a high Abbe number (vd = 39.7), low yellowness index (YI = 0.93), and a higher refractive index (nd = 1.536), which was much higher than poly(isosorbide carbonate) (1.496). Therefore, a series of POICs were further prepared to investigate the effect of BPO content on the optical, thermal, mechanical, and hydrophobic properties of the materials. The results showed that the copolymers POICs had higher refractive indices (1.511–1.573), better thermal stability, flexibility, hydrophobicity and processing-friendly glass transition temperature (Tg) and pencil hardness, and thus are expected to be sustainable materials for optical lenses.

Severe Intraocular Pressure Fluctuation following Hemodialysis after Cataract Surgery in a Patient with Chronic Renal Failure

Purpose: To report a case of severe intraocular pressure fluctuation following hemodialysis after cataract surgery in a patient with chronic renal failure.Case summary: A 51-year-old female patient on hemodialysis for chronic renal failure, who was seen regularly by our retina clinic for proliferative diabetic retinopathy and right eye cataract, presented with decreased visual acuity in her right eye. During phacoemulsification under the diagnosis of right eye cataract, zonular dialysis and posterior capsule rupture occurred and intraocular lens ciliary sulcus insertion was performed. Following hemodialysis 3 days after the surgery, the patient complained of headache and right eye pain. The intraocular pressure of the right eye had increased to 44 mmHg. Mild inflammation in the anterior chamber was found with remnant lens material present at the inferior anterior angle. The use of glaucoma eye drops, anterior chamber paracentesis, and anterior chamber irrigation reduced the intraocular pressure and improved the patient’s symptoms. However, a severe increase in intraocular pressure recurred with the above symptoms, again following hemodialysis. Intraocular pressure fluctuation was repetitively present after serial hemodialysis treatments for 1 month, at which point cataract and glaucoma surgeries were considered. However, the intraocular pressure stabilized afterwards; thus, the patient remained under observation and was treated with glaucoma eye drops.Conclusions: Inflammation and a decrease in the aqueous outflow facility due to remnant lens material and the use of an ophthalmic viscoelastic device in cataract surgery may cause severe intraocular pressure fluctuations in patients undergoing hemodialysis for chronic renal failure.

Bimatoprost-Loaded Silica Shell-Coated Nanoparticles-Laden Soft Contact Lenses to Manage Glaucoma: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.

Currently, glaucoma is managed by frequent instillation of bimatoprost eye drop therapy, which showed very poor ocular bioavailability. Contact lens is widely used as medical device to improve the drug retention on the ocular tissues. However, the traditional methods of drug loading in the contact lens matrix showed high burst release and changes the optophysical properties of the contact lens material. In this paper, a novel bimatoprost-loaded silica shell nanoparticles-laden soft contact lenses were developed to achieve sustain drug delivery without altering the optophysical properties of the contact lens. Silica-shell nanoparticles were prepared using octyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS) and microemulsion. Traditional soaking method (SM-BT), direct bimatoprost loading method (DL-BT), and microemulsion-laden contact lens (ME-BT) were developed for comparison. The silica shell-coated nanoparticles-laden soft contact lenses (SiS-BT) showed improved swelling, transmittance, oxygen permeability, and lysozyme adherence compared to SM-BT, DL-BT, and ME-BT lenses. The DL-BT and ME-BT batch showed high bimatoprost lost/leaching during extraction and sterilization steps, with low cumulative drug release. Also, SiS-BT lens showed sustain bimatoprost release for 96 h. In a rabbit tear fluid model, the SiS-BT lens showed high bimatoprost concentration for 72 h compared to ME-BT lens and eye drop therapy. Based on histopathological studies of cornea, the SiS-BT lens was found to be safe for human applications. The data demonstrated the novel application of silica shell nanoparticles to deliver bimatoprost from the contact lens for extended period of time without altering the optophysical properties of the contact lens.

Agentic Aharya: Vibrant masks from South Asia

This essay foregrounds visuals of masks and costumes from Chhau and Bhaona performances from South Asia. Using a new materialist lens along with writings on ritual images, it reflects on how these masks and costumes have agency. Referred to as Aharya in the Indian context, the masks and costumes of the case studies straddle a unique position between performative objects, religious objects and everyday decorative objects. This multiple positionality endows the masks and costumes an agency that displaces the traditional subject–object binaries of actor and costume. Highlighting Aharya’s inherent affective and ritual properties and foregrounding the mask-makers’ use of local materials, centuries-old techniques and their skills and creativity to conceptualize masks that work alongside and beyond performances, the visual essay shows how these objects exceed the maker and the performer and reach wider audiences.

Ultrasound liquid crystal lens with a variable focus in the radial direction for image stabilization.

New technologies for adaptive optics are becoming increasingly important for miniature devices such as cell-phone cameras. In particular, motion-free autofocusing and optical image stabilization require sophisticated approaches for alternative lens architectures, materials, and processing to replace multiple solid elements. We discuss a new method, to the best of our knowledge, that provides image stabilization via an annular piezoelectric ceramic that uses ultrasound to drive a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between two circular glass substrates. The piezoelectric ceramic is divided into four quadrants that are independently driven with sinusoidal voltages at the resonant frequency of the lens. The technique is based on ultrasound vibrations with a suitable driving scheme. The lens configuration was modeled via finite-element analysis. Various combinations of the four-channel ultrasound transducer can be used to define the focal point of the liquid crystal lens. Clear optical images could be obtained with the lens. By using two-dimensional fast Fourier transforms, the focal point position was defined and shifted in the radial direction.

Silicone Oil Adhesion to Hydrophobic Acrylic Intraocular Lenses: A Comparative Laboratory Study of a New versus an Established Hydrophobic Acrylic Intraocular Lens Material.

Background In vitro assessment of silicone oil adhesion to a new hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) material, the Clareon model CNA0T0, compared with the established AcrySof model SN60WF was carried out. Methods Silicone oil adhesion was assessed for two types of IOLs, Clareon CNA0T0 (n = 10) and AcrySof SN60WF (n = 10). Lenses were immersed in an aqueous sodium chloride solution for 12 hours and then incubated at room temperature in silicone oil for 12 hours. The lenses were washed with distilled water and photographed at 25x magnification using a microscope. The percent coverage was calculated by dividing the area of oil coverage by the total surface area of the lens. Results Silicone oil adhesion to the surface of the CNA0T0 lens ranged from 4% to 22%, with a mean ± SD coverage of 8% ± 4%. Silicone oil adhesion to the surface of the SN60WF lens ranged from 1% to 17%, with a mean coverage of 9% ± 4%. The silicone oil adhesion of CNA0T0 was equivalent to that of SN60WF (P > 0.05). Conclusions The new Clareon model CNA0T0 IOL has silicone oil adhesion and interaction that are equivalent to the established AcrySof IOL.

Indications for surgical management of retained lens fragments.

Retained lens fragments are a relatively rare occurrence after cataract surgery. While no definite guidelines for the surgical management or timing of surgery of this complication exist, surgery is indicated for patients with large lens fragments, persistent inflammation, secondary glaucoma, corneal edema, retinal tears or detachments, and associated endophthalmitis. The aim of this review is to summarize the current surgical management of retained lens material. The Intelligent Research in Sight registry database of 2.26 million patients who underwent cataract surgery in the US indicated that 0.18% (1 in 563) had secondary removal of retained lens fragments in the anterior chamber in the operating room within 1 year of the original cataract surgery. The risk of returning to the operating room for retained lens material removal was greater among men, smokers, patients with Medicaid or military insurance, and those who had complex cataract surgery. Medical management with topical corticosteroids or observation may be considered for small lens fragments, but surgical removal remains the mainstay of the treatment for large lens fragments. Retained lens fragments following cataract surgery may result in various vision-threatening complications. Understanding the risk factors, diagnosis, and surgical management of retained lens fragments are critical to preserving good visual outcomes. Vitrectomy is effective in patients with posterior nuclear fragments, retinal detachment, endophthalmitis, or uncontrolled glaucoma not responding to medical management. The best timing for surgery for retained lens fragments should be further investigated in a prospective study.

Quantitative compressive optical coherence elastography using structural OCT imaging and optical palpation to measure soft contact lens mechanical properties.

In this study, the principle of 'optical palpation' was applied to a compression optical coherence elastography (OCE) method using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Optical palpation utilizes a compliant transparent material of known mechanical properties, which acts as a stress sensor, in order to derive the mechanical properties of a sample material under examination. This technique was applied to determine the mechanical properties of soft contact lenses, with one lens being used as the compliant stress sensor and the other as the sample under investigation to extract the mechanical properties. This compliant stress sensor allowed for the stress of the compression to be measured without the use of a force sensor. The strain of the materials was measured through an automatic boundary segmentation that tracks the material thickness (of the sensor and the sample) during compression through sequential structural OCT images. A total of five contact lens combinations were tested, using three separate commercially available contact lenses with unique mechanical properties. Various combinations of contact lens materials were used to further validate the technique. The Young's modulus derived from this method was compared to nominal manufacturer's values. Both accuracy and repeatability were assessed, with highly accurate measurements obtained, with a percentage difference between the nominal and experimentally derived Young's modulus being less than 6% for all the tested combinations as well as providing a Young's modulus that was not statistically significant different (p > 0.01) to the nominal value. The results demonstrate the potential of optical palpation in OCE to accurately measure the mechanical properties of a material without the use of sophisticated electronics to capture the stress of the sample. These findings have potential to be translated into a method for tissue mechanical testing with ex vivo and in vivo clinical applications.

Contact Lens Fitting in Patients with Keratoconus - A Retrospective Assessment of 200 Patients.

Nowadays, keratoconus (KC) is very well treatable in a stage-oriented manner. A wide range of designs and materials of contact lenses (CL) are available for the treatment of KC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibilities, the possible challenges and the visual outcome of lens fitting in KC eyes. This retrospective study includes data from 200 patients who received a lens fitting trial in our contact lens service between 2006 and 2016. We documented ophthalmological parameters, the type of prescribed CL, the number of required trial lenses and possible causes of the failure of the lens fitting. The mean age at initial lens fitting was 33.9 ± 12.5 years. In 98.8% of the cases, the fitting was performed with rigid gas permeable lenses, in 90.1% with four-curve lenses. Of the total number of aspheric lenses prescribed, 87.5% were fitted in keratoconus stages "1" to "2" (topographic keratoconus classification; Oculus Keratograph). Back surface toric lenses or bitoric lenses were fitted to 61.7% in keratoconus stages "2 - 3" to "4". Before patients received their final CL, a median of 2 trial lenses were required (max. 16). Mean visual acuity with lens correction was 0.8 ± 0.2 at the initial fitting, mean visual acuity with glasses correction was 0.5 ± 0.3. In 7.7% of the eyes, the KC lens fitting was discontinued due to the advanced stage of keratoconus, requiring a corneal transplant. Reasons for discontinuing contact lens fitting included lens intolerance (2.3%), application problems (0.3%) or acute corneal hydrops (0.3%). Discontinuation of lens wearing due to incompatibilities or application problems occurred in only four cases (1.1%) in the further course after lens fitting. The use of contact lenses is an integral part of the stage-appropriate therapy of keratoconus. Good visual acuity can be achieved in all stages of keratoconus with a low drop-out rate. In most cases, the adjustment is carried out with rigid gas permeable lenses with a four-curve geometry. In initial stages, aspherical lenses may be sufficient. Toric lenses can be fitted in advanced stages when rotationally symmetrical lenses cannot achieve a satisfactory fit. If contact lenses have been successfully fitted, there are only a few cases in which patients abandon their contact lenses because of intolerance.

3D printing of Fresnel lenses with wavelength selective tinted materials

Well-established manufacturing processes for Fresnel lenses fabrication are available. However, adapting additive manufacturing is often desirable, as it opens a plethora of design and manufacturing possibilities. The current study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of 3D printing of optical devices such as Fresnel lenses with customized designs and optical properties. The study investigates the 3D modeling of Fresnel lenses with a computer-aided design tool and selecting suitable materials for the 3D printing process. The process parameters of digital light processing 3D printing were tailored to get the desired features with accurate geometric dimensions in the final printed lenses. The suitable ink colors were introduced into the liquid monomer resin to 3D print tinted Fresnel lenses having the potential in selective color filtering, focusing and sensing applications. The focusing ability of the printed lenses was characterized by using customized optical setups with the help of relative power intensity and transmission spectra measurements. Surface wettability was analyzed using contact angle measurement that revealed the hydrophilic nature of lens material. 3D printed Fresnel lenses are promising optical elements, offering custom-built optical designs, tailored tinted materials and they have the potential to be integrated with both active and passive optical sensors for sensing applications.

MICROBIAL BIOBURDEN OF ORTHOKERATOLOGY AND HYDROGEL CONTACT LENSES AND STORAGE CASES USING A HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE DISINFECTING SYSTEM

Background and objective: The fitting of orthokeratology (ortho-k) and multifocal soft contact lenses (SCL) is becoming increasingly popular worldwide for reducing the rate of myopia progression. However, overnight wear use of lenses and microbial contamination of contact lenses and storage vials has been shown to increase the risk of corneal inflammatory and infiltrative events (CIEs). Therefore, we conducted a pilot study to compare the rate, level, and type of microbial contamination of contact lenses and storage vialswhen participants wear ortho-k and SCL in combination with a hydrogen-peroxide disinfecting system.
 Material and Methods: A prospective, single-centre, randomized, crossover study was conducted to evalu-ate the rate and level of contact lens and storage vials contamination during the use of ortho-k and SCL along with a hydrogen-peroxide disinfecting solution over two 10 day wearing periods. Ocular signs and symptoms were assessed during lens wear at baseline and after each wearing period. In addition, contact lens and storage vials were collected, and the type and amount of microbial contamination were evaluated using viable culture and standard identification methods.Results: Twenty-five adults were enrolled, and 21 completed the study. One (5%) ortho-k lens, five (24%) ortho-k storage vials, one (5%) SCL and one (5%) SCL storage vial were contaminated (P > 0.05), predominantly with Gram-positive bacteria. None of the participants had contamination with both ortho-k and SCL. No significant differences were found between the ocular signs, including conjunctival redness and roughness, or conjunctival or corneal staining (all P > 0.05), irrespective of using ortho-k or SCL.
 Conclusion: This study provides the first data that directly compares microbial contamination of ortho-K versus SCL in patients using a hydrogen-peroxide disinfection system. However, the overall microbial contamination rate of contact lens storage vials was much lower (30%) than the previously reported study with ortho-k lens wear. The results support conducting a larger clinical trial designed to understand differences in microbial contamination with different lens materials and modalities.

The Rhetoricity of Fat Stigma: Mental Disability, Pain, and Anorexia Nervosa

ABSTRACT Scholars in disability studies have recently sought to account for fatness, claiming an inseparable link between disability and fat scholarship. Interrogating the stigmas of fatness as a sign of bad character or lack of discipline, rhetoricians have advanced this thinking, illustrating how to be fat is to be rhetorically disabled. Contributing to these efforts, this essay argues that eating disorders, too, are often framed through deficit thinking, positioned as antithetical to mental fitness—a disparaging view echoed prominently by Hilde Bruch. Challenging normative perspectives of rhetoric centered in her theories, I analyze Bruch’s The Golden Cage, tracing descriptions of anorexia and pain through a feminist materialist lens, ultimately revealing how the rhetoricity of fat stigma can be read not only as a product of cultural, patriarchal norms but also as a complex, lived, felt experience of mental disability, expanding theories of rhetoric to the material intersection of gender and embodiment.

The effects of alpha irradiation on the optical reflectivity of composite polymers

This paper reports an increase in the optical reflectivity of two kinds of copolymers used in contact lenses, with different proportions of silicon and fluorine derivatives, when irradiated with 4.1 MeV alpha particles from an 241Am source. The fiber-optic reflectance technique showed that the lens with a higher proportion of silicon and fluorine content and a lower proportion of methyl-methacrylate is more susceptible to alpha radiation. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy have revealed the formation of silicon oxide and carbide species as a result of chain scission and recombination in the 20 μm thick irradiated regions of lens materials. It is presumed that the high (260 eV/nm) linear energy transfer of alpha particles in polymers creates trapped gas “Bubbles”, and the observed increase in the optical reflectivity with increased irradiation time is explained on the basis of diffuse reflectance caused by the scattering of light from the hard surfaces of these “Bubbles”.

Correlation between long-term use of rigid gas permeable contact lenses and endothelial morphometric changes in keratoconus patients

PurposeThis study was conducted to evaluate the effects of long-term use of rigid gas-permeable (RGP) contact lenses on corneal endothelium in keratoconus (KC) patients using non-contact specular microscopy. In addition, the correlation between wearing duration of RGP lenses (years & hours /d) and endothelial morphometric changes in KC patients was performed. This may provide more useful data for clinical application of RGP contact lens. Study designThis study was a prospective, observational, comparative, hospital based, nonrandomized, cross-sectional, and quantitative study. Subjects and methodsThe study included 40 eyes of non-wearer contact lens KC patients (group 1) and 38 KC eyes with a long history of Rose K2 RGP contact lens wearing (group 2). The corneal endothelial morphology such as endothelial cell density (ECD); coefficient of variation of cell area (CV); percentage of hexagonal cells (HEX); and central corneal thickness (CCT) were evaluated in all patients using SP3000P Specular Microscope. ResultsThe study included 40 eyes of non-wearer contact lens KC patients (20 mild KC eyes and 20 moderate KC eyes) and 38 KC eyes with a long history of RGP contact lens wearing (18 mild KC eyes and 20 moderate KC eyes). The mean duration of RGP lenses wearing was 5.67 ± 3.481 years & 12.11 ± 2.698 h/d in mild KC eyes and 7.15 ± 5.294 years &13.65 ± 2.889 h/d in moderate KC eyes. Wearing duration in hours in mild KC eyes showed a significant moderate negative correlation with ECD (r = −0.529, p = 0.024) and a moderate positive correlation with CV (r = 0.565, p = 0.015). In addition, wearing duration in years in moderate KC eyes showed a significant moderate negative correlation with ECD (r = −0.465, p = 0.039) and moderate positive correlation with CV (r = 0.627, p = 0.003). However, wearing duration in hours in moderate KC eyes showed a significant moderate negative correlation with HEX only (r = −0.490, p = 0.028). This study reported significant corneal thinning in contact lens wearer KC eyes in contrast to non-wearer KC eyes. ConclusionThis study documented a significant correlation between a long-term use of Rose K2 RGP using the three-point touch and corneal endothelial morphometric changes in KC patients. In addition, the current study confirmed a significant corneal thinning in RGP contact lens wearer compared to non-contact lens wearer KC patients. Further studies are recommended to evaluate the association between different RGP lens materials with different oxygen permeability transmissibility; different lens design types; different fitting methods; the duration of contact lens wear and the endothelial morphometric changes in KC patients.

Review of 20 years of soft contact lens wearer ocular physiology data

BackgroundSince the introduction of Silicone hydrogel (SiHy) contact lenses 20 years ago, industry has continued to modify lens materials, designs, lens care products and manufacturing processes, striving to improve contact lens physiological performance, comfort, and convenience for wearers. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the ocular health of habitual soft contact lens wearers today is better than it was in previous decades. MethodsBaseline ocular physiology data for 3624 participants from a The Brien Holden Vision Institute clinical trials database were retrospectively reviewed. Records were grouped into 3 time periods; A: >2 decades ago (1997–1999), B: one decade ago (2009–2014) and C: recent years (since 2015). Physiology data for both neophytes and habitual contact lens wearers included; bulbar, limbal and upper palpebral conjunctival redness, corneal and conjunctival staining and conjunctival indentation from contact lenses. ResultsCorneal staining levels are similar between neophytes and contact lens wearers at time points A and C but worse for contact lens wearers at time point B. Limbal redness was greater in contact lens wearers than in neophytes at time point A but at time points B and C they are not different to the non-contact lens wearing population. In recent years, most ocular physiological variables in habitual contact lens wearers are similar to neophytes. ConclusionsWhile there have been changes over the past two decades in ocular physiological responses to contact lens wear, it appears that ocular health with current day contact lens wear is similar to no lens wear in most respects.

Correlation between surface friction and the hydrophobicity of structure-related side-chain exposure of albumin on contact lens

The management of contact lens discomfort remains a challenge leading to the increased contact lens dropout rates. Tear protein accumulates on the lens surfaces with different configurations observed are correlated to the lens friction, with the improved comfort experienced by reduced surface friction in the eye. However, protein adsorption is a complex process with the combined protein-protein interactions (PPI) and protein-surface interactions (PSI) involved, which is difficult to explain the complicated tribological behavior in terms of protein structural shifts alone on lens surfaces. On the other hand, the type of solvent-exposed side chains from specific protein conformations on lens surfaces should be more important to the lens friction involved. We aim to investigate the correlation between the structure-related side-chain exposure and corresponding lens friction of adsorbed tear proteins on lens surfaces under varied PPI and PSI. Albumin was the model protein adsorbed onto the conventional lens material. Such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or the poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (PHEMA) surfaces applied here. Adsorption was conducted under varying protein solution concentrations to saturate the model surface to change the PPI effects over a wide range. Our results indicate that PPI effects help stabilize protein structures on both surfaces. When PPI is minimized, a distinct correlation was observed between the surface friction and the hydrophobicity of structure-related side-chain exposure of albumin on lens surfaces depending on the different PSI involved. At a fundamental understanding, our results would provide insights for developing new lens materials or the lens care solution designs to reduce the lens discomfort.

The Adhesion Syndrome

Rigid gas permeable contact lenses may adhere to the corneal epithelium. Reports of adhesion have been described with only one type of lens material. This report describes three types of lens materials, lens fitting characteristics and the interactions between the eyelid, cornea and contact lens. Various factors may be responsible for the adhesion phenomenon.

Cosmetics and Contact Lenses: Influence on Safety

The article describes the effect of decorative cosmetics on the material of soft contact lenses and studies specific features that can be observed in SCL wearers who use cosmetics extensively. Examples of complications associated with the use of various cosmetic products that may occur in contact lens wearers are given. Conclusion: in cases when patients have complaints about discomfort and dry eyes, doctors should pay attention to the amount of decorative cosmetics used as well as study the effect it can have on the surface of the contact lenses.