Fatty Acid Chain Length Research Articles

Separation, characterization and anti-inflammatory activities of galactoglycerolipids from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton

The study was to optimize the separation procedures, characterize the galactoglycerolipids and explore their anti-inflammatory activities. Two monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs) and three digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDGs) from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton were obtained through one-step silica gel column chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD). The presence of additional MGDG (1-O-9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl-2-O-7Z,10Z,13Z-hexadecatrienoyl-3-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol) and DGDG (1-O-9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl-2-O-9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl-3-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1'→6'')-α-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol) was concluded for the first time in perilla, by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells, five galactoglycerolipids exhibited good inhibitory activities against nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that fatty acid chain length and unsaturation degree affected their anti-inflammatory activities.

Association Between Dietary Fat Content and Serum Lipoprotein(a) Level

<h3>Lead Author's Financial Disclosures</h3> Nothing to disclose. <h3>Study Funding</h3> None. <h3>Background/Synopsis</h3> Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is an established causal risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The association between dietary fat intake and Lp(a) has only been partially explored. <h3>Objective/Purpose</h3> To further investigate the association between intake of dietary fat, including specific individual fatty acids, and its effect on overall serum Lp(a) level. <h3>Methods</h3> We used the NHANES III cohort's 24-hour dietary recall and laboratory data. Multivariable regression was implemented to determine the association between dietary fat content (total, saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated) and serum Lp(a) level. Additional analyses explored the association between individual fatty acids by carbon chain length and Lp(a). Results were adjusted for sample weights, age, sex, race/ethnicity, statin use, and total caloric intake. <h3>Results</h3> The sample (n=8,722) was mostly female (56.3%) and most commonly non-Hispanic white (38.5%). Associations (mg/dL change in Lp(a) per gram of fat intake per day) were found between intake of total fat (-0.05 p=0.01) and total monosaturated fat (-0.10 p=0.02), but not saturated or polyunsaturated fats. Among individual fatty acids, only myristoleic (C14:1), oleic (C18:1), and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) were associated with Lp(a). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Lp(a) levels, albeit with a small effect size, were negatively correlated with increased total and monounsaturated fat consumption. The impact of fatty acids on Lp(a) may differ based on fatty acid chain length. The lack of significant association of saturated fat content with Lp(a) conflicts with the prior literature.

Production of lipids biosynthesis from Tetradesmus nygaardii microalgae as a feedstock for biodiesel production

The research and innovative strategies for large scale production and commercialization of algae based biodiesel still presents a need for analysis based on sustainability and quality check. In this study, the three key growth factors (nitrogen concentration, temperature and pH) were manipulated using the Box-Behnken design of the experiment, with the aim to get high lipids and biomass production for Tetradesmus nygaardii. Screening of experimental treatments revealed interactive effects of nitrogen concentration and pH manipulation, as strongly significant towards high lipids accumulation and lower biomass losses. Biomass production increased (543 mg/L) with high nitrogen, temperature and alkaline pH in the medium, while the lipids showed highest values as 272 mg/L and 60% in terms of production and lipid content with lower nitrogen, low temperature and neutral pH in medium. FTIR analysis revealed metabolic shift of protein and carbohydrate synthesis towards lipid accumulation in optimized biomass. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis revealed higher content of MUFA (53.3%) and PUFA (35%) with major contributors of C16-C18 carbon chain length fatty acids in optimized biomass. Biodiesel specifications (Density, Flash point, Cetane number, Saponification value, Acid Value, Cloud point and CFPP) met the requirements of EN14214 and ASTMD6751 biodiesel standards. The results of this study indicates that the biomass and lipid production of Tetradesmus nygaardii could highly be improved by manipulating nitrogen concentration and pH in combination. In this work, the most promising conditions for biomass and lipid production were identified and could be implemented for sustainable and quality biodiesel production.

Influence of chain length on the anticancer activity of the antimicrobial peptide CAMEL with fatty acid modification

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) display promising potential in cancer therapy. Modification with fatty acids is a simple and effective approach to improve the activity of AMPs. In the present study, we investigated the effects of fatty acid chain lengths on the anticancer activity, self-assembly and mechanism of action of CAMEL (CM15, KWKLFKKIGAVLKVL-NH2), an amphipathic AMP with 15 amino acids. Conjugation of fatty acids could obviously improve the in vitro anticancer activity of CAMEL. Among the tested peptides, C12-CAMEL showed the highest anticancer activity, while C16-CAMEL killed cancer cells with the slowest kinetics. This may be related to the self-assembly of C12-CAMEL and C16-CAMEL, which could form spherical nanoparticles and tightened nanofibers, respectively. In addition, necrosis and necroptosis rather than apoptosis were the major mechanisms underlying the anticancer activity of CAMEL, C12-CAMEL and C16-CAMEL, implying that modification with fatty acids did not obviously alter the mechanism of action of CAMEL. Notably, C12-CAMEL, with high and rapid cell-killing activity, exhibited significantly stronger in vivo anticancer activity than CAMEL and C16-CAMEL. Overall, the present work suggests that the choice of a suitable fatty acid for structural modification is necessary for improving the anticancer activity of AMPs.

Pathophysiological Significance of GM3 Ganglioside Molecular Species With a Particular Attention to the Metabolic Syndrome Focusing on Toll-Like Receptor 4 Binding.

GM3 ganglioside, the first molecule in ganglioside family biosynthesis, is formed by transfer of sialic acid to lactosylceramide. Several dozen GM3 molecular species exist, based on diversity of ceramide structures. Among ceramide structures composed of sphingosine and fatty acids, there is a great diversity resulting from different combinations of chain length, hydroxylation, and unsaturation of fatty acid chains. Expression patterns of GM3 species in serum vary during pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. Physiological activity of each species, and significance of the variability, are poorly understood. Our studies revealed that GM3 species with differing fatty acid structures act as pro- or anti-inflammatory endogenous Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligands. Very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) and α-hydroxyl VLCFA GM3 variants strongly enhanced TLR4 activation. In contrast, long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) and ω-9 unsaturated VLCFA GM3 variants suppressed TLR4 activation. GM3 interacted with extracellular TLR4/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) complex, thereby promoting dimerization/oligomerization. In obesity and metabolic syndrome, VLCFA-variant GM3 species were elevated in serum and adipose tissue, whereas LCFA-variant species were reduced, and such imbalances were correlated with disease progression. Our findings summarized in this review demonstrate that GM3 molecular species are disease-related endogenous TLR4 ligands and modulate homeostatic and pathogenic innate immune responses.

The Long-Term Culture of Human Fibroblasts Reveals a Spectroscopic Signature of Senescence.

Aging is a complex process which leads to progressive loss of fitness/capability/ability, increasing susceptibility to disease and, ultimately, death. Regardless of the organism, there are some features common to aging, namely, the loss of proteostasis and cell senescence. Mammalian cell lines have been used as models to study the aging process, in particular, cell senescence. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the senescence-associated metabolic profile of a long-term culture of human fibroblasts using Fourier Transform Infrared and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. We sub-cultivated fibroblasts from a newborn donor from passage 4 to passage 17 and the results showed deep changes in the spectroscopic profile of cells over time. Late passage cells were characterized by a decrease in the length of fatty acid chains, triglycerides and cholesterol and an increase in lipid unsaturation. We also found an increase in the content of intermolecular β-sheets, possibly indicating an increase in protein aggregation levels in cells of later passages. Metabolic profiling by NMR showed increased levels of extracellular lactate, phosphocholine and glycine in cells at later passages. This study suggests that spectroscopy approaches can be successfully used to study changes concomitant with cell senescence and validate the use of human fibroblasts as a model to monitor the aging process.

Acid adaptive response of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris: A strategy to survive lethal heat and acid stresses

Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris causes the spoilage of pasteurized acidic fruit juice, seriouslydecreasing quality and posing a significant safety concern. We previously discovered that acid adaptation could induce stress adaptive responses of A. acidoterrestris, however, the underlying mechanisms of this induction have not been fully elucidated. In this work, the effects of acid adaptation (pH = 3.0, 1 h) on intracellular pH (pHi) and the morphophysiological properties of A. acidoterrestris under lethal heat and acid stresses were investigated, and gene expression profiles after acid adaptation were measured by transcriptomic analysis. The results showed that acid adaptation increased the pHi of A. acidoterrestris cells in response to lethal stresses, enhanced membrane integrity, decreased surface shrinkage and roughness, and altered the Fourier transform infrared spectra profiles. After acid adaptation of A. acidoterrestris, 517 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected. Consistent with resistance phenotypes, DEGs included genes related to cell surface modification and pHi homeostasis. Specifically, the barrier function of cell membrane was strengthened during acid adaptation by increasing fatty acid (FA) chain length, promoting unsaturated FA biosynthesis, and maintaining balanced synthesis of zwitterionic and acidic phospholipids. To reduce excessive intracellular protons, cells upregulated glutamate decarboxylation, urease system, and branched-chain amino acid synthesis. Additionally, the nucleotide salvage pathway was activated, and homologous recombination, UvrD-mediated transcription-coupled, and ribonucleotide excision repair pathways were applied to repair DNA lesions. Sporulation metabolism was also induced. The findings of this study provide insight into the multiple layers of acid adaptive response strategies of A. acidoterrestris, with implications for the formulation of improved control measures in the fruit juice industry.

Heterologous Expression of Jatropha curcas Fatty Acyl-ACP Thioesterase A (JcFATA) and B (JcFATB) Affects Fatty Acid Accumulation and Promotes Plant Growth and Development in Arabidopsis.

Plant fatty acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterases terminate the process of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in plastids by hydrolyzing the acyl-ACP intermediates, and determine the chain length and levels of free fatty acids. They are of interest due to their roles in fatty acid synthesis and their potential to modify plant seed oils through biotechnology. Fatty acyl-ACP thioesterases (FAT) are divided into two families, i.e., FATA and FATB, according to their amino acid sequence and substrate specificity. The high oil content in Jatropha curcas L. seed has attracted global attention due to its potential for the production of biodiesel. However, the detailed effects of JcFATA and JcFATB on fatty acid biosynthesis and plant growth and development are still unclear. In this study, we found that JcFATB transcripts were detected in all tissues and organs examined, with especially high accumulation in the roots, leaves, flowers, and some stages of developing seeds, and JcFATA showed a very similar expression pattern. Subcellular localization of the JcFATA-GFP and JcFATB-GFP fusion protein in Arabidopsis leaf protoplasts showed that both JcFATA and JcFATB localized in chloroplasts. Heterologous expression of JcFATA and JcFATB in Arabidopsis thaliana individually generated transgenic plants with longer roots, stems and siliques, larger rosette leaves, and bigger seeds compared with those of the wild type, indicating the overall promotion effects of JcFATA and JcFATB on plant growth and development while JcFATB had a larger impact. Compositional analysis of seed oil revealed that all fatty acids except 22:0 were significantly increased in the mature seeds of JcFATA-transgenic Arabidopsis lines, especially unsaturated fatty acids, such as the predominant fatty acids of seed oil, 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3. In the mature seeds of the JcFATB-transgenic Arabidopsis lines, most fatty acids were increased compared with those in wild type too, especially saturated fatty acids, such as 16:0, 18:0, 20:0, and 22:0. Our results demonstrated the promotion effect of JcFATA and JcFATB on plant growth and development, and their possible utilization to modify the seed oil composition and content in higher plants.

Novel Fatty Acid Chain-Shortening by Fungal Peroxygenases Yielding 2C-Shorter Dicarboxylic Acids.

Unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs), the extracellular enzymes capable of oxygenating a potpourri of aliphatic and aromatic substrates with a peroxide as co-substrate, come out with a new reaction: carbon-chain shortening during the conversion of fatty acids with the well-known UPOs from Coprinopsis cinerea (rCciUPO) and Cyclocybe (Agrocybe) aegerita (AaeUPO). Although a pathway (Cα-oxidation) for shortening the hydrocarbon chain of saturated fatty acids has already been reported for the UPO from Marasmius rotula (MroUPO), it turned out that rCciUPO and AaeUPO shorten the chain length of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in a different way. Thus, the reaction sequence does not necessarily start at the Cα-carbon (adjacent to the carboxyl group), as in the case of MroUPO, but proceeds through the subterminal (ω-1 and ω-2) carbons of the chain via several oxygenations. This new type of shortening leads to the formation of a dicarboxylic fatty acid reduced in size by two carbon atoms in the first step, which can subsequently be further shortened, carbon by carbon, by the UPO Cα-oxidation mechanism.

Effect of stabilization and fatty acids chain length on the crystallization behavior of interesterified blends during storage

In this work, we studied the influence of fatty acid chain length and crystallization temperature on the crystallization behavior during the storage of binary blends modified by chemical interesterification. The blends were produced with soybean oil and fully hydrogenated oils from palm kernel, palm, soybean, microalgae, and crambe, evaluated separately, at a ratio of 50:50 (% w/w). The blends were crystallized by two crystalline stabilization methods. In method I, the samples were maintained at 25 °C for 24 h before the analyses. In method II, the samples were maintained at 5 °C for 24 h, followed by crystalline stabilization at 25 °C for 24 h before the analyses. The interesterification reaction caused considerable changes in the TAGs profile with increasing asymmetric TAGs. These TAGs changes promoted an increase in the crystallization induction time, a decrease in the maximum solids content, and changes in crystals morphology. The increase in the FAs chain length promoted the increased nucleation rate that influenced morphology crystals. Method II promoted a reduction in the medium diameter of crystals and the appearance of the β phase with storage time. For crystallization carried out at higher temperatures (method I), we observed that β’ was favored. Unusual polymorphic transitions were observed with storage time in samples with higher tristearin content. We identified clear correlations between the predominance of β’ phase in the interesterified blends and TAGs of S2U and SU2-type. In addition, the blends with a more diverse range of fatty acids concerning chain size also showed the β’ polymorph. β polymorph, on the other hand, was associated with symmetric TAGs, S3 and U3, and CN-54 type TAG. In this study, we used the Rietveld method to quantify the polymorphs and amorphous content in the blends before and after the randomization reaction. This approach allowed a deeper understanding of the crystalline behavior in the blends, which would be difficult to achieve by performing only a visual analysis of the X-ray diffractograms.

Preparing a wettability-controllable stainless-steel mesh and its oil–water separation performance

The ability to regulate and apply surface wettability has attracted much attention in the surface engineering field. In this study, a simple chemical etching method was used to construct a rough micro/nano structure on 304 stainless steel mesh; this rough surface was subsequently decorated with fatty acids of varying chain length to regulate wettability. The wettability, composition, and morphology of the surface were characterized and analyzed by measuring contact angles, and by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy . The superhydrophobic and superoleophilic properties of the mesh modified with long-chain fatty acids were examined for oil-water separation performance and reusability. The surface had a micro/nano hierarchical morphology with ordered carbon chains, and the hydrophilic-to-superhydrophobic transformation was achieved by adjusting the chain length of the fatty acid to deliver contact angles in the range of 30°~154°. The oil contact angle was always 0°, irrespective of the chain length fatty acid, and oil drops quickly penetrated the mesh surface. A fatty acid with a longer chain afforded a more hydrophobic and oleophilic mesh surface and better oil–water separation efficiency (up to 96%), which still exceeded 85% after 50 cycles of oil–water separation testing. Consequently, the prepared surface with controllable wettability has excellent prospects for use in intelligent response interfaces and oil–water separation applications.

Molecular dynamics simulations of duodenal self assembly in the presence of different fatty acids

A comprehensive understanding of dietary mixed micelle formation in the presence of lipid digestion products is crucial for an effective design of nutraceutical delivery systems. This study aimed to investigate the duodenal self-assembly of bile lipids and fatty acids (FA) with different characteristics via coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results show that increase in FA chain length and unsaturation degree lead to micelles with lower/higher fractions of FAs/bile salts (BS), lower core and surface packing densities, decreased ordering of lipid tails, thus more fluid internal structures. Our findings provide molecular insight into the instability of intestinal colloidal structures composed of long unsaturated FAs. We show the correlation between FA unsaturation degree and lipid packing density is a significant factor in determining the intermicellar BS concentrations. Overall, this study advances the knowledge in the field by establishing a more integral relationship between the FA characteristics and micelle structural properties over a wider range of FA types through MD simulations.

Metabolic engineering strategies to produce medium-chain oleochemicals via acyl-ACP:CoA transacylase activity

Microbial lipid metabolism is an attractive route for producing oleochemicals. The predominant strategy centers on heterologous thioesterases to synthesize desired chain-length fatty acids. To convert acids to oleochemicals (e.g., fatty alcohols, ketones), the narrowed fatty acid pool needs to be reactivated as coenzyme A thioesters at cost of one ATP per reactivation - an expense that could be saved if the acyl-chain was directly transferred from ACP- to CoA-thioester. Here, we demonstrate such an alternative acyl-transferase strategy by heterologous expression of PhaG, an enzyme first identified in Pseudomonads, that transfers 3-hydroxy acyl-chains between acyl-carrier protein and coenzyme A thioester forms for creating polyhydroxyalkanoate monomers. We use it to create a pool of acyl-CoA’s that can be redirected to oleochemical products. Through bioprospecting, mutagenesis, and metabolic engineering, we develop three strains of Escherichia coli capable of producing over 1 g/L of medium-chain free fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and methyl ketones.

Effects of two fatty acids on soy protein isolate/sodium alginate edible films: Structures and properties

The effects of chain length and concentration of different fatty acids (stearic acid and lauric acid) on the structure, physicochemical, and functional properties of soy protein isolate/sodium alginate films were assessed. Fourier transform-infrared spectra confirmed the presence of fatty acids within the films. Increasing the fatty acid chain length or concentration affected their uniform distribution, thereby increasing the opacity of the film modified with fatty acid. The concentration and type of fatty acid significantly affected the moisture barrier properties of the films. The films with stearic acid demonstrated higher hydrophobic characteristics and superior moisture barrier properties than other films. The films containing lauric acid exhibited higher elongation at break than those incorporating stearic acid. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated insoluble particles and more roughness in the films incorporated with fatty acids. These results show that biopolymer-based films with required properties can be produced using appropriate fatty acids.

Effect of pre-anodizing, electrocoating processes and fatty acid chain length on morphology, roughness and durability of ZnO-coated superhydrophobic surfaces

Effect of pre-anodizing, electrocoating processes and fatty acid chain length on morphology, roughness and durability of ZnO-coated superhydrophobic surfaces

Exogenous fatty acids affect membrane properties and cold adaptation of Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen that can grow at very low temperatures close to the freezing point of food and other matrices. Maintaining cytoplasmic membrane fluidity by changing its lipid composition is indispensable for growth at low temperatures. Its dominant adaptation is to shorten the fatty acid chain length and, in some strains, increase in addition the menaquinone content. To date, incorporation of exogenous fatty acid was not reported for Listeria monocytogenes. In this study, the membrane fluidity grown under low-temperature conditions was affected by exogenous fatty acids incorporated into the membrane phospholipids of the bacterium. Listeria monocytogenes incorporated exogenous fatty acids due to their availability irrespective of their melting points. Incorporation was demonstrated by supplementation of the growth medium with polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, and food lipid extracts, resulting in a corresponding modification of the membrane fatty acid profile. Incorporated exogenous fatty acids had a clear impact on the fitness of the Listeria monocytogenes strains, which was demonstrated by analyses of the membrane fluidity, resistance to freeze-thaw stress, and growth rates. The fatty acid content of the growth medium or the food matrix affects the membrane fluidity and thus proliferation and persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in food under low-temperature conditions.

Highly durable spray-coated superhydrophobic surface: Pre-anodizing and fatty acid chain length effect

Highly durable spray-coated superhydrophobic surface: Pre-anodizing and fatty acid chain length effect

Preparation of Highly Stable Oil-in-Water Emulsions with High Ethanol Content Using Polyglycerol Monofatty Acid Esters as Emulsifiers

Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions containing ethanol have been used in food, cosmetics, paints, and other applications. However, O/W emulsions with long-term stability are difficult to produce at high ethanol concentrations because the adsorption of the emulsifier at the O/W interface is restricted by ethanol. In this study, to resolve this issue, we prepared ethanol-containing O/W emulsions with high dispersion stability using a series of polyglycerol monofatty acid esters (PGFEs) with different fatty acid chain lengths, which are bio-safe nonionic surfactants, as emulsifiers. First, aqueous PGFE solutions containing 0-50 wt% ethanol were prepared and then O/W emulsions were formed using limonene as the oil phase. When decaglycerol stearic acid ester (DGMS, C18) was used as the emulsifier, an O/W emulsion with fine droplets (~30 nm in size) was successfully obtained at an ethanol concentration of 35 wt%. This emulsion remained stable for more than four weeks, during which no phase separation occurred, indicating its high dispersion stability. Furthermore, aqueous DGMS solutions containing 30-40 wt% ethanol were viscous, and a lamellar liquid crystal phase was observed to be dispersed in these solutions. The formation of this lamellar liquid crystal phase at the O/W interface led to an interfacial film with superior viscoelastic properties. The results suggested that the stability of the emulsions was determined by the balance between the decrease in interfacial tension caused by the addition of ethanol and the density (rigidity) of the DGMS film formed at the O/W interface. Finally, to further improve the dispersion stability of the ethanol-containing O/W-type emulsions, O/W emulsions were prepared using a mixture of two PGFEs with different degrees of glycerol polymerization, that is, systems having different hydrophilic-lipophilic balance values.

Manipulation of peptide-fatty acid bioconjugates on graphene: effects of fatty acid chain length and attachment point.

The non-destructive functionalisation of graphene in aqueous media is a critical process with the potential to enhance the versatility of the 2D nanosheet material as a technological enabler. This could also unlock strategies for a wider uptake of graphene in bio-related applications. Graphene functionalisation can be achieved using peptides that specifically recognise the carbon-based material, resulting in persistent non-covalent adsorption without damaging the nanosheet. Bio-conjugation of non-natural moieties with these peptides can incorporate multifunctionality, further extending the applicability of these interfaces. Here, bio-conjugates comprising a graphene-binding peptide with a fatty acid chain of varying length are investigated for their binding affinity and adsorbed structures at the aqueous graphene interface. Through an integration of quartz crystal microbalance and atomic force microscopy data with advanced sampling molecular simulations, variations in the binding of these bio-conjugates is determined. Conjugation at either terminus led to good interfacial contact, and for a given attachment point, the changes in the fatty acid length did not substantially disrupt the conformations of the adsorbed peptide domain. These findings provide a solid foundation for designing multi-functional bio-interfaces for sensing and healthcare.

Effects of sonication on fatty acid chain length and emulsion stability in curry gravy: A potential approach for satiation perception enhancement

The present study aimed to evaluate the varied sonication amplitudes (60–100%) on the physicochemical properties of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT)-based and long-chain triglyceride (LCT)-based in curry gravy. This work also aimed to determine the effects of the sonicated curry gravy at optimum amplitude and in-vitro lipid digestibility as the potential indication of satiation perception. Curry gravy was chosen as food model in this study as it is one of the most preferred meals in South-East Asia countries. The application of sonication treatment significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the droplet size of MCT-based curry gravy from 119 μm to the smallest 29 μm (sonicated at 80%) and LCT-based curry gravy from 132.5 μm to the smallest 29 μm (sonicated at 70%). Sonication treatment increased the lightness of MCT-based and LCT-based curry gravy from 33.67 to 52.10 and 33.50 to 50.50, respectively. The increase of sonication amplitudes increased the consistent flow index of MCT-based (from 0.05 to range 0.24–0.60) and LCT-based curry (from 0.05 to range 0.20–0.27). All sonicated samples exhibited shear-thinning behaviour. The rate of fatty acid released during in vitro lipid digestibility increased by at least 30% for both MCT-based and LCT-based curry gravy after sonication at 80% amplitude. Results obtained indicate effectiveness of sonication in potentially prolonging satiation perception by producing small fat globule droplets size, more even and stable emulsion with greater viscosity independent of the fatty acid chain length (MCT or LCT). It provides useful information in developing food emulsion system with enhanced satiating power predominantly in appetite control.