ABSTRACT This study examined how participation in a university golf elective shaped students’ leisure satisfaction and how these experiences were associated with learning and identity development in higher education sport programs. Using a mixed-methods design, survey data were collected from 469 students across 10 Chinese universities, followed by 20 semi-structured interviews with students and course coordinators. Quantitative findings showed that golf participants reported significantly higher leisure satisfaction than students in badminton and fitness training across all six Leisure Satisfaction Measure dimensions, with all comparisons reaching significance at p < 0.005. Qualitative findings further showed that students experienced golf as reflective, low-pressure, and personally meaningful, with educational meaning, psychological satisfaction, and social value emerging as the most prominent themes. Together, the findings highlight the educational and developmental value of leisure-oriented electives in higher education sport programs.

This study explores the role of leisure satisfaction as a potential moderator in the relationship between feelings of loneliness and subjective wellbeing among older adults. Data were drawn from a survey of a stratified random sample of residents living in a southwestern region of Ontario, Canada, during the fall of 2022, and focused on respondents who are 65 years of age and older (n = 1,391). Results of moderation analyses suggest that leisure satisfaction significantly mitigates the negative association between feelings of loneliness and life satisfaction. Additionally, the interaction of leisure satisfaction and marital status exhibits a combined moderating effect on the loneliness and life satisfaction association. The findings advance our understanding of the perceived benefits of leisure in the theoretical framework concerning loneliness and subjective wellbeing and emphasize the importance of addressing the heterogeneity of the elderly population. Implications and future study directions are discussed accordingly.

ABSTRACT Background Emotional dysregulation, defined as difficulties in monitoring, evaluating, and modulating emotional responses in accordance with situational demands, has been increasingly linked to psychosocial functioning among university students. Purpose This study examined the association between leisure-time engagement, leisure satisfaction, physical activity, and emotional dysregulation among undergraduates in a Nigerian university context. Methods Using a cross-sectional correlational design, involving 446 students using stratified random sampling techniques. The Brief Emotional Dysregulation Scale (BEDS), Leisure Satisfaction Measure (LSM), and Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQS) were used in data collection. Descriptive statistics were used to determine prevalence rates, while Pearson correlation, multiple regression, and moderation analyses were conducted using the Hayes PROCESS Macro to examine relationships among the study variables. Results The prevalence of moderate emotional dysregulation was 59.6 (20.1% reporting low and 20.2% reporting high levels). There was a positive relationship between leisure satisfaction and physical activity (r = .41, p < .01) and negative relationship between leisure satisfaction and emotional dysregulation (r = -.34, p < .01). Emotional dysregulation was also negatively correlated with physical activity (r = -.55, p < .01). Moderation analysis revealed that the positive influence of satisfaction with leisure on emotional regulation was enhanced by the promotion by physical activity (β = .72, p = .05). Conclusion The findings underscore the significance of structured leisure activities and regular exercise in promoting emotional stability among university students. Translation to Health Education Practice Interventions that encourage balanced leisure and physical activity would significantly help reduce emotional dysregulation, thereby improving students’ mental health and academic performance. These relationships should be further investigated in future research in different populations and settings.

Stroke survivors often need long-term care, with family members serving as primary caregivers. This study examined the interplay between occupational balance, leisure satisfaction, coping, sleep quality, and the mental component of quality of life among caregivers of individuals with stroke. A total of 150 caregivers completed the Occupational Balance Questionnaire, Leisure Satisfaction Scale, Revised-Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were conducted to identify predictors. Leisure satisfaction was the strongest predictor of sleep quality. The mental component of quality of life was predicted by occupational balance, sleep quality, and leisure satisfaction. Occupational balance was predicted by leisure satisfaction, coping, the mental component of quality of life, and sleep quality. Leisure satisfaction emerged as a key factor influencing occupational balance, sleep quality, and mental well-being, highlighting its role in caregiver support.

Using data from 857 young adults (18 to 35 years-old), we explored how satisfaction with education, work, romantic, and leisure experiences were associated with flourishing. We found associations between satisfaction and flourishing, even when accounting for having completed salient developmental tasks related to education, work, romantic relationships, and leisure. Although we did not find that gender (cisgender women compared to cisgender men) or developmental stage (emerging adult compared to early established adult) moderated associations between developmental domain satisfaction and flourishing, we did find gender and developmental stage differences in education, work, and leisure satisfaction as well as developmental task completion within those domains. By incorporating subjective satisfaction, this study offers nuance for understanding the transition to adulthood and the diverse ways individuals experience it.

IntroductionAs a traditional martial art, Taekwondo’s modern identity as a leisure activity for adults is increasingly contested, particularly in its country of origin. This study investigates this phenomenon by examining the motivational structure that underpins adult participation.MethodsFocusing on the relationships between participation motivation, leisure satisfaction, and continuance intention, data from 233 adult practitioners in South Korea, consisting primarily of young male students, were analysed using a structural equation model (SEM).ResultsThe findings reveal a significant shift in leisure values. It is observed that traditional motivations such as ‘self-development’ and ‘family’ orientation were excluded during the measurement validation phase, which may indicate a reweighting of motivational structures or potential measurement adequacy issues within this specific cohort. Instead, while health and social motivations remain relevant, entertainment orientation emerges as the primary driver for both satisfaction and continued participation.DiscussionThis result challenges the conventional understanding of discipline-focused activities within leisure studies, suggesting that the pursuit of fun and enjoyment is becoming a central tenet even in traditional practices. The findings suggest the possibility that prioritizing experiential and hedonic aspects may be necessary to ensure the sustained relevance of such activities among specific demographics, such as young adult practitioners.

Military families face unique challenges that can impact their leisure activities. This study aimed to assess the types and levels of engagement, and the degree of satisfaction with leisure in military families in Lubuskie Province. The Core and Balance Model of Family Leisure Functioning (CBM) was used to explore the relationship between core and balance activities and the level of satisfaction with family leisure involvement. Three standardized questionnaires were used: the Family Leisure Activity Profile (FLAP), the Family Leisure Satisfaction Scale (FLSS), and the Satisfaction with Family Life (SWFL). The sample consisted of 26 Polish families (52 individuals). Core activities were found to be more popular, but preferences and engagement patterns varied between adults and children. Parents tended to be more involved in core activities, while children preferred balance activities. Correlations between participation and satisfaction varied across age groups, highlighting different leisure needs and experiences within families. Findings point to the importance of tailoring leisure programs to the specific needs of both adults and children with a view to enhancing family functioning.

Does leisure satisfaction enhance visitors' mental health in peri-urban forest parks? Evidence from a mixed-methods study

Background and objective: This study aimed to suggest appropriate directions for ecotourism in recreational forest by examining the relationship among ecotourism selection attributes, leisure satisfaction and quality of life (QoL).Methods: First, exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify the key determinants of ecotourism selection attributes, leisure satisfaction and QoL in Chukryeongsan Recreational Forest. Second, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the goodness-of-fit of the proposed research model. Third, the hypotheses of relationships among ecotourism selection attributes, leisure satisfaction, and QoL were tested using structural equation modeling.Results: Ecotourism selection attributes—educational effect, ecological exploration facilities, convenience facilities —had significant effects on tourists' leisure satisfaction, with the exceptions of forest therapy and natural scenery. Additionally, certain ecotourism selection attributes, including educational effect, forest therapy, natural scenery, were positively correlated with tourists' QoL, whereas ecological exploration facilities and convenience facilities showed no significant correlation. Furthermore, tourists' leisure satisfaction was found to be positively associated with QoL.Conclusion: The findings suggest that sufficient exploration infrastructure and environmental interpretation are essential for advancing leisure satisfaction. Moreover, the effects of forest therapy and environmental education in recreational forests are necessary to improve QoL by promoting an active and healthy lifestyle. Highly satisfying leisure experiences can revitalize individuals, infusing their lives with renewed energy and vitality, and ultimately contributing to a healthier QoL.

Alcohol Dependence and Depression in Older Adults: The Mediating Role of Leisure Satisfaction and the Moderating Role of Economic Activity

The aim of this study is to determine the levels of leisure time satisfaction among individuals who engage in digital sports and to examine differences based on demographic and participation variables. The study employed a descriptive survey model with a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 381 digital sports participants (188 males, 193 females) selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using the “Leisure Satisfaction Scale (LSS).” Since the data were not normally distributed, non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H) were utilized for statistical analysis. The results indicated that male participants exhibited significantly higher satisfaction scores in the relaxation sub-dimension compared to females (p < .05). Participants who earned income from digital sports reported significantly higher physical (p < .01) and aesthetic (p = .05) satisfaction levels. Conversely, participants who did not engage in competitions demonstrated higher psychological satisfaction compared to competitive players (p < .01). Furthermore, individuals engaging in physical exercise 3–5 days per week reported significantly higher satisfaction in the social, relaxation, physical, and aesthetic sub-dimensions (p < .05). In conclusion, digital sports contribute to leisure satisfaction multifacetedly; however, this impact is significantly modulated by gender, competitive status, and physical activity frequency.

This study reframes late-night smartphone use among Chinese young adults beyond pathologizing it as self-regulation failure. Integrating self-determination theory with social acceleration theory, we conceptualize this behavior as a strategic temporal negotiation to reclaim personal time. Structural equation modeling (n = 503) reveals that perceived leisure freedom and leisure satisfaction primarily drive behavioral intention, while perceived short-term risk deters it. Perceived long-term risk and guilt show no significant impact on intention. Perceived time constraint intensifies actual behavior, while social control paradoxically reinforces rather than limits it. Although self-control significantly reduces behavioral enactment, it cannot eliminate underlying motivational drivers. These findings reveal a tripartite negotiation: leisure benefits versus health risks, pleasure versus guilt, and personal autonomy versus social order. We theorize this as “strategic connected deceleration”—an adaptive response whereby individuals use technology to secure autonomous time amid systemic acceleration. Interventions should address structural time pressure rather than exclusively targeting individual discipline.

The study aimed to compare anxiety, stress, sleep quality, occupational pattern and leisure satisfaction of pregnant women in different trimesters. Pregnant women who came for routine check-ups (n = 156) were evaluated in clinics and family health centers. The pregnant women's anxiety, perceived stress levels, sleep quality, occupational pattern, occupational balance, and leisure time satisfaction were measured using the Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI), Modified Activity Questionnaire (MOQ), Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ11-T), and Leisure Satisfaction Scale (LSS), respectively. The PASS and PSS total scores in the second and third trimesters were similar, yet higher than in the first trimester (F = 13.496, F = 39.401; p < 0.001, respectively). The PSQI and QBQ11-T total scores were highest in the first trimester and gradually decreased in the second and third trimesters (F = 25.029, F = 30.108; p < 0.001, respectively). The mean sports repetition was similar in the second and third trimesters and lower than in the first trimester (F = 14.087, p < 0.001). The LSS total scores were similar in the second and third trimesters and lower than in the first trimester (p < 0.05). The anxiety and perceived stress levels increased, and occupational balance and sleep quality deteriorated gradually throughout the trimesters. It may be important for the pregnancy curriculum for health professionals working with pregnant women to consider the impact of the changes on participation in daily life.

This study aimed to examine the moderating effect of leisure satisfaction on the relationship between self-esteem and career decision-making self-efficacy among college students who participate in leisure activities. The study targeted Korean college students and employed purposive sampling among college students participating in a health-training club in Metropolitan City D. A total of 350 questionnaires were distributed, of which 310 were used in the final analysis after excluding insincere responses. The results showed that, first, self-esteem had a positive effect on career decision-making self-efficacy, confirming that self-esteem is an important psychological resource in college students' career adaptation. Second, leisure satisfaction also had a significant positive effect on career decision-making self-efficacy, demonstrating that college students' leisure experiences contribute to the development of career-related confidence. Third, a significant interaction effect between self-esteem and leisure satisfaction was found, confirming that leisure satisfaction moderates the relationship between the two variables. In particular, the Johnson–Neyman analysis revealed that the influence of self-esteem was greater in groups with low levels of leisure satisfaction, and that the effect weakened beyond a certain level. These results suggest the need for integrated support that considers leisure satisfaction in career guidance and counseling for college students.

ABSTRACT Objective This research evaluates the Polish version of the Family Leisure Satisfaction Scale's (FLSS) psychometric properties and its alignment with the original scale's single‐factor structure. Background The FLSS was used to measure the degree of satisfaction that family members derive from their leisure activities together. This work extends prior research, the first stage of which involved the Polish cultural adaptation of the Family Leisure Activity Profile questionnaire. Method The scale structure was subjected to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). CFA demonstrated a good fit of the model to the data based on a sample of 494 Polish individuals from 247 families, including parents and children (aged 11–16 years). Results All fit indicators were satisfactory, allowing the two models to fit the data very well: comparative fit index (CFI) = .93 to .94 (Model 1) and CFI = .92 to .95 (Model 2); Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) = .91 to .92 (Model 1) and TLI = .91 to .93 (Model 2); standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR) = .063 to .069 (Model 1) and SRMR = .062 to .070 (Model 2); root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = .077 to .82 (Model 1) and RMSEA = .072 to .077 (Model 2). The results show a high level of internal consistency: Cronbach's α = .92 to .93, intraclass correlation coefficient (2 k) = .91 to .94. Conclusion The results confirm that the scale retains its original single‐factor structure, which is essential for its applicability to different cultural settings. Implications By confirming the scale's validity and reliability, this research contributes to the broader field of family leisure studies in Poland and supports initiatives to enhance family cohesion through shared activities. It will probably be used as a basis for future international studies of family assessment tools.

This research aims to examine the relationship between leisure activity (LA) and life satisfaction (LS) to understand the factors that contribute to the well-being of Generation Z. The research subjects consisted of 159 Generation Z individuals who enjoy staycations and were analyzed using the Leisure Satisfaction Scale and the Satisfaction with Life Scale through a correlational quantitative approach. The data analysis technique used was Spearman’s rho correlation because the data were not normally distributed. The results indicate a positive and significant relationship between the two variables, with a correlation coefficient of (). These findings suggest that the higher the quality and frequency of leisure activities, the higher the level of life satisfaction experienced by the participants. Therefore, leisure activity and staycations are proven to be important elements in maintaining the subjective well-being of Generation Z. This study is expected to raise public awareness of the importance of leisure time to enhance life satisfaction.

Purpose The ski tourism industry in China is undergoing rapid development, prompting an increasing need to understand how experience effects consumption behavior (CB). Based on the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) theoretical framework, this study constructs an integrative model to examine how participation motivation (PM) generates ski tourism experience by influencing tourism satisfaction (TS)/leisure satisfaction (LS), thereby affecting CB. Design/methodology/approach A structured survey was administered to 548 ski tourists across selected resorts in China, and the proposed relationships were empirically tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). Findings The findings reveal that PM exerts a direct positive effect on CB, with self-development (SD) identified as the most influential motivational dimension. Moreover, PM indirectly impacts CB through TS, where entertainment-orientation (EO) and resultant satisfaction emerge as critical mediators. In parallel, the analysis confirms an additional indirect pathway via LS, highlighting the mediating roles of social-orientation (SO), entertainment-orientation (EO) and social satisfaction (SS). Collectively, these results validate the S-O-R paradigm in the context of ski tourism: PM (stimulus) significantly influences TS and LS (organism), which in turn drive CB (response). Research limitations/implications First, Although data collection during the peak ski season at a major resort allowed us to capture visitors' immediate experiential states, the identified relationships should be regarded as theoretically informed associations rather than definitive causal effects. Future research employing longitudinal, cross-lagged, or experimental designs is needed to rigorously verify temporal ordering and underlying mechanisms. Second, the measurement of participation motivation (PM) was limited to four core dimensions: entertainment, health, skill enhancement and social interaction. This excludes other relevant motivators such as family obligations, adventure-seeking or self-expression. Subsequent studies should conceptualize PM as a multidimensional construct to better elucidate its complex interplay with tourist satisfaction and consumption patterns. Third, although this study captures the psychological mechanisms underlying ski tourism experience, it does not directly measure the behavioral or situational components of experiential encounters. Future studies could integrate both behavioral metrics (e.g. duration, activity logs and GPS trajectories) and contextual information (e.g. social interaction patterns and environmental features) to complement the psychological constructs used here. Finally, discrete emotion scales (e.g. the destination emotion scale) can provide finer-grained measurement of specific affective states. Future research should incorporate such scales to disentangle the distinct effects of discrete emotions (e.g. love, joy and surprise) from general satisfaction. Practical implications Clarify how understanding participation motivation and its impact on satisfaction can guide ski resorts to design more targeted services, reduce product uniformity and foster consumer loyalty in a rapidly evolving market. Social implications Clarify how ski tourism experience affects consumption behavior, provide reference for ski resorts to implement precision marketing and service innovation, and thus promote the broader development of the global ice and snow economy. Originality/value The study not only provides theoretical insights into ski tourism experience and consumption behavior, but also offers practical implications for destination marketing strategies. These contributions are anticipated to inform more targeted promotional efforts and support the sustainable growth of the global ski tourism industry.

ObjectiveGrowing concern has emerged regarding the mental health of young adults, particularly within university settings where academic and psychosocial pressures are prominent. Exercise motivation (EM), conceptualized within self-determination theory (SDT), especially intrinsic and identified regulation, has been associated with psychological well-being. However, the structural associations among exercise motivation (EM), leisure satisfaction (LS), psychological resilience (PR), and self-efficacy (SE) in young adults remain insufficiently clarified.MethodsThis cross-sectional study examined these associations in a sample of 437 university students aged 18–23 years in China. Data were collected through validated self-report instruments and analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).ResultsThe results indicated that exercise motivation was positively associated with leisure satisfaction (β = 0.794, p < 0.001), leisure satisfaction was positively associated with psychological resilience (β = 0.342, p < 0.001), and PR was positively associated with self-efficacy (β = 0.228, p < 0.001). Sequential mediation analysis showed that leisure satisfaction and PR jointly accounted for a significant indirect association between EM and SE (β = 0.062, p = 0.001). Model fit indices (SRMR = 0.055; NFI = 0.847) indicated an acceptable level of fit within the prediction-oriented PLS-SEM approach.ConclusionThese findings indicate that exercise motivation is statistically associated with psychological resources among young adults. Although causal inferences cannot be drawn due to the cross-sectional design, the study contributes to understanding motivational processes within the SDT framework and provides directions for future longitudinal research.

IntroductionThe aim of this quantitative study is to examine the relationship between life satisfaction and leisure time satisfaction among teachers working in the private education sector.MethodsThe study's population includes 1,535 teachers employed at 115 private schools in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. A sample of 308 teachers was selected using a stratified sampling method. Data were collected through a personal information form, the Leisure Time Satisfaction Scale (LTSS), and the Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS). The data analysis was conducted using SPSS 26 software and parametric tests.Results and discussionFemale teachers, preschool educators, and full-time teachers in private schools tend to have higher satisfaction with their leisure activities. Furthermore, female teachers and those working full-time demonstrate significantly greater overall levels of life satisfaction. Correlation analysis indicates a strong and significant positive relationship between life satisfaction and leisure satisfaction. Furthermore, the regression analysis revealed a significant association between various sub-dimensions of leisure satisfaction and life satisfaction.

Leisure activities play a pivotal role in enhancing the overall well-being and quality of life in people with schizophrenia. Leisure lifestyle and satisfaction provide important leisure-related information on how people with schizophrenia effectively engage in and benefit from leisure activities. The aim of the study was to develop a new measure with two sections (leisure lifestyle and leisure satisfaction): the leisure LIfestyle and SAtisfaction measure (LISA). Literature review, expert consultation, and cognitive interviews were conducted to develop and verify the content of the two sections. The leisure satisfaction section was examined for construct validity, Rasch reliability, and ceiling/floor effects. Eight experts reviewed the content, and 15 people with schizophrenia participated in a cognitive interview. Subsequently, 200 people with schizophrenia from one psychiatric center completed the two sections of the measure. The leisure lifestyle section comprised three items designed to assess personal values associated with engaging in leisure activities and preferences for leisure activities in the present and future. The leisure satisfaction section included 14 items to assess the level of satisfaction derived from engagement in leisure activities and demonstrated unidimensionality with infit and outfit mean squares ranging from 0.77 to 1.27 and 0.75 to 1.27, respectively, while the eigenvalue of the first contrast was 2.2. The leisure satisfaction section showed a sufficient Rasch reliability of 0.90 and no ceiling/floor effect (0.5-3.5%). The LISA can simultaneously assess leisure lifestyle and satisfaction, offering detailed insights into the leisure activities that people with schizophrenia are attracted to and their perceived enjoyment of these activities. The participants of this study were recruited from a single institution and we excluded people with schizophrenia with severe cognitive impairments, which may restrict generalizability. Future research is warranted to recruit people with schizophrenia from multiple institutions to cross-validate our findings.