Family Leguminosae Research Articles

Genetic Variability, Correlation Co-efficient and Path Analysis in Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Genotypes

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) is an important oil seed and grain legume crop in the world and a perspective high potential crop in Bangladesh. It belongs to the family Leguminosae, sub-family papilionaceae and genus Glycine. An experiment was conducted with 14 genotypes of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to study the variability, correlation coefficient, and path analysis. Analysis of variance for each trait showed significant differences among the genotypes. The genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were close to each other for all the characters except the leaf area index, indicating the minor environmental influence on the expression of these characters. High heritability associated with high genetic advance in percent of mean was observed for leaf area index, number of seeds per plant, 100 seed weight, and yield, which pointed out that selection for these characters, would be effective. The significant positive correlation with seed yield was found in pod length and 100 seed weight which revealed that selection based on these traits would improve yield ultimately. Path coefficient analysis evidenced that 50% flowering, pod length, days to 1st pod maturity, number of seed per plant and 100 seed weight had a positive direct effect on yield per plant. Therefore, importance must be given to these characters in further breeding programs to improve soybean yield.

EFFECT OF PRE-SOWING TREATMENT ON SEED GERMINATION OF LOHAKATH (XYLIA KERRII CRAIB & HUTCH.)

Lohakath (Xylia kerrii Craib & Hutch.), a valuable timber species in Bangladesh, belongs to the family Leguminosae. Morphology of fruits, seeds and the effect pre-sowing treatments of seeds were studied. The average length, breath and thickness of fruits were found 13.3, 5.3 and 0.8 cm respectively and those of seeds were 1.4, 0.3 and 0.3 cm respectively. Number of seeds per kilogram was 5000-5400. The germination test was done by sowing the seeds in polybags (4 cm x 6 cm) filled with a mixture of topsoil, coconut husk compost, coarse sand and fine sand in the ratio of 3:4:1:1. The highest germination percentage (98%) was found in scarification with sand paper. The lowest germination percentage (53%) was found in control. About 87% was found in hot water (80 °C) immersion (10 minutes), 84% was found in 80% concentrated H2SO4, 63% was found in immersion in cold water (4 °C) for 12 hours. As the use of sulphuric acid and scarification techniques are somewhat risky and trouble some, therefore, pre-sowing treatment of Lohakath seed for germination in rural Bangladesh could be hot water immersion method.

Genetic Analysis of Green Pod Yield in Table Pea [Pisum sativum var. hortense

Background: Garden pea (Pisum sativum L. var. hortense) belongs to family leguminosae is an important legume vegetable grown throughout the world during cool season. It is self pollinated pulse crop with chromosome number 2n = 2x = 14. Based on genetic diversity its primary centre of origin is Mediterranean region. It is used as fresh vegetable and processed frozen vegetable in India and abroad. It is good source of vegetarian protein (6.8%-7.2%) which is consumed as green seed. The experiment was carried out to estimate the GCA effect of parents and SCA effect of 28 hybrids for green pod yield and its related traits using eight parents in crossing programme. Methods: In this experiment crosses was made in 2018-2019 using diallel mating design (excluding reciprocal crosses) and the data investigated in 2019-2020 at Vegetable Research Farm of C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technolgy, Kanpur. Result: In our investigation combining ability analysis revealed significant GCA and SCA for all characters. On the basis of gca effect of parents AP1, KS111, KS282 were good general combiners. Based on SCA effect crosses KS282 x Kashi Nandani, KS280 x Kashi Nandani, AP3 x KS282 were good specific combination for pod yield per plant. Such crosses could be further exploited to obtain transgressive segregants in future breeding programme.

Performance of Cluster Bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) under Varying Levels of Irrigation and Nitrogen

Background: Clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) is important commercial crop which belongs to family Leguminosae and has capacity to fix the atmospheric nitrogen. The nitrogen fixed by the legume crop is not enough to meet the demand of short duration crop like clusterbean. Besides, the experimental site falls under arid region where drought stress and poor distribution of rain during the crop growing cycle is common which affects the crop growth and productivity. Drawing on these insights, the study was planned to assess the performance of cluster bean with objectives to quantify water balance and to calculate suitable levels of irrigation and nitrogen. Methods: The experiment was conducted at research farm, Agricultural research sub-station, Hanumangarh, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner during Kharif, 2016. Cluster bean variety RGC-1055 with seed rate of 16 kg ha-1 was planted with 3 levels of irrigation (100, 200 and 300 mm) and 4 levels of nitrogen (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1) and analyzed in split plot design with three replications. Result: Results showed by that the irrigation and nitrogen application rates significantly influenced the growth parameters, yield, nitrogen content and uptake by cluster bean. Irrigation level 200 mm significantly increased leaf area index at 60 DAS (2.62), dry matter accumulation (DMA) at 60 DAS and harvest (16.51 and 42.62 g plant-1), crop growth rate at 30-60 DAS and at harvest (0.36 and 0.62 g m-2 day-1), relative growth rate at 60- at harvest (1.59 g g-1 day-1), grain yield (1624 kg ha-1), straw yield (3645 kg ha-1) and biological yield (5270 kg ha-1) over irrigation level 100 mm, but statistically at par with irrigation level 300 mm. However, leaf area index at harvest (1.24) was highest at 300 mm irrigation level. Nitrogen level at 40 kg ha-1 significantly increased leaf area index at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest (0.19, 2.65 and 1.16), dry matter accumulation at 60 DAS and at harvest (19.62 and 49.58 g plant-1), crop growth rate at 30-60 DAS and 60- harvest (0.46 and 0.71 g m-2 day-1), relative growth rate at 30-60 DAS and 60-harvest (1.26 and 1.66 g g-1 day-1), grain yield (1668 kg ha-1), straw yield (3696 kg ha-1) and biological yield (5364 kg ha-1) over control. The highest nitrogen content and uptake in grain and straw was obtained with irrigation level at 300 mm and nitrogen level @ 60 kg ha-1.

GENOTYPICAL VARIATIONS AND ASSOCIATION BETWEEN GRAM POD BORER (HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA) AND PHYSIO-MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN GRAM (CICER ARIETINUM L.)

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) commonly known as gram is a widely cultivated grain legume crop in the Leguminosae (Fabaceae) family. Gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) is known as the most damaging pest of chickpea that damages various parts of plants at different growth stages. Various physio-morphological characteristics tend to affect the infestation of pod borer as pod wall thickness, pod trichomes density, and pod color. For this purpose, research was conducted in the field area of Entomological Research Institute, AARI, Faisalabad. Nine Kabuli chickpea genotypes i.e. PCK-15001, PCK-15019, PCK-16010, PCK-16027, PCK-17001, PCK-17007, PCK-17018, PCK-17030, and NOOR-2019 were sown under RCBD design having three replications. The results showed that the genotype “PCK-17030” had a significantly highest population of pod borer of 0.97larvae/plant and showed the highest pod damage of 7.39% while the genotype“PCK-16027” was the lowest infested with 0.69 larvae/plant of pod borer. On the other hand, the genotype “Noor-2019” showed the lowest pod damage of 6.42%. It is, therefore, concluded that pod wall thickness and density of pod trichomes had a negative relation to the damage of pod borer. As regards pod color, it was observed that there was the maximum pod borer damage in the genotypes having green colored pods as compared to the genotypes having pods with yellowish brown streaks.

Characterization of the Complete Chloroplast Genome of Four Species in Callerya.

Callerya reticulata (Bentham) Schot, Callerya dielsiana (Harms) P.K. Loc ex Z. Wei & Pedley, Callerya nitida var. hirsutissima (Z. Wei) X.Y. Zhu, and Callerya nitida (Bentham) R. Geesink, which belongs to the Leguminosae family, are important medicinal plants in China. The genus Callerya includes 26 species, 18 species are distributed in China, and the vine stems of some species are used as traditional medicinal herbs because they have important pharmacological activity. Due to the high similarity of appearance, it is difficult to identify them in the market by appearance alone. Therefore, circulating of Callerya-related materia medica on the market is confusing, sometimes even leading to drug safety problems. It is urgent to develop molecular methods for their identification. To sequence and analyze the complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of C. reticulata, C. dielsiana, C. nitida var. hirsutissima, and C. nitida and to analyze their cp genome differences as a basis for seeking easier DNA barcoding for their identification. After using Illumina high-throughput sequencing and nanopore sequencing to obtain the genome data, some bioinformatics software was used to assembly and analyze the molecular structure of cp genomes. The complete cp genomes of the four species were circular molecules, which ranged from 130 435 to 132 546 bp, and GC contents ranged from 33.89% to 34.89%. Each of them includes a large single-copy region, a small single-copy region, and without large inverted repeat regions. These results suggested that highly variable regions of the four cp genomes would provide useful plastid markers, which could be used as a potential genomic resource to resolve phylogenetic questions and provide a reference for mining specific DNA barcodes of these species. Our study provided highly effective molecular markers for subsequent phylogenetic analysis, species identification, and biogeographic analysis of Callerya.

Best Row Ratio Combinations of Agronomic Crops in the Intercropping System: An Overview

The quality of soil and water, as well as the preservation of biodiversity, are negatively impacted by intensive agricultural systems. High biodiversity regulates how intercropping evolves. Contrastingly, monocultures are used in intensive agriculture systems, along with substantial inputs of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. One strategy for boosting diversity in an agricultural ecosystem is intercropping. Intercropping systems improve environmental harmony, increased resource use efficiency, enhance the quantity and quality of goods, and less damage from pests, diseases, and weeds. Leguminosae family plants are preferable for intercropping even though they fix more biological nitrogen, thus enriching soil fertility. Intercropping is significant in many subsistence or low-input/resource-limited agricultural systems, which are on the periphery of modern intensive agriculture. Thus, opting for suitable combinations of crops with an optimum row ratio will be more profitable, ecologically sound, and economically viable.

Ayurvedic Immunomodulatory Drugs showing Pharmacological effects in Healthcare System

Ayurvedic system of medicine display a wealth of pharmacological properties. The ayurvedic system of medicine is one of the oldest systems of medicine and includes various ethno pharmacological activities such as immunostimulation, tonic, neurostimulation, anti-ageing, antibacterial, anti-viral, anti-rheumatic, anticancer, adapt genic, etc. The present review focuses on plant profile, pharmacological activities especially immunomodulation, uses (Traditional and medicinal), side effects and marketed products, and also the survey of all people who are aware, and what they consume for boosting immunity. The whole plant as well as plant parts such as the Fruit of piperlongum are used traditionally and is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae. Asparagus racemosus is an important medicinal plant of tropical and subtropical India of family Liliaeceae. Liquorice is the most widely used herb from the ancient medical history of Ayurveda as a medicine as well as a flavoring herb with family leguminosae Guduchi is a well-known immune-modulator herb used in the correction of auto immunity of family Menispermaeceae. Turmeric is an Indian rhizomatous herbal plant (Curcuma longa) of the ginger family zingiberaceae of well-known medical benefits. The sources of review paper were PubMed, research gate, Science Direct, kokate (BOOK). However Research has been done from ancient time and various research papers are published so awareness of these drugs and ayurvedic drugs should be done for betterment of health care system.

Carob: A Sustainable Opportunity for Metabolic Health.

Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is an evergreen tree that belongs to the Leguminosae family and grows in the arid and semi-arid regions of the Mediterranean basin. The carob tree is resistant to droughts and salinity, while its deep root systems allow CO2 to sink, mitigating global warming effects. Traditionally, carob has been used to produce animal feed, but for many years, it was excluded from the human diet. Nowadays, agricultural and industrial sectors exploit carob fruit, also referred to as carob pod, and its primary products (i.e., flour, powder and syrup) to develop a variety of foods and beverages. The nutritional composition varies depending on the carob part but also on genetic, cultivar, seasonal and environmental factors. Despite the high sugar content, the carob pod is rich in insoluble fiber and microconstituents including phenolic compounds, inositols (mainly d-pinitol) and vitamins. In the present review article, we aimed to (a) highlight the role of carob cultivation in addressing climate change challenges and the need for sustainability, and (b) summarize the effects of carob consumption on obesity and related metabolic disorders.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ACACIA NILOTICA AGAINST SOME BACTERIAL ISOLATES ASSOCIATED WITH WOUND INFECTIONS

The search for biologically active compounds extracted from traditionally used plants is relevant due to the increasing resistance of bacteria to synthetic antibiotics and the occurrence of fatal opportunistic infections. Acacia nilotica, of the family leguminosae, is one of the oldest existing plant species having various therapeutic, biological and ethno-botanical claims and has diverse medicinal properties. This study was designed to determine the antimicrobial activity of leaf and stem-bark extract of Acacia nilotica against some bacterial isolates associated with wound infections. Leaf and stem-bark of Acacia nilotica plant was collected, identified, dried and extracted with 100% ethanol. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts and the fractions were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (SA), Bacillus subtilis (BS), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and Escherichia coli (EC) using agar well diffusion technique. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the leaf and stem-bark extract was determined using microbroth dilution method. Phytochemical screening was carried out on the extracts and the leaf extract was subjected to liquid-liquid fractionation where n-hexane, ethyl acetate and residual aqueous fractions were obtained. The leaf and stem-bark extracts of Acacia nilotica were both active against the test organisms, but the leaf extract was more active. Antimicrobial activity against SA was the highest (at diameter zone of inhibition of 32.00±0.00 mm); and was observed in with the leaf extract. The MICs of the extracts against the organisms were 15.6-31.3 mg/ml (leaf) and 125 mg/ml (stem-bark); and the MBCs were 31.3 mg/ml (leaf) and 250 mg/ml (stem-bark). Tannins, flavonoids, phenols

A Review on Bauhinia Variegata and its Phytoconstituents

Kachnar (Bauhinia variegata) is a common drug of the Ayurvedic system of medicine used in different Ayurvedic formulation for the treatment of various ailments. Kachnar is a member of the Leguminosae family and is widely produced in the tropical regions of world and countries such as Asia, China, India, Bhutan, and Thailand. All parts of Kachnar are enriched with medicinal and nutritional efficiency including the roots, leaves, bark, stem and flowers. A class of phytochemicals like protein, amino acid, fixed oils, fats, phenolic compounds, tannins and saponins are found in Kachnar. Kachnar is used to treat goiter, pain, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, ulceration and it shows various proven Pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, immune-modulatory, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, analgesic and thyroid hormone regulator activity. This review article chiefly highlights the phytoconstituents present in the Kachnar and pharmacological properties of Kachnar.

Study on the Effect of Phaseolus vulgaris Methanol Extract on Haloperidol and Tacrine Induced Parkinsonism

Abstract: Background: Parkinson’s disease is neurodegenerative disease with no cure till now, there are treatments that can be explored to ease the symptoms of this disease, and using plant extract we explore the possibility of neutralizing the adverse symptoms and providing better quality of life to patients. Purpose: To demonstrate Anti-parkinson’s activity of Phaseolus vulgaris methanol pod extract by using behavioural models in Wister Albino rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were given Phaseolus vulgaris methanol extract (PVME) prior Haloperidol and Tacrine induced Parkinsonism. Results: Phaseolus vulgaris, family (Leguminosae) is a plant, well known for its Traditional and Ayurvedic application for the treatment of various diseases. In the present studies, Phaseolus vulgaris pods were used to evaluate its Antiparkinson’s activity in behavioral models in Albino rats. The models used here were Haloperidol-induced catalepsy and Tacrine-induced vacuous jaw movement. Phaseolus vulgaris methanol extract (PVME) of 200 and 400 mg/kg were given to rats prior to inducing Catalepsy. Haloperidol, an Antipsychotic drug that induces motor symptoms like Parkinson’s disease, PVME administration for 5 days, and on last day Haloperidol (1mg/kg i.p) was given and catalepsy was observed, it was seen that PVME reduces catalepsy score in a dose-dependent manner. Behavioral parameters also observed using Tacrine, which is an Anticholesterase drug induces chewing movements and orofacial bursts. The results were noted for a duration of 1 hr and found that PVME 400 mg/kg dose significantly reduces the movements and bursts as compared to 200 mg/kg dose. The given results were found close to the standard group (levodopa + carbidopa). Conclusion: The study conducted on Phaseolus vulgaris plant pod extract demonstrates the Neuroprotective activity of plant and its effectiveness to assess the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Antiparkinson’s effect of PVME shown to treat symptoms of motor dysfunction attributed to its tendency to reduce oxidative stress and having phenolic content. Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris, Haloperidol, Tacrine, Parkinson’s disease, Levodopa, Neuroprotective, Carbidopa, Oxidative stress.

Phytochemical, Nutritional and Pharmacological Potentialities of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.,): A Review

Carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) belongs to the leguminosae family and it is manly cultivated in Mediterranean regions. It is well accepted by the people for its nutritional, pharmacological, phytochemical and therapeutic functions in the human body. Seeds and pulp of Ceratonia siliqua are eaten by humans or to animals, which contain carbohydrates, fibers, polyphenol, minerals and many other phytochemicals. This review aims to represent the nutritional and pharmacological activities of Ceratonia siliqua L. To have a better understanding, we have discussed the nutritional status of Ceratonia siliqua L., its available phytochemicals and their functional properties. The availability of various important phytochemicals along with their functional properties makes Ceratonia siliqua L. valuable for pharmaceuticals and industry.

Endophytic fungi and their bioactive secondary metabolites in medicinal leguminosae plants: nearly untapped medical resources

There are many species of Chinese traditional leguminosae family plants that are well known for their medicinal applications, such as Astragalus membranaceus, Catsia tora, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Sophora flavescens and Albacia acacia. Their unique bioactive composition and internal phenological environment contribute to the formation of specific and unique endophytic fungal communities, which are important resources for new compounds used in a variety of pharmacological activities. Nonetheless, they have not been systematically studied. In the last decade, nearly 64 genera and thousands of species of endophytic fungi have been discovered from leguminosae plants, as well as 138 secondary metabolites (with 34 new compounds) including flavonoid, alkaloids, phenol, anthraquinone, macrolide, terpenoid, phytohormone and many more. These were shown to have diverse applications and benefits, such as antibacterial, antitumor, antioxidative, immunoregulatory and neuroprotective properties. Here, we provide a summarized overview with the aim of raising awareness of endophytic fungi from medicinal leguminosae plants and providing a comprehensive review of the discoveries of new natural products that may be of medicinal and pharmaceutical importance.

Biochemical Components Conferring Resistance to Pigeonpea Genotypes against Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) under Semitropical Storage Conditions

Background: Pigeonpea, [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] is one of the most common tropical and subtropical pulse crops belonging to the family Leguminosae. Bruchids, Callosobruchus chinensis is one of the most important storage pest of pulses in Asia and Africa. The present research focuses mainly on the possibilities of exploring biochemical sources of resistance to bruchids in cultivated and wild relatives’ of pigeonpea. This is an alternative method to reduce the use of insecticides and could be used in breeding programs to develop integrated pest management strategies for controlling bruchids. Methods: Various cultivars of pigeonpea and there wild relatives were studied under laboratory conditions for biochemical resistance to C. chinensis at ICRISAT, Hyderabad during 2018-19 and 2019-20. The maintained culture of pulse beetle, were used for various bioassay techniques. Result: The results revealed that seeds of wild species C. platycarpus ICPW 68 recorded lowest seed damage by C. chinensis (4.33% and 18.9%) as compared to ICPL 161 (59.78% and 74.40%) both under single and multi-choice tests, respectively. A negative correlation was observed between anti-nutritional factors and seed damage.

Response of Nutrients Spray on Physiological and Biochemical Aspects of Seed Quality in Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] during Summer

Background: Mungbean is considered as one of the most important pulse crop that belongs to the family of leguminosae. Seed is a basic input and vital element that plays a crucial role in agriculture production as well as in the national economy. Good quality seed gives high yield and higher biomass, which ultimately increases farmers’ income. Methods: The investigation was performed at the laboratory and research farm of Department of Seed Science and Technology, CCS HAU, Hisar during the summer season 2020, which consists of foliar application of nutrients at the first fortnight after sowing of the crop i.e., water spray @ 550 L/ha, urea @ 1%, urea @ 2%, NPK (18-18-18) @ 1%, NPK (18-18-18) @ 2%, zinc sulphate + urea @ 2% + 0.5%, SOP (00-00-52) @ 2% and urea phosphate (17-44-00) @ 2% along with control (untreated) on mungbean varieties (MH-421 and MH-318). The harvested seeds were evaluated for physiological and biochemical parameters of seed quality. Result: The seed quality parameters (physiological parameters i.e., germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigour indices and biochemical parameters i.e., peroxidase, superoxidase and dehydrogenase activity) were recorded higher when the foliar application of NPK (18-18-18) @ 2% was done in both the varieties.

Crude extract of Desmodium gangeticum process anticancer activity via arresting cell cycle in G1 and modulating cell cycle-related protein expression in A549 human lung carcinoma cells.

BackgroundDesmodium gangeticum (L.)DC., which belongs to the Leguminosae family, has been used in Taiwan and other subtropical countries as an external medicine to remove blood stasis, activate blood circulation, and reduce inflammation. It has been reported to have antioxidant effects and improve inflammatory responses in rats stimulated by pro-inflammatory agents and induced gastric ulcers in experimental animals over the past few decades. This plant has also been used to treat parasitic infections, but there are no reports regarding its effects on lung cancer. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate its water crude extract (in abbreviation DG) on lung cancer cells.MethodsA549 human lung cancer cells were tested for survival using MTT, trypan blue, and propidium iodide. The effects of various concentrations of the crude extract of D. gangeticum (DG) (0.125~1 mg/ml) on the cell cycle and apoptosis of A549 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and Western blotting methods.ResultsDG can inhibit the growth of A549 human lung cancer cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. DG arrested A549 cells in the G1 phase by increasing the proteins expression of p21, p27, cyclin D1, and cyclin E. Additionally, DG decreased the expression of cyclin A, B1, and Cdc 2 (CDK1) proteins.ConclusionsDG demonstrated the anti-lung cancer activity by arresting the cell cycle in G1 via increasing the p21, p27, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and decreasing Cdc2, cyclin A, and B1 proteins expression in A549 human lung cancer cells.

Antioxidant Potential of Organic Fraction of Turi Leaf Extract (Sesbania grandiflora L.) Using DPPH Reagent

Background: White turi leaf (Sesbania grandiflora) is a plant from the Leguminosae family that isused as traditional medicine. Purpose(s): To determine the antioxidant potential of white turi leafextract (Sesbania grandiflora L) using DPPH reagent. Methods: White turi leaves (S. grandiflora)were extracted using maceration technique with ethanol the solvent. The ethanol extract wasfractionated using a liquid-liquid extraction using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. In addition,phytochemical screening was also carried out on secundary metabolite compounds contained in theethanol extract, it’s organic fractions. Results: Ethanol extract obtained as much as 160 g (16%).Fractionation of 10 grams of ethanol extract obtained n-hexane fraction 2.9 g (29%); ethyl acetatefraction 0.8 g (8%); and ethanol fraction 6.1 g (61%). Phytochemical screening showed that theethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction contained flavonoids, saponins, and tannins; the ethanolfraction contains terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins; while the n-hexane fraction containstannin compounds. The antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and ethanolfraction were tested using the DPPH radical scavenging method. The antioxidant activity assayshowed that the SC50 values of the ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and ethanol fraction were234.7; 66,244, and 106.755 ppm, vitamin C as a positif control with SC50 3,006 ppm. Conclusion:white turi leaf extract (S. grandiflora) has antioxidant activity less than 22-78 times than controlpositif, so it is not potential as an antioxidant.

Bioactive pterocarpans from the root of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus

Eleven undescribed and three known pterocarpans were isolated and identified from the traditional Chinese medicine “Huang-qi”, Astragali Radix (the root of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus (Bunge) P.K.Hsiao). The structures of these pterocarpans were determined using spectroscopic, X-ray crystallographic, quantum chemical calculation, and chemical methods. Pterocarpans, almost exclusively distributed in the family of Leguminosae, are the second largest subgroup of isoflavanoids. However, pterocarpan glycoside number is limited, most of which are glucosides, and only one pterocarpan apioside was isolated from nature. Notably, nine rare apiosyl-containing pterocarpan glycosides were isolated and identified. The hypoglycemic activities of all these compounds were evaluated using α-glucosidase and DPP-IV inhibitory assays respectively, and some isolates displayed the α-glucosidase inhibitory function. The antioxidant activities of all compounds were evaluated using the ORAC and DPPH radical scavenging assays, respectively. All compounds exhibited varying degrees of oxygen radical absorbance capacity, and some compounds displayed DPPH radical scavenging ability.

Investigation of the genetic structure of some common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) commercial varieties and genotypes used as a genitor with SSR and SNP markers

Common bean is a species belonging to the Phaseolus genus of the Leguminosae family. It has economic importance due to being rich in protein, vitamin A and C, and minerals. Being one of the most cultivated species of legumes, the determination of genetic diversity in bean genotypes or populations has an important role in terms of our genetic resources. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic structure of 94 genotypes which were cultivated in different parts of the world and our country with SSR and SNP markers. 10 SSR loci and 73 SNP primers were used for the determination of genetic structure in commercial cultivars and breeding lines. All of the SSR and SNP loci used in the study were found to be polymorphic. A total of 89 alleles were identified for 10 SSR loci. Mean number of alleles per locus (Na = 8.9), effective allele number (Ne = 3.731), Shannon information index (I = 1.468), observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.023), and expected heterozygosity (He = 0.654) were calculated based on SSR analysis. According to the results of Bayesian-based STRUCTURE analysis using SSR and SNP data, 94 bean genotypes were genetically divided into three main clusters. According to genetic distance based UPGMA dendrogram obtained from SNP analysis, 94 bean genotypes were divided into 2 main clusters corresponding Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools. The obtained results provide important information about the genetic structures of the studied bean cultivars and breeding lines. With the obtained results, it will be possible to develop breeding programs to develop new cultivars by using our gene resources.