Legitimate System Research Articles

A Proactive Decoy Selection Scheme for Cyber Deception using MITRE ATT&CK

Cyber deception allows compensating the late response of defenders countermeasures to the ever evolving tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) of attackers. This proactive defense strategy employs decoys resembling legitimate system components to lure stealthy attackers within the defender environment, slowing and/or denying the accomplishment of their goals. In this regard, the selection of decoys that can expose the techniques used by malicious users plays a central role to incentivize their engagement. However, this is a difficult task to achieve in practice, since it requires an accurate and realistic modeling of the attacker capabilities and his possible targets. In this work, we tackle this challenge and we design a decoy selection scheme that is supported by an adversarial modeling based on empirical observation of real-world attackers. We take advantage of a domain-specific threat modeling language using MITRE ATT&CK© framework as source of attacker TTPs targeting enterprise systems. In detail, we extract the information about the execution preconditions of each technique as well as its possible effects on the environment to generate attack graphs modeling the adversary capabilities. Based on this, we formulate a graph partition problem that minimizes the number of decoys detecting a corresponding number of techniques employed in various attack paths directed to specific targets. We compare our optimization-based decoy selection approach against several benchmark schemes that ignore the preconditions between the various attack steps. Results reveal that the proposed scheme provides the highest interception rate of attack paths using the lowest amount of decoys.

Pandemia COVID-19 w Chile. Wyzwania dla stosunków między organami władzy i koordynacji w zdecentralizowanym państwie unitarnym

The paper explores the relationship between national and subnational authorities in Chile in the context of the government’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly analyzing the principle of coordination and the complexities of the state of emergency. The analysis is carried out in light of the constitutional provisions of the Chilean political system. Although subnational authorities developed significant activities to address the effects of the pandemic in their respective territories, particularly the local mayors, this was not accompanied by legal or practical reforms to integrate institutional or procedural changes to incorporate the subnational levels of government in the decision-making processes. During this state of emergency, the formal and informal institutions failed to be accountable for the necessary coordination of their competences at national, regional and local levels. Therefore, the COVID-19 pandemic, occurring during a nationwide constitution-making debate in Chile, opened the opportunity to discuss institutions and arrangements that could lead to an effective and legitimate system of intergovernmental relations in a decentralized unitary state.

Efficient Learning for hearing-impaired: Two Way Sign Language Translator using AI

This research paper describes the design and im- plementation of a two-way sign language translator for deaf- mute and hearing individuals. The device uses a hand gesture recognition system to translate sign language into text for hearing individuals and converts text into sign language videos for deaf- mute individuals. The paper goes over the technical challenges and solutions involved in creating a legitimate system that recognizes gestures and a sign language video generation system. The results of the user testing with deaf-mute and hearing individuals show that the device has high accuracy and is user-friendly. The two-way sign language translator has the possibility of enhancing communication and accessibility in daily interactions for deaf-mute people.

Falsificación y literatura. La levedad del escritor múltiple: el caso de Bolívar Coronado

The counterfeit works of Rafael Bolívar Coronado (1884–1924) represent a phenomenon with unusual repercussions on critical reception. This author managed to publish more than twelve volumes with false authorship and content, from “crónicas de Indias” to collections of poetry. This article presents a theoretical approach regarding literary falsification in general and highlights the concepts of lightness and multiplicity to propose an interpretation of the Bolívar Coronado case. This paper also deals with the artistic dimension of literary forgeries as creative works that use the same methods and strategies as fiction writing. The set of falsified works by this author can be interpreted as a conceptual proposal that questions the functioning of the literary field of his time. Likewise, his proposal can also be framed within the cultural criticism that the forgery tradition entails: it questions not only the difficult discernment between the concepts of truth and lies, but also the rigidity of some guardians of cultural institutions and the system of legitimation, awards, and literary reviews.

THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON FMCG DISTRIBUTION

Economic Impact-Many examinations have investigated the monetary ramifications of man-made intelligence and ML reception. Research frequently centres around efficiency gains, work market elements, and the potential for work uprooting and creation. A few examinations propose that while Artificial intelligence and ML can prompt expanded effectiveness and development, they may likewise disturb customary business designs, requiring labour force transformation and re-skilling. Business and Industry: Writing in this space looks at how Artificial intelligence and ML advances are changing business tasks, including promoting, finance, store network the board, and client care. Reads up feature the potential for artificial intelligence and ML to improve dynamic cycles, enhance asset designation, customize client encounters, and drive upper hand. Medical care: Artificial intelligence and ML have huge ramifications for medical care, including sickness determination, therapy arranging, drug disclosure, and customized medication. Research in this space investigates the potential for Artificial intelligence and ML to work on clinical results, diminish clinical blunders, lower medical services expenses, and upgrade patient consideration through prescient examination, picture acknowledgment, and normal language handling. Education and Learning: The effect of Artificial intelligence and ML on schooling and learning is likewise a subject of interest. Writing in this field looks at how artificial intelligence fueled devices and stages can work with customized growth opportunities, versatile coaching, robotized reviewing, and instructive substance creation. Research additionally investigates the difficulties and moral contemplations related with man-made intelligence driven instructive innovations. Ethical and social implications-Researchers have raised worries about the moral and cultural ramifications of Artificial intelligence and ML, including issues connected with protection, predisposition, decency, straightforwardness, responsibility, and algorithmic administration. Research in this space looks to foster structures, rules, and guidelines to alleviate likely dangers and guarantee capable man-made intelligence advancement and arrangement. Environmental Impact few examinations explore how simulated intelligence and ML can be utilized to address natural difficulties, for example, environmental change, asset preservation, contamination control, and manageable turn of events. Research in this area investigates uses of computer based intelligence and ML in energy the board, savvy horticulture, natural checking, and preservation endeavours’ lawful and administrative parts of simulated intelligence and ML are likewise a subject of insightful request. Writing in this field looks at licensed innovation privileges, risk issues, information assurance regulations, and the moral and lawful obligations of artificial intelligence designers and clients. Research intends to lay out legitimate systems and rules to successfully administer artificial intelligence and ML advancements.

Human-AI collaboration to mitigate decision noise in financial underwriting: A study on FinTech innovation in a lending firm

Financial institutions have recognized the value of collaborating human expertise and AI to create high-performance augmented decision-support systems. Stakeholders at lending firms have increasingly acknowledged that plugging data into AI algorithms and eliminating the role of human underwriters by automation, with the expectation of immediate returns on investment from business process automation, is a flawed strategy. This research emphasizes the necessity of auditing the consistency of decisions (or professional judgment) made by human underwriters and monitoring the ability of data to capture the lending policies of a firm to lay a strong foundation for a legitimate system before investing millions in AI projects. The judgments made by experts in the past re-emerge in the future as outcomes or labels in the data used to train and evaluate algorithms. This paper presents Evidential Reasoning-eXplainer, a methodology to estimate probability mass as an extent of support for a given decision on a loan application by jointly assessing multiple independent and conflicting pieces of evidence. It quantifies variability in past decisions by comparing the subjective judgments of underwriters during manual financial underwriting with outcomes estimated from data. The consistency analysis improves decision quality by bridging the gap between past inconsistent decisions and desired ultimate-true decisions. A case study on a specialist lending firm demonstrates the strategic work plan adapted to configure underwriters and developers to capture the correct data and audit the quality of decisions.

Flood Risks of Cyber‐Physical Attacks in a Smart Storm Water System

AbstractThe rise in smart water technologies has introduced new cybersecurity vulnerabilities for water infrastructures. However, the implications of cyber‐physical attacks on the systems like urban drainage systems remain underexplored. This research delves into this gap, introducing a method to quantify flood risks in the face of cyber‐physical threats. We apply this approach to a smart stormwater system—a real‐time controlled network of pond‐conduit configurations, fitted with water level detectors and gate regulators. Our focus is on a specific cyber‐physical threat: false data injection (FDI). In FDI attacks, adversaries introduce deceptive data that mimics legitimate system noises, evading detection. Our risk assessment incorporates factors like sensor noises and weather prediction uncertainties. Findings reveal that FDIs can amplify flood risks by feeding the control system false data, leading to erroneous outflow directives. Notably, FDI attacks can reshape flood risk dynamics across different storm intensities, accentuating flood risks during less severe but more frequent storms. This study offers valuable insights for strategizing investments in smart stormwater systems, keeping cyber‐physical threats in perspective. Furthermore, our risk quantification method can be extended to other water system networks, such as irrigation channels and multi‐reservoir systems, aiding in cyber‐defense planning.

Longman and Norton: The Anthologies of World Literature and the Effects on the Literary Landscapes

By establishing a critical dialogue with the observations of David Damrosch in Comparing the Literatures: Literary Studies in a Global Age concerning the challenges posed to Comparatism by the current state of the discipline, the question that we will address in the present work is, above all, a position on what it means to make a comparative study in a scenario marked by the reemergence of the phenomenon of world literature in literary studies. After directing our attention to The Longman Anthology of World Literature and The Norton Anthology of World Literature, we were able to see how both still describe an unequal system of legitimation and aesthetic configuration based on a Eurocentric division between the “inside” and the “outside.” And it is precisely in the ethical and political implications of this process of “opening” to the world that lies our proposal for approaching world literature.

Smart Transportation Behavior through the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Ride-Hailing System in Iran

During the COVID-19 pandemic, significant changes occurred in customer behavior, especially in traffic and urban transmission systems. In this context, there is a need for more scientific research and managerial approaches to develop behavior-based smart transportation solutions to deal with recent changes in customers, drivers, and traffic behaviors, including the volume of traffic and traffic routes. This research has tried to find a comprehensive view of novel travel behavior in different routes using a new social network analysis method. Our research is rooted in graph theory/network analysis and application of centrality concepts in social network analysis, particularly in the ride-hailing transportation systems under monumental competition. In this study, a big city, with near to ten million habitants (Tehran), is considered. All city areas were studied and clustered based on the primary measures of centrality, including degree centrality, Katz centrality, special vector centrality, page rank centrality, proximity centrality, and intermediate centrality. Our data were the trips of this system in Tehran, where the nodes in this network represent Tehran’s districts, and the connection between the two districts indicates the trips made between those two districts. Also, each link’s weight is the number of trips between the two nodes (district). The districts of Tehran were ranked in the smart transportation network based on six criteria: degree centrality, degree centrality of input, degree centrality of output, special vector centrality, hub, and reference points. Finally, according to comprehensive data-driven analysis, the studied company was suggested to create shared value and sustainability through the platform to perform a legitimate system to meet the new challenges. Our proposed system can help managers and governments to develop a behavior-based smart transportation system for big cities.

Ethiopia and the Running Sores of Ethnic Federalism: The Antithetical Forces of Statehood and Nationhood

Ethnic federalism in Ethiopia proved non-viable in practice because it came to be widely seen as a political tool used by the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF)-dominated Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), whose ideological foundation was inspired by Soviet system of ‘democratic centralism’: a benign façade that veneered an authoritarian vanguard party operating under a token parliament. This article examines the dynamics of statehood and nationhood: antithetical forces of integration and differentiation, which play out around the commonly shared albeit highly contested polity of the nation-state. The need to dialectically resolve these antagonistic though mutualistic stakes lies at the epicentre of political debate in contemporary Ethiopia, ultimately pointing to the constitutional reform dilemmas it now faces. By drawing on literature on political theory, the article argues that the federal constitution proved antagonistic to the inherited politico-cultural orientations that posited the nation-state as the principal supranational identity. By redefining narrow forms of collective identity that were anchored precisely on ethnic sentiments that grew largely in reaction to perceived injustices, the federal constitution appeared neither to embrace, as a system of legitimation, the characteristic and authoritative dimensions of ‘Ethiopian’ identity as a supra-national universal habitus of loyalty and identification. Nor did it provide integrative cohesion to an otherwise essentially differentiated primordial ethnic and linguistic identity features that now came to be diffused and indeed accentuated at sub-national regions as rigid and hermetic sites of conflict and strife, rather than discursive, reflexive, and interactive domains of cultural and social life.

Studying predator foraging mode and hunting success at the individual level with an online videogame

AbstractPredator–prey interactions are important drivers of community and ecosystem dynamics. With an online multiplayer videogame, we propose a novel system to explore within population variation in predator hunting mode, and how predator–prey behavioral interactions affect predator hunting success. We empirically examined how four predator foraging behaviors covary at three hierarchical levels (among environments, among individuals, and within individuals) to assess the structure of predator hunting mode. We also investigated how prey activity affects the foraging behavior and hunting success of predators. Our study supports key findings on predator foraging mode and predator-prey interactions from behavioral ecology. We found that individual predators displayed a diversity of hunting tactics that were conditioned by prey behavior. With prey movement, individual predators specialized either as cursorial or ambush hunters along a continuum of their hunting traits, but also shifted their strategy between encounters. Both types of hunters were generally better against slower moving prey, and they achieved similar prey captures over the sampling period. This suggests that virtual worlds supporting multiplayer online videogames can serve as legitimate systems to advance our knowledge on predator–prey interactions.

Legitimizing evidence: The trans-institutional life of evidence-based practice

Evidence-based practice (EBP) has become a dominant paradigm in North American behavioral health and social service provision. Once a model of expert decision-making that asked practitioners to search through the “best available evidence” to inform their clinical decisions and select interventions, EBP is now better understood as a complex system of legitimation that designates particular methods and—by extension—their practitioners as “evidence-based.” While critics worry that EBP forecloses professional discretion by imposing particular epistemic virtues of intervention science, this ethnographic case demonstrates that 1) EBP legitimates professional actors, methods, and organizations at least as much as it hampers them and 2) a wide range of “extra-scientific” actors are involved in producing and legitimating the evidence of evidence-based practice, including policy makers, public and private insurers, state agencies, charitable foundations, registries and clearinghouses, health and human service organizations, and helping professionals themselves. Once we recognize the range of actors and institutions involved in basing and legitimating evidence, and the rhetorical work of tethering scientific terms to resonant political and economic discourses, we learn that there is nothing self-evident about evidence-based practice. Drawing on the social scientific study of expertise and focusing empirically on how one behavioral intervention earns and retains its status as an EBP, this study traces the trans-institutional life of evidence and the continual need to legitimate it as a base for behavioral health practice.

Repenser la place de l’antagonisme dans la gouvernance de l’innovation technoscientifique : vers un modèle agonistique des relations publiques

Based on a market-oriented ethnography of nanotechnology (NT) governance resistants and their promoters, this article proposes a new public relations (PR) approach. By focusing on the roles and forms that activism – or resistance – to technoscientific innovation and its governance can take (e.g., cognitive, procedural, symbolic activism), it seeks to value – rather than deplore – conflict in the innovative context. The form of public relations that we propose to favour is agonistic. It sublimates antagonism, which is considered as the most effective forms of interaction to establish a legitimate system for exploring and regulating innovation. Unlike what the literature has so far proposed, we do not consider antagonism as an obstacle to the governance of innovation, but as a necessary and constant prerequisite. JEL Codes: O3, O32, O33

Analysis on Hybrid Deep Neural Networks for Legal Domain Multitasks

An extensive quantity of online statistics accessible in the legal domain has made legal data processing the main sector of research development. A broad variety of problems, including legal document categorization, information extraction, and prediction have been put into a scope of legitimate system issues. The utilization of digitalized based inventive support has multi-fold advantages for the legal counsel community. These advantages comprise decreasing the laborious human task complicated in observant, extracting the relevant information, reducing the charge and time by-way-of automation, solving problems without the participation of law court otherwise with smaller period and attempt, arbitrating the constitution law for law professionals as well everyday users and building recommendations found on predictive analysis, which possibly examined additional perfect. In this chapter, we are analyzing the adaptation of various deep learning methods in the legal domain focusing on three main tasks namely text classification, information extraction, and prediction.

Budgetary control and risk management institutionalization: a field study of three state-owned enterprises in China

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the design and implementation of enterprise risk management (ERM) in three large Chinese state-owned enterprises and to develop propositions on integrating ERM, budgetary control system and cash flow stability approach.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopts a field study approach to analyze the risk assessment and risk-return matching of ERM. A field study was carried out over three years from 2008 to 2011 in three Chinese state-owned enterprises. These companies were chosen because less attention has been given to the implementation of ERM in such firms.FindingsFirst, the authors find that all three companies use budgetary control to identify risks, analyze each risk to determine the potential consequences, determine the acceptable levels of risk, develop a risk mitigation plan and monitor the activities in all business processes that may change the levels of risks continuously. Second, the companies focus on cash flow risks through budgetary control to ensure the stability of cash flows. Finally, the degree of intensity of using budgetary control institutionalization to design and implement ERM has a positive impact on the level of risk acceptance and risk assessment culture.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this study, however, should be interpreted with caution because this study was conducted in three Chinese state-owned enterprises. To increase the generalizability of the findings, future research is encouraged to replicate this study in different industries, as well as in different countries. Furthermore, future research might also examine the authors’ propositions using a large-scale survey across other regions of the world.Practical implicationsCompanies can minimize resistance to change by using budgetary control institutionalization when implementing the ERM. State-owned enterprises can initiate and implement a new risk management system by identifying the potential risks and by developing a risk mitigation plan.Social implicationsThe results of this study will help companies, particularly state-owned enterprises, to improve their performance and become more competitive, which in turn will benefit the society as a whole by performing their risk driver identification, risk driver impact assessment, risk management actions and risk management optimization more effectively.Originality/valueThe authors investigate how the firms use a legitimate system, namely, budgetary control, that is widely accepted and used in China to foster the acceptance and use of ERM. The authors also develop testable propositions of ERM implementation and cash flow stability that will provide useful guidelines for future research.

Validity of InterVA model versus physician review of verbal autopsy for tracking tuberculosis-related mortality in Ethiopia

BackgroundIn most African countries where a legitimate vital registration system is lacking, physicians often review verbal autopsy (VA) data to determine the cause of death, while there are concerns about the routine practicality, accuracy, and reliability of this procedure. In Ethiopia where the burden of tuberculosis (TB) remains unacceptably high, reliable VA data are needed to guide intervention strategies. This study aimed to validate the InterVA model against the physician VA in tracking TB-related mortality in Ethiopia.MethodsFrom a sample of deaths in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, VAs were conducted on TB-related mortality, physician-certified verbal autopsy (PCVA) through multiple steps to ascertain the causes of death. InterVA model was used to interpret the causes of death. Estimates of TB-related deaths between physician reviews and the InterVA model were compared using Cohen’s Kappa (k), Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, sensitivity, and specificity to compare agreement between PCVA and InterVA.ResultsA total of 8952 completed PCVA were used. The InterVA model had an optimal likelihood cut-off point sensitivity of 0.64 (95% CI: 59.0–69.0) and specificity of 0.95 (95% CI: 94.9–95.8). The area under the ROC curve was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.78–0.81). The level of agreement between physician reviews and the InterVA model to identifying TB-related mortality was moderate (k = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.57–0.61).ConclusionThe InterVA model is a viable alternative to physician review for tracking TB-related causes of death in Ethiopia. From a public health perspective, InterVA helps to analyze the underlying causes of TB-related deaths cost-effectively using routine survey data and translate to policies and strategies in resource-constrained countries.

Stresses and Strains: Will We Ever Agree on What’s Going Wrong with Democracy?

ABSTRACT It’s clear that the ‘crisis of democracy’ is a concept that is now well embedded in the self-understanding of political scientists writing about contemporary politics. What is less clear is what is meant by democratic crisis and why there appears to be little agreement on what the contours of the crisis are. By extension, we find it difficult to distinguish between the forms of crisis that appear to be a threat to the system of legitimation and stresses that might challenge particular aspects of functioning, without imperiling the whole. In this paper, I offer an overview of how the issue is framed in contemporary scholarship, and show how the various responses can be mapped in terms of two variables: duration and intensity. This in turn can help us think about how to differentiate between the accounts that imply system crisis and those that frame contemporary developments as forms of stress that may in fact show the resilience of democracy in the face of threat.

Ислам и Российское государство в имперский период: характер взаимоотношений и этапы

The article is devoted to the study of the Islamic policy of the Russian state in the Imperial Period, which today is of great interest to the Russian academia due to a wide involvement of socio-historical knowledge in the process of developing a modern concept of state structure in the Russian Federation. Analyzing the current controversy on this issue associated with finding legitimate, political and ideological grounds for the new concept and comparing various ideological positions and assessments of the nature of the relationship between Islam and the imperial state, the authors discover a differentiated approach of the imperial state to different Muslim peoples and their social categories. A significant drawback of contemporary controversy is that its participants, when dealing with such an essential issue, do not attach importance to the Eurasian, multi-ethnic, confessional and civilizational foundations of integration and modernization of the Russian society, thus repeating the mistakes of tsarism and post-Soviet “Westernizers”. Due to the use of new ideological approaches and sources of information, the authors integrate the most important elements of Islamic political culture with political and legal processes in the Russian state and analyze the conditions and positive factors that can give stability and dynamic development to the Russian society proceeding from its civilizational essence. The work highlights qualitatively different stages of the relationship between Islam and the imperial state, reveals the socio-political, ideological and moral limitations of tsarism. The authors conclude that only a truly democratic and legitimate system of government in Russia is capable of creating and sustaining the political and ideological foundations of state-building based on indepth civilizational, ethnic and confessional Eurasian priorities. Regrettably, these characteristics were not inherent to the Russian Empire and are not typical of contemporary Russia.

ESSENTIAL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF MODERN UNCONVENTIONAL (HYBRID) CONFLICT

In the article the authors argue that the strategy and arsenal of hybrid (asymmetrical, unconventional) warfare in the contemporary world are fundamentally based on the qualitative changes that took place at the turn of the XXI century as a result of radical changes in the balance of power in the international arena, chaos in international relations, the development of new types of lethal and non-lethal weapons, new technologies of constructing and dismantling social communities with predetermined characteristics. These changes involved the conceptual framework, structure, strategy and tactics, forms and methods of the military and political confrontation between modern states and their blocks, as well as between states and non-governmental organisations.
 The authors identify the essential features and functional components of hybrid warfare, such as its latency phases; the remote undermining of national defense capabilities by non-military and non-contact means; breaching the international law of war; the integrated use of military methods as well as specific means of non-military, diplomatic, financial and economic, humanitarian pressure on a victim state. They also include the extensive use of anti-government groups and movements; illegal armed groups, separatists, irredentists, radical ethnic and religious groups, extremist organizations, and artificially constructed destructive groups; the privileged role of intelligence services, special operations forces and their use for engineering a powerful anti-government infrastructure designed to destabilize the legitimate state system; the priority role of targeted influence on public opinion through the extensive use of methods of information and psychological warfare and cyberwarfare.

Meneguhkan Bawaslu Sebagai “Lembaga Peradilan” dalam Bingkai Pengawasan Pemilu

Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning on General Elections now has given strong authority to the Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu). The Election Supervisory Agency now does not only become a recommendation institution as stated in the previous Election law. Now the Election Supervisory Agency is the executor agency or case breaker. This was stated expressly in the formulation of Article 461 paragraph (1) of Law No.7 / 2017, that the Election Supervisory Agency, Provincial Election Supervisory Agency, Regency Election Supervisory Agency receive, examine, review, and decide election administration violations. Then paragraph 6 states that the decision of the Election Supervisory Agency, Provincial Election Supervisory Agency, Regency Election Supervisory Agency is to resolve election administration violations in the form of: first, administrative improvements to systems, procedures, or mechanisms in accordance with the provisions of the legislation; second, written warning; third, dissociate of certain stages in organizing elections; and fourth, other administrative sanctions in accordance with the provisions of the law. Based on that, this paper seeks to provide an analysis of the Election Supervisory Agency as an Election Supervisory Institution on the one hand, and as a judicial institution on the other side. The reason is that the Election Supervisory Agency now has a judicial function in implementing its authority, so that the procedure for resolving cases of election administration violations carried out in the Election Supervisory Agency is also in accordance with the judicial model of judicial institution in general. This paper also tries to confirm the performance of the Election Supervisory Agency as an institution that no longer needs to depend on the commitment of other institutions such as the KPU, the Police, and the prosecutor. Law No. 7/2017 has made the Election Supervisory Agency as the “real” supervisory institution. That is, the Election Supervisory Agency should be an institution that has an important role in realizing the implementation of the legitimate election system.