Legislative Authority Research Articles

Optimization of Strategic Planning Processes in the System of State and Municipal Administration of the Russian Federation

Effective strategic planning is a key factor in the successful development of the public and municipal management system.The relevance of the article is determined by the need to find new methods and tools for optimizing strategic planning processes in a dynamically changing socio-economic environment.The subject of the research is the peculiarities of strategic planning in the system of state and municipal administration of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the work is to develop a set of measures to improve strategic planning mechanisms at the state and municipal levels. A content analysis of 150 strategic planning documents at the federal, regional and municipal levels was carried out. In– depth interviews were conducted with 30 experts — representatives of legislative and executive authorities, scientific and business communities. A case study of the five best practices of strategic planning has been completed. Methods of systemic, factorial and comparative analyses are applied. The problems of strategic planning are revealed: insufficient coordination between management levels, formalism and declarative strategies, lack of resource provision. The necessity of institutionalizing the processes of joint goal-setting of government, business and society is substantiated. A model for managing strategic changes in public policy based on a project-process approach is proposed. Proposals for the implementation of risk-based strategic controlling have been developed.It is concluded that the obtained research results develop the theoretical and methodological foundations of strategic management at the state and municipal levels, and the continuation of work on the further development of a set of measures to improve strategic planning mechanisms depends on the creation of tools for assessing the quality of strategic planning documents and the formation of an integrated digital strategic management platform.

واقع السلطة التشريعية في النظام السياسي الفلسطيني

Purpose: The study aimed to identify the legal foundations from which the Palestinian Legislative Council emerged, and to highlight the features of the Palestinian political system by tracing the path of the legislative authority since its inception until the decision to dissolve it in 2018. The aim was to identify the nature of this political system, determine its position among the major global political systems, and the extent of its consistency with the parliamentary and democratic principles approved by the Palestinian Basic Law of 2003 and its amendments. Methodology: The researcher used the descriptive and analytical approach in the study, describing the apparent situation regarding the mechanism and political circumstances through which the Palestinian Legislative Council emerged in light of the legislative elections and after the Supreme Constitutional Court’s decision No. (10) of 2018 regarding its dissolution, while analyzing the relevant legislative texts. Findings: The study concluded that the Palestinian Legislative Council has been suspended since 2007, and the Supreme Constitutional Court issued decision No. (10) of 2018 to dissolve it and call for legislative elections within a period of 6 months, which have not yet been held. Moreover, the Amended Palestinian Basic Law of 2003 was drafted by the Legislative Council and, therefore, was not drafted using the methods followed for drafting constitutions. Therefore, it cannot be considered a constitution. Furthermore, the Palestinian constitutional system cannot be considered a representative democratic system. It is neither a traditional parliamentary system, nor a presidential one, nor a semi-presidential one, but it is close to one. It is also undemocratic, as is clearly demonstrated by the issue of elections. Recommendations: The study recommends the need to strengthen dialogue between Palestinian factions and to work diligently to draft a constitution through consensus or agreement, based on the principles followed in constitution-making. This constitution should clearly define the nature of government, avoiding the ambiguity inherent in the Palestinian Basic Law, which, according to constitutional jurisprudence, does not constitute a constitution. It also calls for immediate presidential and legislative elections in accordance with a fair electoral law that promotes the principles of democracy.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates production from laboratory to industrial scale: A review.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates production from laboratory to industrial scale: A review.

المشكلات القانونية والواقعية عن تباين التشريعات في الدولة الفدرالية (تعدد الزوجات في العراق أنموذجاً)

Iraq is one of the countries whose laws are not enacted by a single legislative authority. Rather، there is a federal legislative authority that enacts laws، and in contrast، there is a legislative authority in the Kurdistan Region that enacts special laws that apply to the region and according to what is stated in the 2005 Constitution. Sometimes there may be a discrepancy and conflict between the legislations of one country، as is the case when the federal legislator addresses the issue of polygamy in a manner different from the treatment provided by the regional legislator. This highlights the legal and realistic problems resulting from this difference in terms of the extent of its legitimacy and its compatibility with the provisions of the constitution and Islamic law? And that the constitution treats Iraqis equally without discrimination. Through our study، we tried to review and analyze the legal texts، identify the defects contained therein، correct the legal gaps، and develop appropriate solutions to reorganize the issue of polygamy in light of Iraqi law in order to harmonize it with the constitutional rules and the tolerant Sharia. Keywords: Legal problems، factual problems، polygamy، legislative defects

حدود سلطة الإقليم في سن التشريعات وتطبيقها

in the federal system, the regional legislative authority has the right to enact legislation that regulates aspects of life in the region and is binding within its borders without extending to the rest of the federal states, and the provisions of this legislation are applied within these borders only, but the regional legislative authority’s possession of this right is not absolute in any way, but rather is restricted by certain limits governed by the federal constitution, which determines the scope of legislation that the regional legislative authority can enact alone. The federal constitution guarantees the existence of certain mechanisms to resolve any conflict or overlap between the two levels of legislation if it occurs, by defining the jurisdictions of both the federal and regional authorities and determining whether there are shared jurisdictions between them and how coordination takes place between the two authorities with regard to these jurisdictions. The regional legislative authority has limits in legislation that it must adhere to in terms of type and location jurisdiction, otherwise its legislation will be subject to being ruled unconstitutional by the Federal Supreme Court. Therefore, in this research, we will discuss the limits of the legislative authority in the region in enacting legislation and putting it into practice in terms of the necessity of not conflicting with federal legislation and the scope of its application according to what is determined by the Iraqi constitution and the draft constitution of the Kurdistan Region Keywords: Constitution, Federal Parliament, Kurdistan Regional Parliament, Legislation, Federal Supreme Court

المواءمة التشريعية بين القوانين الجزائية والاتفاقيات الدولية في الدول الفدرالية (العراق انموذجاً)

In the era of globalization, state interest’s protection is no longer achieved only through isolation and concentrating on internal affairs, rather the national legislator shall adopt values of an international character to expand the scope of protection for national interests and give them an international dimension, thereby enhancing international cooperation. To ensure the stat’s security, cooperation, and a balance of interests at the international level, it is required that the principle of state sovereignty to be diminished not only internationally but also domestically. In the meantime, this principle has been constrained by the obligations imposed by international law via treaties and international agreements, including criminalizing certain conducts or refraining from criminalizing specific behaviors that are not deemed sufficiently serious. This reflects the political will of the state to avoid international responsibility and sanctions that may not serve its national interests. Hence, criminal law shall keep pace with the evolution of the crime’s forms, patterns, etc. pertaining to the Republic of Iraq which is a federal state that grants, in addition to the legislative authority of federal institutions, the article 121 of its 2005 constitution also has granted the Kurdistan Region the power to exercise legislative authority as well as the authority to enforce and amend the application of federal law in the region regarding matters not within the exclusive jurisdiction of federal authorities under article 110. At the end, all these has led to have disparities and a lack of complementary notion between the penal laws in force in Iraq and those in force in the Kurdistan Region. In the meanwhile, this complementary notion is assumed to exist in which results in dual penal legislative protection for one interest within a state on one hand, and Incompatibility of national law with the international conventions and agreements ratified by the Republic of Iraq on the other hand. Keywords: Harmonization, legislation, international agreements, penal laws, disparities, complementary

Opportunities and Objections in the Iraq Development Road Project: A Focus on Erbil-Baghdad Disputes in a Federal Framework

The Iraq Development Road Project (IDRP), envisioned as a transformative trade corridor connecting the Gulf to Iraq’s northern borders and beyond, has immense potential to strengthen Iraq’s economic connectivity and diversify its economy. However, the project's success hinges on overcoming disputes between the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Erbil and the federal government in Baghdad. These disputes, rooted in Iraq’s federal structure, revolve around legislative authority, administrative powers, and revenue sharing, which are critical to the project's implementation and sustainability. This study examines the IDRP through the lens of federalism, focusing on key legal and administrative challenges that arise from the differing perspectives of the KRG and Baghdad. It explores the legislative framework governing the project, disputes over resource control, and the allocation of administrative powers between regional and federal authorities. These issues highlight how unresolved legal ambiguities and political tensions impede progress and threaten Iraq’s broader development goals. The findings reveal that addressing these disputes requires a clear legal framework to regulate the roles and responsibilities of regional and federal authorities. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of administrative reform and enhanced cooperation to ensure the project aligns with Iraq’s constitutional principles and achieves its intended goals. This research aligns with the academic themes of the role of federalism in resolving disputes between regional and federal authorities. It underscores the IDRP’s potential to foster national unity and strengthen Iraq’s federal structure if its challenges are addressed collaboratively. Key Words: Iraq, KRG, Iraq Development Road Project, Erbil-Baghdad Disputes, Federalism

الاختصاص القضائي في الدولة الفدرالية –العراق نموذجا- "دراسة تحليلية مقارنة

The research deals with the judicial jurisdiction in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region-Iraq, in comparison with the same jurisdiction in the United States of America. The research aims to clarify the mechanism of distributing judicial jurisdiction in Iraq as a federal state, and it has become clear to us that there is one type of legislative and judicial authorities in the Iraqi region, which is always federal according to the constitutional description, which means the lack of local public authorities, as well as the absence of federal courts in the Kurdistan Region-Iraq whose jurisdiction is to consider disputes arising from the application of federal laws. The research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of internal conflicts of laws in Iraq, which is a conflict arising from the fact that the Kurdistan Region-Iraq has a parliament that issues laws that sometimes differ from the same laws in force in the rest of Iraq, and the personal multiplicity of personal status laws in Iraq raises a conflict between laws stemming from the personal multiplicity of laws. Based on the conclusions reached by the research, a set of recommendations was proposed, the most important of which is the necessity for the Iraqi and Kurdish legislator to establish rules to resolve the problem of internal conflict over legislative and judicial jurisdictions in the country. Keywords: Federal courts, federal laws, legal shopping, forum shopping.

العدالة في توزيع الاختصاص التشريعي في الدولة الفيدرالية (العراق أنموذجا)ً

The distribution of constitutional powers between the federal authority and the regional authorities, particularly the distribution of legislative powers, is one of the most important and delicate issues accompanying the establishment of a federal state, especially when it comes to determining the extent of powers enjoyed by the regions. The federal constitution plays a significant role in this regard, as it stipulates the mechanism for distributing these powers, how they are organized, the controls for exercising them, and resolving disputes that arise concerning them. The Constitution of the Republic of Iraq of 2005 undertook the task of distributing powers among the main components of the federal system in Iraq, both in its vertical dimension represented by the distribution of powers between the federal legislative body and the legislative body in the region, and in its horizontal dimension represented by the distribution of legislative powers among the components of the federal legislative authority. This was achieved by including a number of provisions specific to the distribution of these powers and clarifying the controls for their exercise. However, the potential for disputes between these two levels remains due to the lack of clarity in some constitutional texts governing legislative powers and their shortcomings, which leads to differing interpretations, thereby undermining fairness in the distribution of these powers. Keywords: Justice, distribution of legislative powers, federal state, Iraq

أثرغياب مجلس الاتحاد على جودة التشريعات الاتحادية وحقوق الاقاليم

This research addresses the legal impact of the absence of the Federal Council in the federal legislative authority in Iraq on the representation of regions, focusing on the repercussions of this absence on the effectiveness of legislation and its consistency with the needs of regions. The research highlights the weak representation of regions in legislative decision-making, which leads to the issuance of laws that reflect the interests of the central authority more than the interests of the regions. One of the most prominent negative effects of this absence is the impact on the quality of legislation, as the circumstances and special needs of the regions are not taken into account, which contributes to the issuance of unbalanced and ineffective laws at the local level. The absence of the Federal Council also leads to a lack of oversight of legislation, which reduces its effectiveness and increases the likelihood of its conflict with the interests of the regions. In addition, the absence of regional representation contributes to political and economic tensions between the central government and the regions, and enhances the state of political marginalization of the regions. In light of these findings, the study recommends the establishment of a Federal Council in Iraq, similar to successful legal experiences in countries such as India and Germany. This council will enable regions to participate effectively in legislation and oversight, ensure a legal balance between the central authority and the regions, and enhance the protection of the regions’ rights in the federal system. Keywords: decision-making, quality of legislation, Federal Council, region, balance, rights, weakness, oversight

التعديل الدستوري وسيلة لإنشاء مجلس الاتحاد ومواجهة الامتناع التشريعي - دراسة تحليلية-

Article 1 of the 2005 Constitution of the Republic of Iraq states that the Iraqi state is a federal state, which entails the necessity of enshrining the basic principles upon which federal states are based, including the duality of legislative authority, or what is known as the bicameral system, as a necessity to achieve balance, effective participation, and guarantee the rights of the regions. It is noteworthy that the current Iraqi constitution did not stipulate the formation and powers of the second council - or what is known as the Supreme Council - represented by the Federation Council. Rather, in Article (65), it resorted to specifying the mechanism for subsequent establishment and referred to a law enacted by the second wing, represented by the House of Representatives, specifying the method of its formation, the conditions of membership in it, and its powers. It is noted that throughout the past period and the succession of parliamentary sessions, they did not result in the birth of the anticipated law. Is this abstention a reason for liability, and thus there is a possibility of holding members of the council accountable for the reason for not enacting the law until now? Or will we enter into the realm of encroachment on the discretionary power of the legislator and the principle of separation of powers? What is the benefit of amending the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq and including constitutional articles that specify the mechanism for the formation and powers of the Federation Council and abolishing Article (65) of the current constitution, given that the constitutional legislator is the most capable of giving the Federation Council the true powers that the researcher finds to be of a degree of importance and that cannot be enacted by law by the ordinary legislator? What are the most prominent obstacles that delay the enactment of the Federation Council law? Keywords: Constitutional amendment, Federal Council, legislative abstention

Формирование политического капитала: региональный аспект

The article presents and analyzes the based paradigmatic attitudes about political capital as a certain sum of intangible (non-monetary) quantitative and qualitative evaluation parameters of public actors’ activities, which are formed in the system of socio-political relations. It argues for the necessity of an updated scientific reflec-tion on the category of “political capital”, as alongside the well-established definitions of “social capital” and “human capital” in the scientific literature, further investigations into the nature of the phenomenon are re-quired. In political discursive practice, this form of capital can be interpreted only through the prism of the sub-jectivity and subjective qualities of a particular statesman, his abilities, talent, accumulated knowledge, qualifi-cations, professionalism, personal skills and life experience. The theoretical underpinnings of this analysis open avenues for empirical study of the role of political capital in the activities of social actors at the regional level, where female politicians play a significant role, and thus receive specific research attention in this work. This analysis facilitates the delineation of a general scientific overview of the issues presented, and the exami-nation of questions regarding the accumulation of political capital by subjects of the legislative and executive authorities in the Tyumen region. Based on informal in-depth interviews, a holistic view of the motivational fac-tors determining the desire of leaders to engage in political work has been obtained, as well as their methods and methods of interaction with participants in business processes, civil society, colleagues and colleagues in party and government work. In addition, the study identified the parameters that affect the level of confidence in political figures on the part of opinion leaders, the public and the electorate, which can be used by actors active in public social and political activities in building individual careers, adjusting and improving their practices, developing and strengthening trusting relationships with target groups. The practical result of the study is the statement of the thesis about the importance of political capital for actors of regional public policy, including women deputies and civil servants, who occupy a worthy place in the Tyumen region, demonstrating successes and achievements, as evidenced by the media rating of their popularity compiled by the authors of the article. In conclusion, the distinctive qualities of political work exhibited by individual representatives, their defining characteristics, and personal potential, as manifested through interaction with support groups and voters based on appropriate tools, methods, and means of effective political governance in a particular territorial entity, are emphasized.

Administrative and legal status of the Ukrainian National Office of Intellectual Property and Innovations

The relevance of the study of the administrative and legal status of the Ukrainian National Office of Intellectual Property and Innovations is due to the importance of the tasks and functions that it performs in the field of protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights. Improving the forms and methods of the Ukrainian National Office of Intellectual Property and Innovations, using foreign experience is a guarantee of increasing the efficiency of its activities. The administrative and legal status of state authorities is the subject of a wide range of scientific research, however, not enough attention has been paid to the study of the administrative and legal status of the Ukrainian National Office of Intellectual Property and Innovations. The term «state authority» is the original one under the Constitution of Ukraine (Article 19 of the Constitution of Ukraine). The terms «legislative authority», «executive authority», «judicial authority» (Article 6 of the Constitution of Ukraine) are derived from it. A state authority is a structurally organized element of the state mechanism, endowed with power and the necessary material means to carry out tasks related to the implementation of state functions. The system of these bodies forms the state apparatus. The state organization «Ukrainian National Office of Intellectual Property and Innovations» is based on state ownership, belongs to the sphere of management of the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine and is a state non-profit organization. The office is a legal entity of public law, does not have the purpose of making profit and is a non-profit organization. Considering that the subject of activity of UKRNOIVI includes the exercise of delegated powers of authority, from a methodological point of view, when studying the legal status of this organization, it is possible to use the methodology of studying the legal status of both a legal entity in general and a state body in particular.

Reconciling Constitutional Ideals: A Contemporary Reassessment of the Basic Structure Doctrine

The Indian Constitution establishes a framework where no governmental organ is supreme, mandating that all operate within its boundaries. While the Constitution should provide explicit mechanisms for judicial review, the judiciary has, in exceptional cases, developed doctrines like the 'basic structure' to ensure constitutional supremacy. The absence of explicit limitations on parliamentary amendment power in Article 368 led to the Ninth Schedule's problematic expansion, prompting the Supreme Court in the Kesavananda Bharati case to introduce the 'basic structure' doctrine, imposing implied limits. It emerged as a mechanism to impose limitations on Parliament's constituent power. However, the doctrine's ambiguity and lack of textual basis, coupled with the absence of clear criteria for its application, have raised concerns about judicial overreach and potential violations of the separation of powers. This paper examines the rationale behind the 'basic structure' doctrine, its composition, and its impact on the separation of powers. It also considers the need for explicit constitutional amendments to define the doctrine and address the risks associated with individual judicial interpretations. This paper examines the academic and historical origins of the doctrine, its evolution post-Kesavananda Bharati, and the constitutional and jurisprudential debates surrounding it in the contemporary era. The doctrine’s applicability to Parliament’s legislative authority, the precedential strength of Kesavananda Bharati under the doctrine of stare decisis, the concept of legislative overruling and its implications for constitutional governance, and the intersection of constitutional morality with the basic structure doctrine. These issues are integral to the broader discourse on separation of powers and judicial review. This paper critically engages with these themes, situating them within the present-day realities of India’s constitutional framework.

Access barriers for severe mental disorders in Colombia

PurposeThis study aims to identify the barriers to accessing mental health services in Colombia, analyze the causes that generate them and how they perpetuate over time and critically call for the strengthening of the provision and guarantee of access to these services in the country.Design/methodology/approachA systematic review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses methodology. The databases Science Direct, Proquest and Google Scholar were consulted, and the following search terms were used: Accessibility to health services, health disparities, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and Colombia. A total of 35 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed, which allowed the classification of access barriers into five categories: governmental, personal, familial, social and institutional, all of which directly or indirectly affect access to mental health services.FindingsColombia regularly faces various social issues; thus, progress in the field of mental health in terms of treatment, research and prevention is imperative. For such a change to be possible, contributions from legislation and health authorities are required, taking into account the individuality of the patient, their context and their limitations.Originality/valueThis study offers a critical view of the barriers that hinder access to mental health services in Colombia, highlighting the need to strengthen the provision and guarantee access to these services.

Analisis Perbandingan Penerapan Konsep Checks and Balances dalam Proses Legislasi di Amerika Serikat, Rusia, dan Indonesia

In the framework of Indonesia’s constitutional governance, the principle of checks and balances among constitutional institutions is an essential component of the legal system. Indonesia adopts a bicameral legislative system involving the House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat; DPR) and the Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah; DPD). However, DPD possesses limited legislative authority, particularly in drafting laws. Additionally, judicial oversight is conducted by the Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung/MA). This issue gives rise to research questions pertaining to raised in this study are about the oversight concept in the lawmaking process from the perspective of comparative constitutionalism and the reconstruction of the oversight concept to realize enhance checks and balances. This study employs a mixed -method approach, incorporating normative-juridical, comparative, and conceptual methodologies and legislative analysis. The findings indicate that Indonesia implements a soft bicameral concept characterized by an asymmetry of authority with in between the two both chambers in the lawmaking process, with the Constitutional Court acting as the primary a judicial oversight mechanism. In contrast, the United States and Russia maintain robust internal oversight within their legislative institutions, complemented judicial authority to oversee law implementation, thereby reinforcing checks and balances between the legislative and judicial branches. It is recommended that the oversight framework within Indonesia’s legislative process be strengthened by reconstructing oversight mechanisms through the expansion of the DPD’s role, particularly in reviewing, approving, or vetoing draft legislation. This expansion is advised to enhance internal legislative oversight and create a more balanced system of checks and balances between legislative bodies. Furthermore, the reconstruction of oversight concepts in the lawmaking process should be pursued by granting the DPD greater authority to accept or veto draft laws, thereby reinforcing internal oversight within the legislative process

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE AUTHORITIES IN THE PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM

Objective: This study aims to examine the parliamentary system by presenting its concept and highlighting its characteristics, in addition to addressing the formation of the ministry in the parliamentary political system and its competencies, as well as the composition of the parliament in this system and its competencies, and finally showing the mutual influence between the legislative and executive authorities in this system. Theoretical Framework: The study is based on the principle of relative or flexible separation of powers, especially the legislative and executive authorities, and this is achieved through cooperation between these two authorities, which is characterized by balance, that is, it is equal cooperation, and at the same time, it is cooperation that does not cancel the organic separation between these two powers. Method: The inductive analytical method as well as the historical documentary method will be used, considering that the emergence of the parliamentary system was not the result of jurisprudential theories, but rather the result of historical circumstances and customary precedents. Results and discussion: This study reached the conclusion that the existence and sustainability of the parliamentary system depends largely on the flexible separation between the legislative and executive powers and the existence of means and tools of control between them, so that one of them cannot extend its hegemony and influence over the other, as long as each of the legislative and executive authorities has been granted a set of oversight means to influence the other authority. Research Implications: The results of this research have a significant impact on activating the principle of separation of powers and relegating it on the ground, in addition to its contribution to the stability of government systems and constitutional law. Originality/Value: This study is one of the most important recent works dealing with the parliamentary democratic political system, in order to help governments, understand the principle of flexible separation of powers and the independence of each One authority over the other, and its activation on the ground.

Media Framing of Jordanian Legislative Performance in Television Talk Shows

Talk shows have a vital role in framing legislative issues to influence public attitudes, in a way that serves and achieves the interests of those in charge of these talk shows. The coverage of the talk show Voice of the Kingdom during the second regular session of the National Assembly reveals the spotlight on the performance of the legislative authority, which is the basis for approving, rejecting, or amending laws in Jordan. It also highlights the way talk shows address the performance of the legislative authority in exercising its legislative and oversight role and analyzes the elements on which these talk shows rely in framing legislative issues, as these treatments reflect the public’s interpretations and priorities towards the performance of the legislative authority. To achieve these objectives, the media content analysis approach was used to analyze the media frames of 37 episodes of the Voice of the Kingdom talk show during the second regular session of the 19th National Assembly, which extended from 13 November 2022 to 7 May 2023. This article reveals that the Voice of the Kingdom talk show framed the performance of the legislative authority within the framework of economic results, responsibility, and human interests. The methods of treatment were characterized by the analytical approach, while it relied on rational persuasion methods in treating the performance of the legislative authority. The results concluded that the process of framing the Voice of the Kingdom talk show for the performance of the legislative authority acquires its characteristics from the nature of the television channel’s orientations, the vision of the talk show makers, and the goals they seek to achieve, which gives the communicator an influential role in framing legislative performance.

Soldiers in parliament: Military power and legislative authority in Uganda

Abstract The Ugandan military has played an outsized role in Uganda’s national politics for decades. Since 1995, the Constitution of Uganda has allocated 10 seats in the Ugandan Parliament to members of the national army, the Uganda People’s Defence Forces (UPDF), which is considered one of several ‘interest groups’ represented in the legislature. The unusual arrangement of including soldiers in parliament raises important questions about democratization, political institutionalization, and civil–military relations in Africa. This article argues that in Uganda, the practice of having soldiers in parliament is rooted in the country’s civil–military relations, driven by ideology, patronage, and political influence, which are components of a broader strategy that helps maintain the stability and dominance of Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni and the National Resistance Movement regime. Data are drawn from interviews with current and former UPDF officers and parliamentary officials, a review of government publications, articles in the Ugandan press, and reports by local civil society organizations.

المعيار المادي في فقه قضاء المحكمة الإدارية في تونس

The establishment of the material standard in the appeal for abuse of power has witnessed development at the legislative level. In the original text of the law of June 1, 1972 relating to the Administrative Court, the legislator adopted an organic standard to determine the jurisdiction of judge abuse power. However, the Administrative Court did not adhere to the organic standard and adopted a material standard to determine its jurisdiction. The 1996 revision aligned itself with the judicial jurisprudence of the Administrative Court and established a material standard for determining jurisdiction in the appeal for abuse of power. At the same time, Law No. 38 of 1996, dated June 3, 1996, assigned jurisdictional blocks to both the judicial judge and the administrative judge. The activation of the material standard has clearly appeared in disputes of public establishments, decisions related to the organization of the legislative authority, the organization of the judicial authority and decisions issued by bodies not specified by law. Regarding full litigation, both the Administrative Court and the Conflict of Jurisdiction Council prevailed over the material standard in public establishment disputes, and the judge did not abide by the bloc of jurisdiction that the legislator assigned to the judicial judge, whether with regard to the relationship between public establishments and their clients or with regard to disputes that arise between them and others. In addition, the Administrative Court prevailed over the material standard in lawsuits related to real estate, whether those related to seizure or those related to private property of the administration. The study reached results, the most important of which is the lack of consistency and harmony between the requirements of the law of June 1, 1972, as amended, and Law No. 38 of 1996 with regard to standards of jurisdiction and abandoning the technique of blocks of jurisdiction.