This is an observational descriptive study carried out in three Spanish regions to identify typical environmental levels of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) in diverse population settings as well as in the proximity to various electrical infrastructures. To achieve this, measurement protocols were previously established considering national and international reference standards. To describe the public exposure to ELF-MF, both immission and emission levels have been quantified in public spaces and close to the main infrastructure related to the transportation and distribution of electricity, but also to those related to electrified transport. Based on the collected data, the average environmental ELF-MF exposure level in public spaces is 0.095 µT, while it is 1.303 µT in the vicinity of emission sources. The observed levels of exposure to ELF-MF in Spain are very similar to those in other European countries, with values significantly below the maximum exposure limits recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection in 2010, which for the public are set for 50Hz at 200 µT. This study, as a preliminary step, paves the way for further research that may encompass more Spanish' regions and provide a data collection for future epidemiological studies, as well as a useful reference for the public. It could provide a foundation for establishing national regulatory frameworks on this matter, given the current absence of specific legislation in Spain.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, there has been a phenomenon in Spain of revitalizing movements in favor of the recovery of historical and democratic memory, with special attention on the Civil War (1936-1939), repression, and the Franco dictatorship. As a result of the rise of these social movements, we see how they have permeated both academic research and teaching. The current educational legislation in Spain, as well as the 2022 Democratic Memory Law, emphasize the necessary inclusion of this memory in educational curricula to foster a critical understanding of the recent past, especially in relation to the Civil War and the dictatorship. The case of Madrid during the conflict, due to the bombings suffered, is presented as an ideal didactic example to develop skills in handling historical sources and promote democratic values among students. The full integration of memory and the heritage associated with it in education contributes to forming critical and aware citizens, prepared to face current and future challenges.

The exactness, fitness-for-purpose (FFP) and reliability of primary biodiversity data can be enhanced by additional data beyond the basic taxon-location-date triad (Hill et al. 2010). Often, the only available data are the labels in legacy specimen collections. The digitization process is most efficient if all available information can be collected at once in a single event of specimen handling, rather than in separate phases. There is, however, a compromise between producing a faster catalogue for immediate use and housekeeping, and an accurate, wider-FFP database where all data have been thoroughly checked. Recognizing potential sources of error at digitization time may help making choices. During a dataset integration procedure, the quality and reliability of the data capture was analyzed. The dataset consisted of transcribed label data of over 58K pinned insects of agriculturally-relevant groups in XXth-century collections at six institutions in Spain, that resulted in almost 6000 collector strings. But collector names could be unidentified; misread; ambiguous, duplicated under variants; or misplaced or misattributed to/from another entity, e.g. a location. unidentified; misread; ambiguous, duplicated under variants; or misplaced or misattributed to/from another entity, e.g. a location. This resulted in a high entropy level where one collector could be databased in multiple ways, artificially inflating the corresponding catalogues. The entropy was much higher in collections where collectors contributed few specimens, which is the case for university-based collections. By using simple indexing and cross-referencing techniques, the roster of names was significantly reduced, but full disambiguation of collectors required mining ancillary sources and consulting with people with long-standing knowledge of the collections. Overall, 42% of collector names were in error, resulting in excess entropy. METHODS Specimen data were collated from the TETTRIS INC-STEP Project of Spanish pollinators complemented by some agriculturally-relevant groups in six collections deposited at five academic and research institutions in Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia and Pamplona (see Suppl. material 1 for full details). MCNB, MNCN, MUVHN were chiefly historical and created by researchers over long careers, while MZNA-R, MZNA-Z, UCME came mainly from academic coursework activities. Our procedures agreed with the overall strategy of Groom et al. (2022), while devising a specific workflow. Disambiguation and attribution included a number of steps (Suppl. material 1). First, names were normalized to facilitate grouping and sorting (7 steps). Then, ambiguous names were (whenever possible) attributed to actual persons by internal checks (clustering of names, matching localities and dates), consultation with external references (e.g. student lists), or consultation with collection curators (5 steps). Names were finally given a four-level identity qualification resulting from the disambiguation exercise (see Suppl. material 1). For further analyses, “very low” and “low” levels were considered a poor attribution, while “medium” and “full” levels were deemed good attribution. RESULTS The disambiguation exercise reduced collector names from 5939 to 3473 (a 41.5% decrease). The total entropy, measured as Shannon’s H’, decreased by 8% while Simpson’s dominance D increased by 29%, as expected (merging names created larger collections for some collectors). However, there were differences among collections. The three academic collections had both higher diversity and higher diversity reduction than the historical collections (Fig. 1). Historical collections tended to be much more concentrated (30 specimens per collector, 25% single-specimen collectors) than the academic collections (8 and 61%, respectively). These differences can be tracked to how the collections were formed. Historical collections tended to be well documented and created by researchers spanning longer careers, while academic collections were often linked to works created during coursework. Fig. 2 shows the career spans of collectors. The abrupt end of collection at the turn of the century for academic collections can be linked to the introduction of restrictive legislation in Spain (a mandatory reduction of course loads, and unaffordable permission requirements). Full disambiguation often requires manual, time-consuming verifications against a variety of external sources. Automated disambiguation procedures elevated good identification from an initial 21% to 47% in MZNA-R, but it was not possible to use manual checking against sources for this dataset. In contrast, the similar MZNA-Z collection could be checked against coursework lists, which resulted in a 80% good attribution rate (Fig. 3). Overall, 57% of the collector names across collections had a good attribution. CONCLUSION Doing disambiguation exercises by people with contemporary knowledge of the collections appears to be critical to avoid losing much information from the collections. Curators have an invaluable knowledge of the collections, could locate relevant documents about them, and are the ones able to reduce collection entropy by at least 32%. Their early retirement would negate a significant way to disambiguate names that left little or no trace in the literature record.

Abstract Accessibility refers to the conditions that processes, products and services must meet to be understandable and usable for everyone. This includes specialized information like medical reports. The current legislation in Spain and other European countries grants patients access to their medical history. However, their clinical reports often include numerous technicalities that hinder patients’ comprehension and access to potentially important health information. Large Language Models (LLMs) can be used for intralingual translation of specialized texts with the aim of adapting them for lay users. However, their suitability for this task has not been evaluated with clinical reports in Spanish. Here, ChatGPT, Gemini and DeepSeek were used with two different prompts to adapt 250 anonymized clinical reports in Spanish and the difficulty of the translated texts was evaluated with the Spanish-validated Inflesz readability scale. Results showed that the three LLMs significantly improved readability, although the translated texts still fell into the “difficult” or “standard” categories. Despite positive results with the three LLMs, DeepSeek consistently outperformed ChatGPT, while the performance of Gemini depended markedly on the prompt and showed the largest variability. Further research is needed to assess the adequacy of these intralingual translations from the medical and the usability points of view.

Background/Objectives: In 2019, the Italian Constitutional Court (ICC) stated that the principles of equality, dignity, and self-determination enshrined in the constitution require that assisted suicide be considered lawful under certain conditions, including that the patient is kept alive through life-sustaining treatments. In fact, since such patients could already die by refusing treatment, assisted suicide is ethical as it allows them to die more quickly and with dignity. The paper aims to analyze the requirement of life-sustaining treatments from a legal and comparative perspective. Methods: The authors performed the search on Italian legal databases as well as on Scopus and PubMed and by comparing Italian regulations with those of Spain, Portugal, and Austria, which are similar to the Italian one in their fundamentally restrictive nature. The authors have delved into the Italian legal system through an analytical method of interpretation of the normative texts and used the comparative method to investigate which of the legal systems considered is more permissive. Results: According to the ICC, continuing to prohibit assisted suicide for patients who do not require life-sustaining treatments is not discriminatory: these patients cannot be equated with others, as only in the former case does refusing treatment lead to death. From its personalist ethical framework, the ICC also rejected the claim that the patient’s self-determination is being infringed upon: self-determination must be balanced with the protection of life, which is a fundamental value. However, in 2024, the ICC clarified that life-sustaining treatments are not limited to those directly supporting vital functions through medical machines, but also include all treatments without which the person would die in a short time, such as manual bowel evacuation. Conclusions: The current Italian regulation seems inconsistent. It would be preferable to regulate assisted suicide by referencing the models of Spain, Portugal, and Austria.

Introduction: Assessment criteria (AC) developed in Castilla-La Mancha after LOMLOE eases the way to competency-based assessment. This, in turn, requires a more innovative approach to teaching that allows for critical thinking and the analysis of the world around us. Current legislation in Spain also alludes to the need towards encouraging critical thinking in relation to the media. In this article, Media and Information Literacy (MIL) is presented as an ideal solution to this need, while providing guidelines for the introduction of AC provided by the July 12th decree 82/2022 in the English classroom. Methodology: After considering contemporary studies on the benefits of MIL and taking on board European recommendations on this topic, some materials and activities are designed for their implementation in Compulsory Secondary Education (CSE) in Spain. Results: This article provides a user-friendly guide for teachers to implement current AC when assessing learning scenarios (LS) and also presents some materials to be used in first cycle of CSE when designing LS using MIL contents. Conclusions: MIL proves to be an ideal ally in the English as a foreign language classroom.

This article describes the concept of the crime of forcing a woman to have an artificial abortion, its characteristics, and the objective signs of the crime. The objective signs of the crime of forcing a woman to have an artificial abortion are analyzed based on the opinions of criminal law experts. The author approached the opinions of these scholars scientifically and highlighted their opinions based on scientific analysis. In addition, the article also touches upon aspects related to some other similar crimes of Article 115 of the Criminal Code, which establishes liability for forcing a woman to have an artificial abortion. In addition, the article also touches on aspects related to some other similar crimes of Article 115 of the Civil Code, which provides for liability for forcing a woman to have an abortion. The term “forcing” in the crime of forcing a woman to have an artificial abortion is understood as a method of committing the objective side of the crime in 8 crimes of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. A comparative analysis of crimes related to the forced abortion of a woman was also conducted based on the legislation of Spain, Morocco, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkey, Belgium, and other foreign countries. The article analyzes the statistics of crimes involving forcing a woman to have an abortion for 2014-2022, as well as the sentences studied in connection with the study. The author provides scientifically based conclusions and proposals for improving legal norms that provide for liability for the crime of forcing a woman to have an artificial abortion.

The article examines the content of the «industrial property» concept in the context ofcodification of legislation in Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Turkey. The author provides acomparative legal analysis of the content of the codification acts of these states, their subjectmatter of legal regulation, their structure and general approaches to their development.The author characterizes the common and distinctive features inherent in the industrialproperty acts of Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Turkey. None of these codes clearlydefines the subject matter of regulation of such an act and does not contain a definition ofthe «industrial property» category. The content of this concept is defined either through alist of industrial property objects protected by the provisions of the code or through a list ofrights to objects without disclosing their content. The choice of objects protected by thecode also differs but is determined within the provisions of the Paris Convention for theProtection of Industrial Property. The principles on which the legal protection of industrialproperty is based also correspond to the principles set out in the Paris Convention, withthe only difference being in the form of their presentation. All the codes are characterizedby detailed regulation of the procedure for granting legal protection to industrial propertyobjects, defining the grounds and procedure for deprivation of rights, as well as subjects ofindustrial property rights, methods of disposing of property rights to industrial propertyobjects, and state institutions that are involved in the procedure for issuing and invalidatingsecurity documents.The author proposes to define the subject matter of industrial property rights regulationas a set of social relations arising in the process of acquiring legal protection for industrialproperty objects, exercising and protecting rights thereto. The factors that determinethe need to develop a codification (consolidated) act in the field of industrial propertyin Ukraine are identified. The development and adoption of such an act will contribute tosolving the overall problem of improving the quality and efficiency of industrial propertylegislation by overcoming existing gaps, duplication, unification and harmonization ofUkrainian legislation with EU legislation.

Mortality attributable to secondhand smoke exposure in the autonomous communities of Spain

Mortalidad atribuida a la exposición al humo ambiental de tabaco en las comunidades autónomas de España

Abstract Since its adoption in 1989, the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) has had a significant impact on multilevel legislation regarding children’s rights. This research aims to examine the Spanish legislation on childhood and adolescence in four autonomous communities and in the central state. To achieve this objective, a sociological neoinstitutionalist approach and qualitative methodology based on content analysis and coding using MAXQDA software in its 2022 version were employed. The study focused on the language of the rules, objectives, system of governance, and participation as the main variables. The analysis allowed for an understanding of the discourse and degree of development of these variables. The results of this research reveal the importance of CRC and its influence on national legislation. Additionally, the emphasis on protection policies for the creation of a sphere for children and adolescents is noteworthy. Lastly, the instruments of participation vary but tend to take institutionalized forms. This research contributes to our understanding of the impact of CRC and its influence on childhood and adolescence legislation in Spain.

A case study of floating offshore wind park in the Mediterranean

Biobanks are important resources for improving public health and individual care. Some legal frameworks can be more or less conducive to advancing the potential benefits of biobanks. The purpose of this article is to assess biobanking legislation and practices in Spain to determine how well they fare in such a regard. We focus here on some of the primary ethical values that ground relevant legislation and that we believe are consistent with promoting biobanking benefits: the value of scientific research; efficient use of scarce resources; and respect for the dignity of donors. We argue that although Spanish regulations advance these values in important ways, they also have provisions that undermine them and thus risk limiting the potential benefits of biobanks. We offer some suggestions for improvement.

Building and environmental acoustics in obsolete residential neighbourhoods: The case of San Pablo, Spain

In this article, the author aims to explain the configuration of the VAT exemption on the second or subsequent supplies of buildings under the VAT legislation in Spain to analyse its compatibility with the provisions of the VAT Directive related to these situations.

Since 2002, legislation in Spain has allowed for the creation and documentation of end-of-life decisionmaking. Over the intervening years, the actual implementation of such documents is very low. Through extensive analysis of the literature, this article explores the current status of the use of and attitudes toward advance directives in Spain and then proposes strategies for improvement in their implementation.

Initiating with the conceptualization of who are Virtual Asset Service Providers (hence forward: exchangers) , especially the ones who work with virtual exchangeable assets, this paper aims to study the high risk their activities suppose on increasing money laundering and what are Spain ’s legal framework on money laundering and if they can be enforced on exchangers, based not only on the national legislation but also on the European Union’s existing directives on the subject. Moreover, it will be analysed the role of compliance as a practical procedure tool to prevent money laundering in exchangers activities and how the current legislation in Spain already promotes that, as the current criminal law extinguishes responsibility of legal persons who demonstrate an effective compliance program if they fulfil all requisites. Hence, this paper will be able to make a comprehensive study on exchangers, who they are and what are their activities as regulated in Spain’s legal framework. Therefore, is going to answer the investigation’s main question regarding the role of compliance to deter money laundering in this focus group.

The purpose of the presented study is to consider the notice-and-takedown procedures presented in the legislation of Spain, China and the USA in the projection of the discussion of their application in Ukrainian realities. To achieve the objective of this study, we have analysed the following documents (as of June 2022): the Law of Ukraine “On Copyright and Related Rights” (Ukraine); the Royal Decree No. 1889/2011, of December 30, 2011, on the Operation of the Intellectual Property Commission (as Amended up to Royal Decree No. 1023/2015 of November 13, 2015) (Spain); the E-Commerce Law of the People’s Republic of China (Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People’s Congress on August 31, 2018) (China); the Regulations on the Protection of Right of Dissemination via Information Network (2013) (China); the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (the USA). The analysis shows that many debatable issues of the procedures are still unresolved, although, for example, China has made a significant step, perhaps too abrupt, but allowing others to learn the practices of the country; Spain has chosen its own path, as prescribed, for example, by the EU Directive on electronic commerce, in many respects positive and revealing, but in some aspects unfinished; the USA got the privilege of being criticized like anyone who has given birth to a new important approach, but at the same time the decision has become truly breakthrough as evidenced by the scale of the procedures implementation beyond US borders; Ukraine is in the infancy of implementing the procedures, but the experience of other countries is definitely useful and applicable in the country to fight unfair competition and support small and medium-sized businesses in difficult economic times.

Current legislation in Spain indicates that table olives must be free of off-odors and off-flavors and without symptoms of ongoing alteration or abnormal fermentations. In this regard, the International Olive Council (IOC) has developed a protocol for the sensory classification of table olives according to the intensity of the predominantly perceived defect (PPD). An electronic nose (e-nose) was used to assess the abnormal fermentation defects of Spanish-style table olives that were previously classified by a tasting panel according to the IOC protocol, namely zapateria, butyric, putrid, and musty or humidity. When olives with different defects were mixed, the putrid defect had the greatest sensory impact on the others, while the butyric defect had the least sensory dominance. A total of 49 volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography, and each defect was characterized by a specific profile. The e-nose data were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The different defects were clearly separated from each other and from the control treatment, independently of PPD intensity. Moreover, the e-nose differentiated control olives from table olives with combined sensory defects despite the dilution effect resulting from the combination. These results demonstrate that e-nose can be used as an olfactory sensor for the organoleptic classification of table olives and can successfully support the tasting panel.

Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is any process that injures female genitals for non-medical reasons and is a violation of women’s human rights. An important number of women from countries where FGM is performed are arriving to Western countries. Health professionals are important for detecting cases of FGM. No surveys to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices on FGM among healthcare professionals has been conducted in Castilla la Mancha (Spain) until now. Methods: The main goal of the study is assessing knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of healthcare professionals in relation to FGM. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted based on self-administered online surveys to nurses, midwives, family doctors, pediatricians, obstetrics and gynecologists. Results: In total, 1168 professionals answered the surveys. Just 13.9% indicated that they had received training in FGM, however just 10.7% correctly identified the three types of FGM, 10.7% the countries where it is usually practiced, 33.9% knew the legislation in Spain and only 4.4% found a case of FGM during their professional practice. Regarding the knowledge about protocols, 8.64% of the sample indicated to know one of them. Conclusion: The present study demonstrate that it is necessary to improve the training and awareness of healthcare professionals related to FGM in Castilla la Mancha.