Legal Ways Research Articles

Megacity's pathway toward sustainable food waste management and its environmental performance in a developing country: Evidence from Shanghai, China

Due to the far distance impact on resident, aquatic and soil ecosystem health, food waste disposal becomes the focus of municipal waste strategy in developing countries. Shanghai is a leading city in China, its evolution of food waste management can indicate the coming future of the nation. In this city, from 1986 to 2020, the open dumping, landfill and incineration of food waste had been gradually banned, replaced by centralized compost and anaerobic digestion and other recovery ways. This study selected ten scenarios, ever used for food/mixed waste disposal in Shanghai, and analyzed the environmental impact change during the period 1986–2020. Life cycle assessment showed that although the generation of food waste raised rapidly, the total environmental impact, which was dominated by Freshwater Aquatic Ecotoxicity Potential, displayed a sharp decrease as 96.09 %, and Global Warming Potential decreased by 28.14 %. Substantial efforts should be made to improve the collection rate of biogas and landfill gas to reduce environmental impact, and quality of residues from anaerobic digestion and compost plants should be improved and utilized in its legal ways. Driving forces for the goal of sustainable food waste management in Shanghai involved economic development, environmental regulations and the supporting national/local standards.

Sci-Hub Project, its Legality, and its Impact on Access to Scientific Journals in Pakistan

Sci-Hub is a project that uses stolen log-in credentials to access pay-walled scientific articles and journals, and then makes them available for free on its website. It has had a significant impact on medical journals. The HEC Digital Library does not cover all research areas. The Higher Education Commission (HEC) has acknowledged that Sci-Hub could fill a gap in the availability of research materials for Pakistani researchers but cautioned that the use of Sci-Hub is illegal and could have negative consequences for the scientific community. Sci-Hub has faced legal challenges in some countries but has generally been able to operate without interference. The legality of Sci-Hub is complex, with legal challenges varying by country. There are legal ways to access scientific manuscripts. The Sci-Hub project has significantly impacted research in Pakistan, but the HEC does not condone the use of Sci-Hub, and it could have negative consequences for the scientific community. KEYWORDS: Sci-hub; Software Piracy; Legal issues; Higher Education.

Stratagems as a Means of Achieving Justice and Spreading Truth

This contribution is based on the Chinese concept called Moulüe. A unique feature of Moulüe, without parallel in Western praxis-oriented schools of thinking, is its Yin-Yang dimension. The two hemispheres of the Yin-Yang symbol, a white one and a black one, are inseparably interconnected. According to the Moulüe concept, the white hemisphere is the place of transparent, conventional, legal ways to solve problems, whereas the black hemisphere harbors hidden agendas, and unconventional, cunning methods to solve problems, with the 36 stratagems as a central component. A person with Moulüe competence who is confronted with a problem can switch from options for action in one hemisphere to options for action in the other according to the circumstances. This contribution shows how the realization of justice, and the spreading of truth, can be achieved based on Moulüe skill which enables the application of the 36 stratagems.

Ways of Educational Sector Legal Development in the Kyrgyz Republic

The study of legal development ways of education sector in the Kyrgyz Republic is an urgent task in the recent time. Research objectives: analysis and study of legal development ways of the education sector in the Kyrgyz Republic. Research materials and methods: a literary review was made on legal aspects and regulatory laws in the development of the education sector in the Kyrgyz Republic. Research results:legal acts containing administrative and legal norms regulating relations in the field of higher education interact with each other in accordance with general patterns. Conclusions:there is a need to correct domestic legislation by introducing amendments and additions to the laws governing administrative relations in the field of education and science.

ANALYSIS OF ḤIYAL (LEGAL STRATAGEMS) CASES IN ISLAMIC FINANCIAL LAW

Ḥiyal (legal stratagems) means to meet a permissible end through a legal but unconventional way. It has a wide application in today’s Islamic finance versatile cutting-edge issues. The research objective of this study is to explore and analyze the behavior and tendency of jurists in the application of Ḥiyal (legal stratagems) in Islamic financial law in the problem-solving procedure. The research applies the content analysis method to analyze thirteen cases of financial matters stratagems, purposively sampled from authentic Ḥiyal compilations of reputable jurists. The findings of the analysis are generally, in accordance with the principles set by the jurists for advising stratagems and way outs. They have practiced considerable Shari’ah engineering in dire and general hardship cases to relax the strict bindings on the follower. In some cases, the exactly intended contract by the parties is transformed by adding a contract retaining Maqsad-e-Shari’ah. These findings are crucial for Shari’ah advisors and scholars in identifying their conduct while relaxing a stern directive of Shari’ah.

Discursive Practice Used in Sermons of Waibu Moi Churches in Jayapura

Sermon has vital roles in educating the people of Papua in Jayapura. It is considered one of the legal ways effect the attitude of Papuan Christianity. Sermon conducted in Waibu Moi Churches of Jayapura contains power of language to ensure the life as Christianity. The power of language used by the preacher is seen by using discursive text analysis. The goal of this study is to present the language power used by the preacher in Waibu-Moi Churches of Jayapura. The method applied in this study was descriptive qualitative. The data was taken from 5 churches which have good management by using recording technique. The techniques of analyzing data were transcription, reducing, data display, and analysis. The Analysis of data used the theory of Fairclough, discursive dimensions, combined with the analysis of formal aspect of language namely experiential analysis. The results of this analysis show that the power of language used by the preachers in Waibu Moi churches are generally forms the features of analogy , cause and effect, affirmation statements, and code of language in mixing and switching.

The compensation for harm: problems and prospects for further legislative reform

The compensation for harm is one of the most important legal ways to protect the violated civil rights and interests of the participants in civil relations. In modern market conditions, this method of protection is the main one for restoring the material condition or compensating for moral harm to the injured person. In the context of updating civil legislation and adapting it to EU legislation, there is a need for new approaches to the legal regulation of compensation for harm.
 The article examines the general terms of compensation for harm: the illegality of the behaviour of the person who caused the harm, the presence of harm, the causal relationship between the illegal behaviour and the harm, and the fault of the person who caused the harm.
 Special attention is paid to the issue of illegality (illegal behaviour) as a condition for compensation for damage. Here the theories of illegality are analysed: objective (normative) and objective-subjective.
 The definition of harm is investigated. The attention is focused on the ratio of the concepts of "harm" and "damages". Attention is drawn to the problems of legal regulation of the concept of moral harm. It is established that according to the practice of European Court of Human Rights, the content of moral (non-property) harm is determined differently in relation to individuals and legal entities. In addition, the methods of determining the amount of compensation for moral harm are analysed, in particular, the method of psychological research certified by the Ministry of Justice in Ukraine and registered in the Methodology of Psychological Research in Cases Involving the Infliction of Moral Suffering on a Person and Compensation for Moral Harm (registration number 14.1.75), which was put into effect from 18.01.2019.
 The article analyses the legal regulation of the causal relationship between illegal behaviour and harm in the Principles of European Tort Law (PETL).
 Based on the results of the research, it was concluded that in the future it is advisable to continue studying and improving the obligations to compensate for harm, in particular, the system of special torts provided for by Chapter 82 of the Civil Code of Ukraine is subject to revision.

Medical nanorobots in the focus of law

Objective : to form doctrinal bases and mechanics of legal regulation of using medical nanorobots; to conceptualize the idea of nanorobotics law within the frameworks of its basic definitions, safety norms, risks, typology of devices, and legal parameters of technological terminology. Methods : the cognition tools are represented in the form of integration between general scientific and modern special legal methods (including the methods of comparative legal studies, legal modeling and juridical forecasting, NBICS-convergence), which, taken as a whole, allow distinguishing in the study object not only juridical proper, but also anthropological, biomedical, informational, and mechanistic research projections. Results : the author’s definition of the medical nanorobot concept was formulated; the legal content and quasi-legal aspects of the definition that are important for the theoretical and applied development of terminology were investigated; the signs of related concepts (biomedical robot, nanorobotic system, medical nanorobotic system) were identified and logical connections between them were established; the classification of the main types of risks associated with the practical use of medical nanorobots was carried out; the list of theoretical and legal contradictions that are potentially capable of negatively affecting the future development of regulatory practice was revealed; the Russian and foreign experience of legal regulation and doctrinal understanding of the problems of medical nanorobotics (by the examples of the USA, Japan, Europe, China) was considered. Scientific novelty : under the lack of interdisciplinary research, an attempt was made to comprehensively consider the concept of a medical nanorobot in a technological, legal and communicative way (“human robot” on a nanoscale) based on the advanced scientific research that defines the foundations of the future nanorobotic law. It is recommended to supplement the synergetic development of biomedical and related technologies, reflected in the models of robot law and robot ethics, with relatively independent concepts of nanorobot law and nanorobot ethics. Practical significance : based on the analysis of the legal regulation system in force in Russia and abroad, mechanisms for improving domestic legislation were identified, including taking into account the achievements of juridical crowdsourcing. Within the framework of socio-humanitarian issues, a contribution to the development of legal, sociological, and psychological science is formed. A scientific and methodological basis was prepared for further legal research and law-making activities in the field of medical nanorobotics.

Enforcing Russia’s Debt to Ukraine: Constraints and Creativity

As Russia continues to wage war against Ukraine, Western calls to confiscate Russian frozen assets to aid Ukraine’s reconstruction have become more urgent. Whether justice on this score will be ultimately delivered remains unclear. Despite many international initiatives to seize Russian assets, legal conservatism and concerns over the disruption of international rules are strong constraints. Finding a legal way to confiscate Russian sovereign assets will require political determination, international coordination and legal creativity.

The strategy of reforming the health care system in Ukraine

The author carried out an analysis of the existing legal framework and the state of implementation of the reform in the field of health care in Ukraine for the period until 2020, the formation of new aspects of state policy in the field of health care and the determination of priorities in the development of the provisions of the Strategy for Reforming the Health Care System me until 2030.
 It was established that the need to reform the health care system in Ukraine and search for legal ways to overcome the problem of providing poor-quality medical care, which violates the rights of citizens under Art. 3, 48, 49 of the Constitution of Ukraine, led to the formation of the main directions of state policy in the field of health care. The years 2014-2015, when the Program of Activities of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the Sustainable Development Strategy "Ukraine-2020" were adopted, where the goal of state policy in the field of health care and the main strategic goals were defined reforms
 During the analysis of a number of normative legal acts that form the basis of health care reform, it was established that the formation of the Health Care Reform Strategy in Ukraine was influenced by such factors as: the need to define the main strategic goals of state policy in the health care sector ; search for legal ways to overcome the problem of providing low-quality medical care to the population and protect the rights of patients; combating and preventing corruption in the field of health care, in particular in the field of public procurement; creation of a single three-level system of medical institutions; regulation of the pharmaceutical market; the need to implement "e-medicine"; financing according to the "money follows the patient" system.
 The author summarizes the main ways of implementing the reform of the health care system for the period until 2020: the initiation of the Program of Medical Guarantees at the level of secondary medical care with the help of contracts with the National Health Service; establishment of a system for concluding declarations with primary care doctors; use of the "Affordable Medicines" program for patients; ensuring the operation of "eHealth" in 24/7 mode, etc.
 The expediency of legislatively enshrining the provisions of the strategy is related to the urgency of reforming the health care system in Ukraine. It was established that the planned measures for the development and adoption of the Strategy for the Development of the Health Care System were not carried out within the stipulated time due to a number of factors, in particular complicated by the situation with the COVID-19 pandemic.
 It was determined that among the priorities and expectations from reforming the health care system due to the practical implementation of the provisions of the "Strategy-2030" are the following: patient orientation (priority of the patient's rights, increased standard of living, reduction of the patient's own expenses for medicine); availability and quality of medical services (introduction of the principle of safety of medical services, quality control systems, maximum coverage of medical services, improvement of legislation in the field of circulation of medicinal products); optimization of the structure of medical institutions and personnel protection (by developing rules of conduct for health care workers, introducing a new model of internship and medical residency).

PENGARUH PROFITABILITAS, LEVERAGE, UKURAN PERUSAHAAN, PERTUMBUHAN PENJUALAN, KOMITE AUDIT, KOMISARIS INDEPENDEN TERHADAP TAX AVOIDANCE (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di BEI tahun 2018-2020)

Tax avoidance is an arrangement to minimize or eliminate the tax burden by considering the tax consequences it causes, and not as a tax violation because the taxpayer's efforts to reduce, avoid, minimize or alleviate the tax burden are carried out in a legal way. The purpose of this study was to determine 1) the effect of profitability on tax avoidance. 2) The Effect of Leverage on Tax Avoidance. 3) The effect of company size on Tax Avoidance. 4) The Effect of Sales Growth on Tax Avoidance. 5) The Effect of Sales Growth on Tax Avoidance. 6) The Influence of Independent Commissioners on Tax Avoidance. This study uses secondary data in the form of audited financial statements originating from the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The population in this study were mining companies during the 2018-2020 observation period. The sampling technique in this study used purposive sampling method. The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive analysis, classical assumption test (multicollinearity test, autocorrelation test, heteroscedasticity test and normality test), hypothesis test (F test and t test) and coefficient of determination (R2). The results of the study concluded that: 1) Profitability has a significant positive effect on Tax Avoidance. 2) Leverage has a significant positive effect on Tax Avoidance. 3) Company size has a significant negative effect on Tax Avoidance. 4) Sales growth has a significant positive effect on Tax Avoidance. 5) Audit Committee has an effect on Tax Avoidance, 6) Independent Commissioner has a significant positive effect on Tax Avoidance.

On the Question of Legal Ways to Limit Law Enforcement Discretion

The article examines the issues of the theory of discretion in law enforcement practice, explores various points of view of scientists regarding the place and role of this legal phenomenon in legal regulation. Due to the lack of unity of opinions of legal scholars, various approaches are analyzed, attention is drawn to the theoretical and practical significance of the study of these issues. Attention is drawn to the importance of constructing a theoretical model of the limits of law enforcement discretion based on the concept, features and classification of limits. The author analyzes the legal limits of the law enforcement discretion contained in regulatory legal acts and evaluates the importance for the effectiveness of legal regulation in terms of the legal certainty of individual legal norms. The main conclusions of the author are that one of the important properties of law is the certainty of legal norms, the absence of such certainty leads to arbitrariness. In legal science, a significant number of approaches have been developed to understand the limits of law enforcement discretion, classifications of the limits of law enforcement discretion that have scientific and practical significance. The attention of scientists to this problem testifies to the complexity and inconsistency of these legal phenomena. There are no clear legal criteria for the principle of fairness, good faith, reasonableness, which allows the law enforcement officer to consider a legal case on the basis of individual ideas about justice or injustice, good faith or bad faith, reasonableness or unreasonableness, which in turn inevitably generates errors and negatively affects economic development.

Legal institutionalization of the interests of the Russian Federation in the field of greenhouse gas emissions reduction

Climate has a significant impact on agricultural production. The development of climate legislation is currently relevant for both national and international legislation. The period after the accession of the Russian Federation to the Paris Agreement was marked by the adoption of a large number of regulatory legal acts in the field of climate protection, including the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. However, this institute began its development long before this event – with scientific research and public interest, and went from international recognition of the global goal and consolidation of the principles of climate protection to the implementation of individual norms into national legislation, first, and then in the form of the formation of a system of legal regulation. This article is devoted to understanding from a legal point of view the process of legal institutionalization of public relations in the field of climate protection and, including the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Since our country's accession to the Paris Agreement, there has been a process of active formation of legal norms in the field of climate protection and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, both at the level of federal laws and subordinate regulatory legal acts, as well as through the adjustment of legal norms of related legislation. That is, public relations are consolidated through the norms of law, public legal and private-law ways of influencing participants in legal relations developing in the field of climate protection and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in Russia.

SURAT AR-RUUM AYAT 21 PETUNJUK TUHAN UNTUK MENJALANKAN NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN DALAM KELUARGA

In Islamic teachings, marriage is the only legal way to channel lust between men and women, in the sense that marriage is the only legal and recognized way to create love between the two. The purpose of this study was to describe the values of marriage education according to Al-Quran Surat ar-Ruum verse 21. This search included a literature search, namely. H. research that collects information and knowledge by using various materials in the bibliography. (Book). By using an analytical descriptive approach, look for facts, findings and ideas from thoughts by analyzing, interpreting and generalizing research results. This study uses primary data as the main source and secondary data sources as supporting data sources. The data analysis method adopts a data analysis method in which the collected data is analyzed, namely an analysis that aims to reveal ideas about the values of Islamic marriage education according to surah ar-Ruum verse 21 of the Qur'an. The results of the study show that the values of Islamic marriage education are according to the Al-Quran-Surah ar-Ruum verse 21, this verse describes Sakina, Mawadda and Rahma. Sakinah means peace, serenity, security or serenity. Mawaddah is al-jima' (intercourse). Even though Rahma is a love that cares more about those she loves than herself, Sakina embodies the values of Islamic education: Fathonah, Amanah, Shiddiq, Tabligh and Qonaah. The values of Islamic education contained in Mawaddah include: Ikhlas, al-Riyadat, Tasamuh, Muhasabah. The values of Islamic education contained in Rahmah: ta'aruf, tafahum and takaful, benefactors.

중소기업의 기술유출 대응을 위한 디지털 포렌식 개선방안

Industrial technology leakage is increasingly becoming sophisticated, intelligent, and advanced. So, the police organized an industrial technology leakage investigation team in November 2006 and expanded the indust rial technology leakage investigation team to 17 local police agencies in 2017. Likewise, the police is trying to prevent industrial technology leakages, but it is still annually increasing. Especia lly, in 60.8% cases of technology leakages by insiders are done by using memory devices. Which makes digital forensic necessary in order to detect such incidents. However, problems such as shortage of man power, matters of procedure, and vast amount of digital evidence, delay fact-finding and damage restoration. This study introduces the company's digital forensic system designed for corporations which will help them obtaining digital evidences in a prompt and accurate way. This study suggests that institutes should regularly backup their datas so that they would have sufficient information to analyze incidents. Al so, it proposes companies to acquire consent from their insiders before incident s happen in order to have access to suspects' digital devices and forensic it in a legal way. Furthermore, we have analyzed signs of technology leakages based on privious studies and introduced lawful means for corporates to respond to technology leakage and evidence collecting to prevent from possible disputes.

To reach sustainable justice with Millennials: example of Ukraine

Sustainable development became an essential part of our world since we realized the fragility and limits of our system, dangerous of resource exhaustion, and insistently looking for the way to stabilyze our life and life of our descendents, to restrict risks of collapses. Last years’ catastrophes – the pandemic of COVID-19 and the war in Ukraine, both are still existed, show us undoubtedly that we have to be more careful using our resources and develop our relations in economics and politics. In this article authors made an attempt to reconsider the approaches to understanding judiciary in Ukraine, using the new coordinates – generation born since 1980 till 1996 so called Millennials (generation Y), dictating new requests to life, and, in our opinion, to justice and judiciary development. Analysis of the impact of Millennials (generation Y) on the development of the judicial system is a complex process for a number of reasons. First, the lack of formal information about the age of the parties makes it impossible to substantiate the conclusions with empirical data. Secondly, despite some generalized traits, the characteristics of Millennials differ depending on the region and country of origin, which determines their economic, social, political, and cultural differences A striking example of this are the ex-Soviet Union’s states. In majority of these countries, Millennials have become the first generation sufficiently aware of their rights, the legal ways to protect them and the role of the court as an effective tool for such protection. Their formation was accompanied by the changes in ideology, political regime and economic instability. In this article authors argue how Millennials change the judiciary in the ex-Soviet society, taking into account the specifics of the latter. The study suggests two interrelated aspects: the impact of Millennials on the development of the court as consumers of judicial services; the impact of Millennials, who come to work in the judicial system, as judges. The article substantiates the necessity of modernization of the courts, which is associated with the high technology of this generation and its vital need for information, as well as their consumerization aimed to create more sustainability justice and to answer the request of Millennials by changes of goals, by limits of expenses and by introducing the culture of peaceful and strong institutions in judiciary.

National-legal and international-legal solutions to the problems of digitalization of transport engineering plants of Kazakhstan

This article reveals one of the facets of a big topical topic formulated in the form of a radical transition of digitalization of transport engineering in Kazakhstan, to electric mobility, autopilot of its products, which should be disclosed through national and international legal decisions. This approach is expedient, because thanks to it, Kazakhstan’s transport engineering receives accelerated development. The purpose of this article is to conduct a systematic analysis of national and international legal problems of the transformation of today’s transport engineering into a digitalized one, in the production process of which various digital technologies, artificial intelligence technologies, robot manipulators at all production sites, automated mechanisms that allow the production of electric vehicles, autopilot-intelligent vehicles for various purposes will be involved. In this regard, researchers pay special attention to the legislative acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan, legislative acts of developed countries, as well as international conventions and agreements ratified and initiated by the Republic of Kazakhstan on the radical transition to a qualitatively new level of the above-mentioned branches of mechanical engineering, electric mobility and autopilot of transport vehicles produced by it. On this basis, the researchers in this article formulated legislative, organizational-legal, managerial- legal and practical proposals for the real provision of the radical transition of the studied branches of transport engineering through 5G technology. The authors use the method of comparative legal analysis of the legislation of different countries with the transport and production legislation of Kazakhstan. The method of scientific forecasting allows researchers to formulate new Kazakh laws and new international conventions relevant to the analyzed topic. The practical and theoretical significance of the study is related to the improvement of transport production and legal ways of digital export of products of Kazakhstani transport engineering enterprises on the basis of the World Trade Organization law.

The Influence of Thin Capitalization, Capital Intensity, and Earnings Management on Tax Avoidance with Tax Havens Country as Moderator

Tax avoidance is an act or effort taken by the taxpayer to reduce the amount of tax payable in a legal way, namely by utilizing the gray area contained in the applicable tax laws and regulations. In theory, tax avoidance is allowed only that includes acceptable tax avoidance. But the fact is, a lot of tax avoidance that occurs is unacceptable tax avoidance which can be detrimental to the state. The purpose of this research was to examine the influence of thin capitalization, capital intensity, and earnings management on tax avoidance with tax havens country as moderators. The population of this research is multinational companies that were listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2017-2021. The sampling technique used was the purposive sampling of 29 companies with a total sample of 145 samples selected based on predetermined criteria. The data analysis technique in this study used multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS Statistics V22.0. The results showed that thin capitalization influenced tax avoidance, capital intensity influenced tax avoidance, and earnings management influenced tax avoidance. Other results show that tax havens country moderates the influence of thin capitalization and earnings management on tax avoidance, but tax havens country does not moderate the influence of capital intensity on tax avoidance.

РОСПУСК ПАРЛАМЕНТА В ПАРЛАМЕНТСКИХ СИСТЕМАХ: НОВАЦИИ В ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВЕ И ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ПРАКТИКЕ

The institution of parliamentary dissolution is necessary to resolve the conflict between the parliament and the government. The dissolution of parliament results from a vote no confidence to the government, as well as it happens in cases prescribed by law. One of the most common options is the dissolution at the initiative of the prime minister to create advantages for the ruling party in early elections. The article highlights new trends in the development of the institution of parliament dissolution. One of them is the rarer use of dissolution to overcome the crisis in the relationship between the branches of government. The author argues that parliament dissolution is gradually turning from an institution of subjective discretion of the prime minister and government into a legal way to resolve deadlocks in the political process. This goal is served by the constitutional and legal restrictions on dissolution, which are widespread in the legislation of many parliamentary countries. The author notes that today there is a constitutionalization of the dissolution institute with the simultaneous depoliticization of that institution, namely, the narrowing of the freedom of choice of actors, primarily the prime minister. At the same time, in contemporary parliamentary systems, there is a different amount of dissolution legislative restrictions. The author analyzes such a kind of restriction on dissolution as the introduction of a fixed date for elections to the parliaments of Great Britain and Canada. The article claims that in practice this restriction does not lead to the weakening of the prime minister’s power of dissolution. It is concluded that despite innovations in the development of the parliamentary dissolution institution, the parliamentary system remains flexible, making it possible to use dissolution as a mechanism for resolving political differences

СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОЦИОСТРУКТУРНОЕ ПРОСТРАНСТВО РОССИИ В ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯХ МОЛОДЕЖИ

The article deals with the issue of social structure of modern Russian society in the perceptions of young people. It is suggested that a clear idea of the categories of higher, middle and lower strata, trust in the possibility to climb up the social ladder by legitimate means, to receive deserved rewards for their efforts – create a positive attitude to career advancement, confidence in their future, the idea of fairness of the established orders in society. Disorientation in the socio-structural space and denial of its legitimacy lead to the replacement of social mobility with escapism and the desire to emigrate. The comparative analysis of the two stages results of the survey showed that young people in Russia are disoriented in its socio-structural space. The idea of only the middle class is ingrained in the minds of respondents, but it does not have clear signs and criteria of belonging. Young people do not see legal ways to move up, they call the existing social order unfair, and their desire to move up the social ladder is replaced by the desire to leave or emigrate. The respondents are characterized by the state of anomie – apathy, alienation